tolerance of uncertainty

The rule is that humans prefer certainty to uncertainty, that is, when we know that there is a future, but we do not know what will happen in the future, people choose to be shocked in the present rather than wait for an unpredictable situation. This creates the conditions for anxiety in everyone, and it depends on how much one can tolerate uncertainty. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and presenting the uncertainty tolerance model to reduce anxiety based on Islamic sources. This research is a basic research in terms of its purpose and qualitative in terms of its approach. In order to analyze the components, the descriptive-explanatory sentences found in Islamic texts and the "content analysis" method were used in the framework of the "method of modeling psychological concepts and structures from Islamic texts (Verses and Hadiths)" method, and documentary method techniques were used to collect information. By seven expert experts, three concepts were obtained: self-assurance, confidence, and peace of mind, based on which, the dimensions and components of uncertainty tolerance were explained, and finally, the considered model was presented.Tolerance of uncertainty in the Islamic approach has two fundamental components, one is "God-awareness" and the other is "perception and harmony with monotheistic realities", which forms the basis of this personality trait by creating a "positive belief in uncertainty", and the person does not feel defeated in ambiguous and uncertain situations with "satisfaction/acceptance", "benevolence", "trust", and "delegation", and his anxiety is reduced.

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on tolerance of uncertainty and alexithymia of divorced women referring to welfare. The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population was made up of all the women who referred to Tabriz city welfare in the second half of 1402-1401, and 40 of them were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Before and after schema therapy intervention, two types of tolerance of uncertainty questionnaires (MSTAT II) by McLean (1993) and Toronto alexithymia (TAS-20) by Taylor et al. (1997) were used to collect data, and the MANCOVA test was used for data analysis. The findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the mean of the post-test of tolerance of uncertainty and alexithymia in the two experimental and control groups at the level of 0.05. From the above findings, it can be concluded that schema therapy has been effective in increasing tolerance of uncertainty and also alexithymia.

Divorce is one of the stressful experiences of the family that can lead to conflict and incompatibility between couples. The purpose of this research was to Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy on tolerance of uncertainty of divorced women referring to welfare.

The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population consists of all the women who referred to the welfare of Tabriz city in the second half of 1402-1401, of which 60 people were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (20 people in each group) by random sampling. The pre-test and post-test were conducted after the treatment interventions based on acceptance and commitment and schema therapy. McLean's tolerance of uncertainty questionnaire (1993) was used to collect data and multivariate analysis of covariance test was used to analyze the hypotheses.

The results showed that both interventions were effective on the tolerance of uncertainty variable (p<0.05). According to the results of the present study, there was a difference between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy in the dependent variable, and the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy was more than schema therapy.

The results of the present study show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment plays a role in increasing the tolerance of uncertainty and improving the condition of divorced women.