تجربه زیسته

The aim of this research is to study the perception and understanding of Minab’s junior high school teachers of the concept of "religious identity" using the "phenomenography" method. The research population included junior high school teachers (with 15 to 25 years of experience) working in junior high schools in Minab city, Hormozgan province. Using the "purposive sampling" method, participants were selected and the data collection process continued until finally, based on the theoretical saturation model, 16 teachers were studied using a semi-structured interview. The data were examined using thematic analysis. After identifying categories, the main codes and their prominent themes, the internal and external horizons were drawn and the research result space was designed. In the conclusion section, the perceptions and experiences of working teachers were studied and identified using the “analysis” method. The perceptions of teachers were categorized into four main themes: “being a religious role model”, “building an identity”, “the ability to interact and communicate positively with others”, “the ability to influence the environment”, and “appearing in multiple roles while observing professional principles”.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the phenomenological study of elderly individuals' lived experiences of the empty nest phenomenon and its coping components. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation was achieved, resulting in the selection of 17 participants, including 11 females and 6 males. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. The research findings in the domain of lived experiences consisted of four main themes: "Existential Crisis," "Emotional Turmoil," "Interpersonal Disruption," and "Positive Experiences." Additionally, coping components with the empty nest phenomenon included "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation," "Purposeful Growth Experience," "Escape and Empathy," and "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source." In the domain of lived experiences, the theme of "Existential Crisis" encompassed four subthemes: "Sense of Void," "Fear of Death," "Confronting Existential Anxiety," and "Confronting Loneliness." The theme of "Emotional Turmoil" comprised four subthemes: "Experience of Contradictory Emotions," "Reactive Depressive Experience," and "Diminished Pleasure in Life." The theme of "Interpersonal Disruption" included three subthemes: "Lack of Mutual Understanding in Marriage," "Experience of Marital Conflicts," and "Social Withdrawal." The theme of "Positive Experiences" covered the subthemes: "Increased Leisure Time and Autonomy" and "Improved Relationship with Spouse." Moreover, in the coping components domain, the theme of "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation" included "Self-Reflection and Self-Reliance," the theme of "Purposeful Growth Experience" encompassed "Engagement in Intellectual and Occupational Activities," "Recontextualization," and "Increased Resilience and Endurance." The theme of "Escape and Empathy" included "Focusing on Offspring's Happiness and Satisfaction," "Assisting Similar Individuals," and "Grandparenting." The theme of "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source" comprised "Gratitude and Trust," "Enhancing Spiritual Connection," and "Engagement in Religious Activities." Psychological experiences of facing the empty nest revealed contradictory emotions and reactions. Elderly individuals experience both positive and negative aspects during this phase, utilizing both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions for coping with the empty nest. Therefore, it is suggested that the findings of this research be utilized in planning, preventive actions, and interventions for elderly individuals experiencing the empty nest syndrome.

To extract the educational implications of student-teachers’ experiences of empathy and cooperation among people during the COVID-19 crisis, a questionnaire with open response questions was constructed by the researcher and then validated by ten experts at Farhangian University. 37 student-teachers who were among the top achievers and were selected by their professors, completed the questionnaire. The findings show that the respondents learned not only about the disease and ways of treating it, but also learned through observation how to be self-sacrificing. Behaviorally speaking, they became more patient, altruistic, group oriented, and verbally communicative. Attitudinally, religious beliefs, as well as a sense of social responsibility, commitment, and positive affects were strengthened.

The aim of this study was to investigate Professors'Lived Experience of Payam Noor University from the online evaluation challenges in during the Corona epidemic. This is a qualitative and phenomenology research.The studied community includes all faculty members of Payam Noor University in Zanjan province, 23 people in the academic year of 1400-1401. Using the Convenience Sampling method, 15 people were selected as research sample. Data collection tool was semi-structured interview and content analysis method was used for data analysis. The validity of the data was verified through methods of asking a colleague and checking members. Based on the Findings, the main evaluation challenges in the form of 5 main themes (problems caused by software and hardware facilities, lack of technology-based knowledge, increase in fraud, socio-cultural problems and physical and psychological problems), its opportunities included 5 themes(economic, health, technical, educational and time) were identified. Also main soluation for overcoming to these challenges in the form of 4 main themes (use of in-person-electronic evaluation, the use of multiple evaluations, quiz-based evaluation, changes in the appearance and content of the tests) were categorized. In proportion to these harms and improving the quality of evaluation, it was suggested that professors should use integrated evaluation methods and electronic tests in the form of quizzes in short intervals during the semester to evaluate the students' learning.

The present research aimed to design a model for enhancing the online teaching-learning process based on theoretical studies and the lived experience of professionals and practitioners of the online teaching and learning process. The research method was mixed (first qualitative and then quantitative). In the first step, using meta-synthesis, the factors for the enhancement of the online teaching-learning process were extracted from theoretical and research backgrounds with qualitative methods using MAXQDA 2018 software. In the second step, relevant factors were obtained using the phenomenological method of Van Manen (2016) from the lived experiences of professionals and practitioners in the virtual learning process, and in the third step, the initial model was compiled using the obtained factors. Before editing the final model, a 59-item questionnaire containing items from the qualitative phase was developed and distributed among 25 professionals and practitioners in the virtual learning process of higher education. The content validity ratio (CVR) of model items was calculated, and after omitting some items, 48 items remained. To validate the final model, a 48-item questionnaire was also distributed among 25 samples, and the validity of the items was confirmed with mean and standard deviation and t-test, and the final model for enhancing the online teaching-learning process was formulated based on four themes: the capabilities of the educational system, teacher competency, learner competency, and family structure.

Visual impairment affects every person's quality of life, psychological well-being, and independence. To know the living conditions of people with visual impairment, their personal experiences can be examined. This study aimed to investigate the lived experience of students with visual impairment based on the phenomenological method in Isfahan City. The current research was based on a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method, conducted in 1401. The participants were selected using the purposeful sampling method from among students with visual impairment at Isfahan University and the Service Center for Students with Special Needs (SSS) of this university, and there were 12 of them. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data, and the participants' life experiences were examined through interviews with them. The duration of the interviews was between 30 and 45 minutes. The Colaizzi method was used for data analysis. After thematic extraction, the interview results were classified into 6 main themes and 28 sub-themes. The main themes included physical adaptation, staff training, student training, assistive technology, social networks, and employability. Based on the findings, examining the lived experience of students with visual impairment showed that they need support services in different areas. Therefore, these themes can be used to design educational, rehabilitation, and psychological interventions for these students.

The aim of the present study was to discover the lived experience of children and teenagers from online storytelling in the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young of Kurdistan province during the corona crisis. This study with a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach and the research field included all children and teenagers who are members of the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young and members of the Storytelling Association of Kurdistan Province in the year 2021 and the participants included 22 members of online storytelling workshops during the Covid-19 pandemic. They were selected based on the purposeful sampling method. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the Attride-Stirling approach was used to analyze the interviews. Based on the results, a total of 18 major themes including positive attitude; Familiarity with proverbs and folklore stories; filling free time; learning storytelling skills; optimal use of corona restrictions; Ability anytime anywhere; strengths of online storytelling; development of interactive features; Self Confidence; less stress than the face-to-face course; Satisfaction with trainers; Weakness in interactive communication; Weaknesses of online storytelling; The stress of live storytelling; low interest and enthusiasm; conditional interest; The superiority of face-to-face storytelling and the superiority of online storytelling were identified and named. By using storytelling techniques and by stimulating the audience's imagination and mutual influence, the art of online storytelling can be used to fill the free time of teenagers and young people.

The results of demographic studies indicate a decrease in the desire of couples to have children. This phenomenon leads to population decline, which causes irreparable damage to the future of the country. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to develop a pattern of childbearing motivation based on the lived experiences of families with at least one child . The research method is in the category of qualitative research and is descriptive phenomenology. The participants in this research include 32 couples who were selected by purposeful sampling from families with one or more than two children in Marivan city in 1400. To collect research data, semi-structured interview method was used and for data analysis, Claizey's 7-step method was used. The results of the research showed that the pattern of childbearing motivation includes the values, attitude, need, reinforcement and competence of the couple. According to the results, it can be said that by intervening and changing these factors, the couple's motivation to have children will change.

The aim of the current research was the phenomenology of the teachers' understanding of the changes in the curriculum of the first and second elementary school by analyzing the lived experiences of the teachers involved in the elementary school.

The method of conducting this qualitative research was carried out with a phenomenological approach, and 25 teachers of the primary school of 2  Shiraz district were interviewed in a semi-structured way and the data were coded. In the selection of interviewees, an effort was made to select teachers who have at least 5 years of teaching experience in the first or second period or two periods. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the data, the three criteria desired by the experts of qualitative studies, include "acceptability", "reliability" and "verifiability".

The teachers expressed satisfaction with the separation of these two primary schools into two courses and were not satisfied with only one dimension (management, supervision and resource efficiency) .

The results of this research showed that the separation of students in primary education into the first and second periods can provide the basis for solving many problems in schools and help the mental health of students and improve the performance of teachers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions and lived experience of primary school teachers of the strengths and weaknesses of virtual education in the corona virus pandemy in the academic year 2020-2021. The research approach was qualitative and phenomenological. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview. The target group included all fifth grade female teachers in girls' schools in Yazd, that 12 of whom were selected by purposive sampling. After the eighth interview, theoretical data saturation was obtained, but interviews were continued up to 12. Data were analyzed by coding and categorization methods and used seven-step Colaizy pattern. The validity of the data was obtained through triangulation method, in the form of referrals to the participants and also the analysis of the group of colleagues. After analyzing the data, 15 sub-themes were identified as strengths and 25 sub-themes as weaknesses, which were classified in to 8 main themes: educational, social, media mediation, parental mediation, cultural, ethical, environmental and economic. Then, contextual factors were extracted which were placed in 8 sub-themes at three levels: macro, medium and micro.

The purpose of the current research was to identify the negative characteristics in the teaching profession, based on the analysis of the lived experiences of novice teachers of their teachers' undesirable characteristics and features during their education. It was a phenomenological study. The research population was the novice teachers of Khorramābād city, among whom 21 teachers were selected as the sample, based on the purposeful sampling method. Also, semi-structured interview was used as the research instrument to collect data, and Colaizzi's method was used to analyze the data. After analyzing and adjusting the results, the components related to the undesirable characteristics of teachers have been pointed out in the form of 3 main themes and 42 sub-themes; The main themes were: personality and moral weaknesses, educational and skill weaknesses, and neglecting the educational customs. Based on the results of the present research, it is suggested that the characteristics identified in this research should be taken into consideration by the educational authorities in the selection, evaluation and in-service courses. In this way, teachers who have personality and moral weaknesses do not enter the teaching profession, and those who are teachers, always seek growth and self-improvement. Also, they are asked to pay attention to their skill development and educational customs in all situations.

The purpose of this study is"phenomenology of the concept of sustainable teachers in students'student experience".Based on this,13 students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman were selected by voluntary-purpose sampling method and they were interviewed semi-structured.The research method was qualitative and phenomenological.Interviews were analyzed using the clyzer method.The research findings indicate that a lasting teacher is a teacher who tries to observe three dimensions,which are in fact the same as the main themes,in himself or in their education.These three main dimensions or themes include the educational dimension,the physical dimension and the communication-moral dimension.In the educational dimension four sub-themes were obtained,including paying attention to the motivation of students'progress,self-empowerment,commitment and using various teaching methods and techniquesThe second theme included the apparent dimension,with asub-theme of preserving the honors related to the role of teacher,the third theme also included the two sub-themes of being receptive and avoiding moral virtues and acquiring good moral virtues in them.Analysis of the content of students statements revealed that most ofthe extracted codes belonged to the communication-ethical dimension and this shows that students pay more special attention to how to communicate and maintain teachers'morals in relation to themselves Afterthat,there was an educational dimension of more attention thanthe physical dimension

The aim of the current research was to design a tool to measure "problems of psychological treatment of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in the school environment" based on the lived experience of occupational therapists in autism centers in Shiraz.

The research method is a mixed exploratory type of instrumental development and sampling was done in the qualitative part by the theoretical saturation method (saturation in the 21st interview) and in the quantitative part by a targeted method (the number of 66 people twice as many as the items of the tool), as a result of which the participants of each Two parts of the research were formed by 87 occupational therapists from autism centers in Shiraz. In order to collect data in the qualitative part of the semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part of the compiled tool, the achievement of the qualitative part was used as the basis of the research, and in this way, the qualitative part was mixed with the quantitative part. The data of the qualitative part were collected in the spring of 2022 and the data of the quantitative part were collected in the autumn of 2022. The method of data analysis was theme analysis, calculation of CVR, CVI, IS, DP (in qualitative part) and IC (in quantitative part).

Findings from the qualitative part by examining the text of the interviews showed the number of 19 components, based on which the initial pool was prepared with 40 items. After providing the initial pool of items to the experts, the findings of the CVI and CVR review showed that 7 items were not of the required quality according to the experts and were removed. For IS, DP and IC, values higher than 1.5, 1 and 0.7 were obtained for all the remaining 33 items, respectively.

In general, it can be said that the 40-item tool compiled in the qualitative section; In the quantitative part, it was converted into 33-items and this 33-item form had the necessary conditions to be examined at the level of the main sample of the target group, and it can be used in a large sample of the target group to achieve the final structure and norm scores.

The self-concept of the child as author is a very important topic in today's studies of childhood. Through the lens of the sociology of childhood, a new definition of childhood has been created, shedding light on the interactions between adults and children in society. It emphasizes a new approach that recognizes the child as a being, not just a becoming. This study aims to investigate the phenomenon of children as authors from the modern sociology of children's perspective.

This is a qualitative research study in the descriptive phenomenology and the method of sampling is also qualitative method and based on the rule of theoretical saturation, in determining the sample size, in qualitative researches. Unstructured in-depth study was used and thirty-five samples were selected from among the children of the of Tehran institute of Intellectual Development Center. The research findings were analyzed using Colizzi's method and Max qda 2020 software.

This article is based on twenty open codes from the interviews in the form of two separate sub-categories titled: self-concept of children as authors from the main code of thinking process in Authorship and family supports from the main code of contexts of support.

The narrative pertaining to the self-conception of children as authors, is very interesting. This article is primarily founded upon the accounts of children's authorship experiences. At every stage of a child's growth and development, a self-concept of their authorship is established, which effects their personal lives.

looping system refers to the method of keeping a teacher with his students for two consecutive years or more. This research was conducted with the aim of understanding the quality of education in multi-grade classes of looping from the teachers' point of view. In this regard, qualitative research approach of phenomenological type and descriptive method was used. The participants in the research included the teachers of distance multi-grade classes of the primary level of Qom province, using the method of targeted sampling of the lived experiences of 14 teachers in accordance with the principle of theoretical saturation; It was collected, organized and analyzed. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, during which an attempt was made to document the experiences of teachers of distant multi-grade classes. Cressol's five-stage coding model was used to analyze the interviews. According to the fourteen interviews conducted, eight main categories include; Students' participation, students' recognition, teacher's dignity and authority, teacher's attachment to school, saving time, development of teacher's professional skills, teacher's recognition, communication and 41 subcategories were obtained. The findings of this research can help administrators, educational planners, and teachers in adopting appropriate strategies to improve the quality of education in remote multi-grade of looping classes.

Following the changes in education after the covid-19 pandemic, teachers of students with mental disabilities received different experiences. The aim of the present study was to investigate the lived experience of educators of intellectually disabled students from electronic education during the Covid-19 era.

This study was of qualitative type using phenomenological method. Data were collected through unstructured interviews and analyzed by Smith's method. The population of this research was all teachers of exceptional schools in Karaj city. Sampling was done purposefully and with 20 people.

An in-depth analysis of the teachers' views led to the identification and classification of 11 main themes, 27 sub-themes and 55 primary codes, some of which are considered strengths (parents being informed about the educational process, constant access to students, easy communication between students and the promotion of instructors) and some others as weaknesses (decreasing student and instructor concentration, student inability to use teaching tools, lack of special educational requirements for students with mental disabilities, energy-consuming virtual education, difficulty in measuring learning, communication problems with parents and problems personal and family for the coach) were introduced.

By combining the strengths of face-to-face and online education, an effective step can be taken in improving the quality of learning of intellectually disabled students. In addition, when necessary, it is necessary to design a special electronic system for this category of students.

Background and

When people with equal roles and positions gain unequal benefits, discrimination has occurred. the feeling of discrimination also exists in all societies and organizations, including in education. The present study has investigated the teachers' lived experiences of discrimination in education in Mahenshan county.

The research approach is qualitative, by using phenomenological method with a criteria-based sampling method, a number of teachers who had experience of discrimination in their work place were selected as the study population and semi structural -interviews. In total, in this research, interviews were conducted with fifteen teachers from Mahenshan county as participants. After conducting the interviews, the obtained data were analyzed using the phenomenological method based on Granheim's model (2004); In order to check the validity and guarantee the scientific accuracy of the research process and results, the criteria of researcher self-review and member checking, were used.

Findings shows that; Lack of attention to the welfare of teachers (with 4 categories), the influence of politics in selecting people for positions (with 2 categories), injustice in the organization and transfer of teachers (with 2 categories), discrimination in paying overtime (1 category), injustice in the distribution of facilities between Schools (with 2 categories), ignoring the image of the teacher (with 1 category), shows the existence of injustice and discrimination in the desired educational area.Discussion and

In order to achieve justice in education at Mahenshan couty It is necessary: fair distribution of educated manpower and experienced teachers, avoiding politicization of management and institutionalizing stability of management, creating a suitable environment for teachers to benefit from favorable facilities and creating opportunities to continue the education of educators.

The current research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the lived experiences of Farhangian University instructors on virtual education classes during the Covid time using a qualitative approach and phenomenological method. The participants of this research were faculty members teaching in ten regions of Farhangian University across the country, and they were closely involved in virtual education. The selection of the research sample was done using a "purposive" approach and the method of selecting "key" experts and using saturation criteria and in-depth interviews with 17 people. The obtained data were analyzed using thematic coding method and the findings were organized in the form of open, central and selective codes. From the total findings of this research, 102 open coding, 23 central coding and 6 selective coding were categorized in the context of Farhangian University instructors' lived experience of virtual education classes in the Corona situation. In general, the results of the research showed that based on the lived experiences of the instructors of virtual education classes during the Covid time, there were challenges in the components of the level of competence and technical skill of the instructors, the way of presenting the content, the management of the class, the way of evaluation and the emotional interactions between instructor and students.  Some of these challenges and obstacles were related to the Farhangian University, some were related to instructors and some were related to students. In general, it can be concluded that holding virtual education classes in the Corona time in Farhangian University was faced with such challenges as poor class management, seriousness and lack of real evaluation, lack of student participation, weak social interactions and weak infrastructure. In addition, the opportunities of holding virtual education classes can reduce stress, flexibility of time and place, saving time and money, more familiarity with technology and flexibility and dynamism in holding classes.

The present research aimed to investigate the lived experiences of junior high school students regarding the basic psychological needs in the classroom through a qualitative phenomenological approach. The research population comprised all students from public junior high schools in Kermanshah in the academic year 2020-2019. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants from all districts in Kermanshah city. Semi-structured interviews continued until data saturation with 18 students (9 girls and 9 boys). The obtained data were analyzed using the seven-step strategic method of Colaizzi. The data were validated through member check. Finally, 33 subthemes and five main themes emerged from the data. The need for communication was higher in female students, and the need for autonomy was more important for boys. The results of this research can raise the awareness of teachers regarding students' knowledge and create the need for a more dynamic and richer classroom.