رهبری اخلاقی

Leadership styles have been one of the main concerns of organizations and researchers over the past four decades. It has been well-established that different leadership styles are associated with the psychological well-being of followers. Leadership is a central concept in postmodern and contemporary approaches. Compassion, care, and justice are fundamental ethical principles in leadership and management. One factor that influences teachers’ effectiveness is their adherence to ethics. It seems that ethical commitment is a fundamental concern of every educational system in various societies. Ethics lies at the heart of leadership. Ethics has always been important as a regulator of human relationships. In the discussions on management, this internal mechanism, without the need for external enforcement, can ensure the ethical performance of employees and create an ethical organization. Ethical leadership is directly related to creative performance. Ethical leadership has garnered considerable attention in the 21st century. A review of research indicates that the scope and diversity of studies in this field stem from the growing importance of ethical leadership as a serious concern for organizations and the unique perspectives of each researcher in this area. Therefore, considering the above points, this study designs and validates a model for developing ethical leadership in primary schools in Ardabil.

This research is applied in terms of the objective and employs a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative) in terms of the nature of the data. The research design was exploratory. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews and grounded theory methods were used, while in the quantitative phase, structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied. The qualitative research population included university professors and experts in educational sciences from Ardabil Province. Purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling method, was used in the qualitative phase. Sample adequacy was determined based on data saturation and reproducibility, with the sample consisting of 15 university professors in educational sciences from Ardabil. Data collection in this phase was conducted through semi-structured interviews.In the quantitative phase, the statistical population included all primary school teachers in Ardabil. The total number of primary school teachers in Ardabil during the 2023-2024 academic year was approximately 2,600. Based on the population size and Cochran’s formula, 335 teachers were selected as the sample for the quantitative phase using non-random and convenience sampling methods. For data analysis, in the first stage, structural codes were collected through three coding methods open, axial, and selective coding. In the second stage, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the data from the first stage. Due to the non-normal distribution of the data, the partial least squares (PLS) method and bootstrapping technique in Smart PLS software were used to obtain the model fit indices.

Following the qualitative analysis, which led to identifying initial codes, these codes were categorized into several themes based on similarities and data relationships. Ultimately, the themes were organized into specific categories. After the continuous process of open, axial, and selective coding, the collected data were systematically organized into 130 open codes, 99 concepts, 10 themes, and six categories. The findings indicate that the model for developing ethical leadership in primary schools in Ardabil is organized around themes such as personal and personality traits, strengthening communication and interactions, developing individual and professional skills, crisis management, enhancing motivation, preserving ethical values, transparency, organizational effectiveness, professional growth, and increasing trust and cohesion. The proposed model was validated and demonstrated a good fit (p < 0.05).Discussion and

The causal conditions in this study included personal and personality traits. The results show that individual and personality traits have a significant impact on the development of ethical leadership in primary schools. These traits can positively or negatively influence the ethics and behavior of school leaders.The findings also indicate that strategies play a crucial role in developing ethical leadership. This study’s strategies included strengthening communication and interactions, developing individual and professional skills, and crisis management. The research highlights that improving communication and interactions, developing individual and professional skills, and managing crises are essential for fostering ethical leadership in primary schools. These strategies help strengthen relationships among school community members, enhance ethical leadership skills, and improve the quality of ethical decision-making in educational environments. Furthermore, the results show that intervening conditions also significantly impact ethical leadership development. In this study, enhancing motivation was identified as an intervening factor. The findings suggest that interventions such as creating a motivational environment, fostering positive thinking, encouraging enthusiasm, increasing leaders’ motivation, and promoting dynamism among individuals can contribute to ethical leadership development. Enhancing motivation, as an intervening factor, plays a vital role in nurturing ethical leadership. This study also demonstrates that attention to ethical values and their preservation and transparency as contextual conditions positively influence ethical leadership development. The research indicates that these contextual conditions help cultivate leaders committed to ethical principles and values, creating a transparent and ethics-driven school environment. When diligently observed, ethical values such as self-improvement, honesty, trustworthiness, and foresight can contribute to forming an ethical mindset and ensure the sustainability of ethical principles in leadership decisions and actions. The research shows that fostering ethical leadership in primary schools can create healthy and sustainable organizations, yielding numerous positive outcomes for these environments. Ethical leadership among primary school teachers and staff can increase trust and cohesion. Ultimately, the core of this research revolves around ethical leadership, which may lead to adverse outcomes without appropriate factors and conditions. Ethical leadership is the most critical element in primary schools, capable of adding justice and value to the school’s educational culture and environment.

Higher education leaders play an important role in promoting ethics and sustainable development in society, so they are expected to engage in "sustainable ethical leadership". Ethical leadership and sustainable leadership are intertwined concepts that are necessary to achieve success and sustainability. The purpose of the current research was to develop and validate a scale to measure "sustainable ethical leadership" in Iran's higher education system. For this purpose, the theoretical foundations and literature of internal and external researches in the field of ethical leadership and sustainable leadership were examined with a six-step approach of systematic review of the background, and based on that, the competencies, functions and consequences of "sustainable ethical leadership" was extracted and a tool was designed. In the next stage, this tool was implemented among 334 faculty members of Shiraz University and University of Technology who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The content validity of the tool structure was measured using item analysis and first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis, and its reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Validation results showed that the "Sustainable Ethical Leadership" scale had a suitable fit. In the variable of "sustainable ethical leadership", competences, functions and consequences with a factor load (0.94), (0.98) and (0.95) were significant explanations of this variable and their validity was confirmed. Other results indicated the validity and reliability of this scale. The sustainable ethical leadership scale can be a valid tool to evaluate the degree of orientation of university managers to ethical dimensions and sustainable development at the same time.

Ethical leadership in organizations, particularly in educational centers and institutions, plays a pivotal role in fulfilling functions and achieving desired objectives. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to evaluate the perceived ethical leadership of school principals in the city of Isfahan from the perspective of teachers. This research is descriptive-survey in nature, with the statistical population comprising teachers in Isfahan. Using Cochran's formula and cluster random sampling, 313 participants were selected as the sample. Data were collected using the standard ethical leadership questionnaire by Kalshoven et al. (2011) with 38 items across seven components. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through face and construct validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated at 0.89 using Cronbach's alpha for ethical leadership. Data analysis was performed at both descriptive and inferential levels using SPSS and Amos Graphics software. The results indicated that the status of ethical leadership of principals, from the teachers' perspective, is above average. This means that the school principals under study are in a favorable condition regarding public orientation, ethical guidance, role clarity, integrity, concern for stability, power sharing, and fairness. Additionally, a significant difference was found in teachers' perception of ethical leadership styles based on their years of service.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of ethical leadership on knowledge concealment and psychological ownership of knowledge in Sapco Company. This research is practical in terms of classification based on the goal, and it is a descriptive survey research in terms of classification based on the method. The statistical population of the research is 1350 employees of Sapco company. The sampling of this research is a simple random method. The minimum required sample size according to Cochran's formula is 300 people. The data collection tools in this research were standard questionnaires whose validity was confirmed through face and content validity and their reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. The collected data were analyzed through spss and Smart-PLS software, and research hypotheses were investigated with the help of structural equation modeling. The results of the research showed that ethical leadership has an effect on knowledge concealment and psychological ownership of knowledge.

The present study aims to discover the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational spirituality on job burnout and to study the possible mediation of organizational learning in between. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the second stage of highschool teachers of the Iranian of Mashad who were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. This research is applicative, in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of nature and method. The data collection tools are questionnaires. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed using face and structural validity and the reliability was ssconfirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Structural equation modeling and PLS4 software was used for statistical analysis of the collected data. The results contribute to new knowledge that both organizational spirituality and ethical leadership have a direct and reversal relationship with the organizational burnout and in the meantime organizational learning Plays a mediating role through reducing the effects of organizational burnout among the employees improving the anti-productive organizational behaviours, while receiving a direct and positive effect from both the ethical leadership and organizational spirituality. According to the confirmation of all the research hypotheses, suggestions have been made regarding how to choose and train the school managers and how to eliminate and reduce organizational burnout among the teachers.

Ethical leadership has emerged as a new approach in the perspective of leadership and by giving priority to ethics in the organization, has provided the basis for creating and promoting self-efficacy and career success of employees. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ethical leadership style on job success and self-efficacy by emphasizing the mediating role of quality of work life A military unit in the southeast operational base. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. To collect data, researcher-made questionnaires of ethical leadership style and quality of work life and standard questionnaires of Scherer self-efficacy and career success of Rassiol were used and data analysis was done using structural equation modeling technique through software. Spss and Smart Pls software. The results show that ethical leadership style has a positive and significant effect on quality of work life, employee self-efficacy and job success of employees and also ethical leadership style indirectly affects the quality of work life and employee self-efficacy by mediating the quality of work life factor. is over.

Adherence of secondary school principals to the characteristics of ethical leadership is not only in the way of managing the most important social institution on students, teachers and families and finally the thinking style and way of managing the society, but it will be very useful in improving it.

The statistical population in the qualitative section includes 14 secondary school principals who were selected purposefully, and in the quantitative section, it includes all secondary secondary education assistants in Semnan province, 106 of whom were selected by simple random sampling. The tool was a semi-structured interview in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative part. Its validity was confirmed by educational management experts and its reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, thematic analysis method was used to create a pattern, and in the quantitative part, the one-sample t-test was used to measure the current situation.

After determining the model with basic, organizing and comprehensive themes, a total of 131 basic themes, 29 organizing themes and 3 inclusive themes have been selected, categorized and extracted. The main overarching themes include three categories: evaluation, development and support. Finally, the current situation was analyzed with the calculated model.

The results of this research in the evaluation of the existing situation showed that the effect of ethical leadership, which is organized with value, knowledge, emotional, psychological and self-knowledge components of the leader and manager of the group, is optimal. In the development department of the current situation, the components of internal growth, imagination, moral virtue, quality, modeling, situationism are at an unfavorable level from the point of view of the vice-chancellor of education, and the transfer of moral, motivational, interpersonal, atmosphere and culture values, moral growth, prosperity, Correct behavior, self-regulation, trans-role is done in a favorable situation and also in the part of supporting the components of moral freedom, moral decision-making, moral life, moral. Courage, moral intelligence and continuous improvement at an unfavorable level and transfer of moral values, motivation, interpersonal, atmosphere and culture, moral development, flourishing, healthy behavior, self-regulation, trans-role are done in a favorable situation.

To identify the dimensions and components of moral leadership, as viewed by the top MOE’s administration, a group of 14 experts in cultural and educational administration was carefully and purposefully selected and then interviewed. Additionally a group of 21 senior administrators with extensive experience in the ministry were also interviewed on the subject and the basic concepts identified. The interviews were semi-structured and yielded five dimensions and 31 components for the moral leadership. Using the data collected through a questionnaire both the impressionable and influential components were identified. Personal morality is the most impressionable component, while institutionalization of religious rituals, moral behavior, and emphasis on competency among the most influential components.

The most important factor in the development of the society's education system is the existence of motivated and effective teachers. Teachers are the main factor in the teaching and learning process and they can guarantee the effectiveness of the country's education system by having a high level of motivation, spirit and satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between ethical leadership and work engagement with teacher empowerment.

This research is applied in terms of descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the research consists of all male and female elementary school teachers of Khalkhal city, numbering 350 people, and 183 people were selected as a sample using the cluster sampling method and based on Morgan's table. In order to collect data, three standard questionnaires of ethical leadership by Kalshoven et al. (2011), empowerment by Spritzer and Mishra (1997) and work engagement by Shoufeli and Salanova (2001) were used. To analyze the data, SPSS and Lisrel software were used (conducting confirmatory factor analysis in the research tools standardization section).

The findings show that the correlation coefficient between moral leadership and empowerment (r=0.62) and work engagement and empowerment (r=0.61) is significant. Also, the standard regression coefficient of ethical leadership is 0.45 and work engagement is 0.40, and these two variables explain 51% of the variance of the empowerment variable.

According to the findings of the research, it is concluded that the variables of ethical leadership and work engagement can predict the empowerment of teachers, and with the development of the ethical leadership style of managers in educational organizations, the work engagement and empowerment of teachers increases. Therefore, it is suggested that managers use ethical leadership style in schools to develop the work engagement and empowerment of teachers and thereby improve organizational performance.

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the consequences of ethical leadership in educational organizations using the qualitative approach of research synthesis. The current research was conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach and using the research synthesis method with the seven-step approach of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007). The statistical population under study includes all Persian and English researches and studies published in the field of ethical leadership between 1390 and 1401. In this regard, the key words related to the purpose of the research were searched and the articles and documents obtained were examined using the purposeful sampling method and according to the acceptance criteria, and finally 42 articles that met the criteria for inclusion in the study. were analyzed using the three-stage coding method (open, central, selective) by MaxQDA 2020 software. Based on the results of data analysis, 163 open codes were identified for data collection, which were categorized into 4 main categories and 49 sub-categories. The results showed that the existence of ethical leadership style in the organization creates positive personal, organizational, occupational and social consequences.

Increasing complexity of organizations and increasing standards of unethical and irresponsible work in the workplace have focused more and more attention on ethical leadership. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the role of ethical leadership on education
This research is of a meta-composite type and the results of previous researches, from 1382 to 1399, are 120 articles extracted from various databases and sites of Persian articles (Civilika, Iran Doc, Iran Mag, Noor Magz, sid, and Comprehensive Human Resources Portal) 25 article and from 1990 to 2020, among 110 articles extracted from the databases of various foreign articles (Google Scholar and Psychhub), 19 articles were selected and a total of 44 articles were evaluated and analyzed.
The results of the research showed that among the principles of ethical leadership, more attention has been paid to people orientation, fairness, power sharing, leadership, role clarity and honesty.
Also, according to the investigations, it was found that the role of ethical leadership is very important, especially in educational organizations, and should be given more attention.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of managers’ ethical leadership in teachers' job performance with the mediating role of professional commitment. This study used quantitative descriptive-correlational method with structural equations modeling. The study population comprised all elementary school teachers in Tuyserkan (n=332), who were selected by census because the statistical population was small. Data were collected through the Ethical Leadership Questionnaire of Kalshovenet al. (2011), Clikeman & Hening's Professional Commitment (2000), and Patterson (1996) Job Performance Questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine the reliability of the instruments. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modeling technique in LISREL10.30 software. Findings showed that managers' ethical leadership and teachers' professional commitment have a significant effect on job performance (0.05). Ethical leadership mediated by professional commitment also affects teachers' job performance (0.05).

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of ethical leadership on employees' organizational citizenship behavior and the intention to leave the job with the mediating role of intrinsic motivation among university managers in Golestan province. The data collection in this research was done by the field method and the data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of Sharif and Ethan (2018). The statistical population in this research is 205 university managers in Golestan province, and the sample size is 135 based on Morgan's table and selected by simple random sampling. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. In addition, the structural equation method was used to examine and analyze the test of research hypotheses using SmartPLS software. The results of the research hypotheses test show that: 1- ethical leadership has an impact on organizational citizenship behavior; 2- Ethical leadership has an effect on the intention to leave the job; 3- Ethical leadership affects internal motivation; 4- Internal motivation has an effect on organizational citizenship behavior; 5- Intrinsic motivation does not affect the intention to leave the job.

The purpose of the current research was to design an ethical leadership model based on the approach of social responsibility in Payam Noor University, Razavi Khorasan Province.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, it is a hybrid type of research with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, an acceptable model that is extracted from the experiences and opinions of experts in this field. Therefore, in the first part, by using interviews with experts and then implementing the audio text of this interview in the Max Kyuda software, through coding the desired indicators in relation to the target model of the research, the necessary analyzes were done in the next parts. Then, using the frequency and interpretative coding indices, the identified components were ranked and finally the survey model was presented. Razavi is the light of Khorasan province. Then, according to Morgan's table, the sample size is equal to 205 employees of Payam Noor University of Razavi Khorasan province, which was randomly sampled due to the spread of the corona virus and the absence of all employees on a full-time basis.

First, in the qualitative section, by implementing the interviews with 205 employees of Payam Noor University, Khorasan Razavi province, in the Max Kyuda software, the final indicators of the ethical leadership model based on the social responsibility approach in Payam Noor University, Khorasan Razavi province are presented.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of principals’ ethical leadership and knowledge hiding behavior of physical education teachers with the mediating role of perceived psychological safety. This study is descriptive_correlation in terms of the research method. All official physical education teachers of Golestan province (557 teachers) were the statistical population of this research that based on Cochran's formula, 228 teachers were selected as a statistical sample by stratified random selection, and they were answered Ethical Leadership, Psychological Safeand Knowledge Hiding questionnaires. The validity of the research questionnaires was checked and confirmed and their reliability was estimated by using Cronbach's alpha test 0.85, 0.87 and 0.81. The data analyzed in two descriptive and inferential ways. The obtained results showed that the effect of principals’ ethical leadership on the perceived psychological safety of physical education teachers is positive and significant. Also, the effect of principals’ ethical leadership on the knowledge hiding behavior of physical education teachers was negative and significant.  Other findings of the research showed that the perceived psychological safety has a negative and significant effect on the knowledge hiding behavior of physical education teachers. Finally, the effect of principals' ethical leadership on physical education teachers' knowledge hiding behavior was confirmed with the mediating role of perceived psychological safety. Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that school principals can provide a positive psychological safety atmosphere by using ethical leadership, which will increase exchanges between physical education teachers and their colleagues, and reduce negative behaviors such as the behavior of hiding knowledge in them.

The purpose of this study was to design and explain the model of ethical leadership with social responsibility of high school staff in the seven districts of Mashhad. The research was in development-applied and mixed method. First, with the Delphi technique, the opinions of 24 experts in educational management and experienced management of the seven districts of Mashhad were collected. Then, the research questionnaire was designed according to the obtained dimensions and components. The face , content validity (15 experts in the field of study) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.80) confirmed, and among 377 Mashhad high school staff , which were selected randomly, distributed.Data analysis was performed using structural equation methods and Spss and Amos software. Ethical leadership style had 4 dimensions (14 components) that individual and managerial dimensions had the highest importance. Also, organizational social responsibility had 4 dimensions (16 components) which the environmental and social dimensions were the most important. Given the importance of ethical leadership with organizational social responsibility in promoting the level of organization productivity and individual , managerial, environment and social dimensions priorities , managers of education and schools should pay special attention to such components.

The main purpose of this study was to describe school leadership models in relation to contextual variables by school level (elementary and secondary), school principal gender (male and female), school context (rural and urban), principals' expertise and experience, based on Tony classification. Bush is in the schools of Razaviyeh region of Mashhad. 

To achieve the research goal, descriptive-survey method was used. All elemantary and secondary school teachers, girls, boys and mixed schools in rural and urban areas of Razaviyeh Mashhad, formed the statistical population of the study, which included 1148 people. From this total, 212 teachers were selected as the study sample, considering the criterion of having at least one year of experience working with the current principal. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the required data. 

The results of the research showed that, in general, from the perspective of school teachers in Razaviyeh region, the model of managerial leadership with the Secondaryest average is the dominant model of leadership; then the ethical leadership model, instructional leadership model, distributed leadership model and transformational leadership model were placed in the next ranks.

Surveying the leadership models in the studied schools by different variables indicates the dominance of the leadership model in urban and rural schools, especially Secondary schools, schools with female management and schools with inexperienced principals. And schools were more prominent with experienced principals. The main findings of this study, as a result of comparison with existing research evidence in the field of management and instructional leadership, from the predominant tendency of school principals to the model of managerial leadership with regard to the requirements of centralized education system and ethical leadership influenced by the prevailing ideology and religious values. Managers as one of the underlying factors affecting their leadership model.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ethical leadership on organizational commitment mediated by organizational justice. The present study, according to the research philosophy, is quantitative, according to the purpose of the type of applied studies and in terms of data collection and analysis; The method used was descriptive and correlational studies and especially structural equation modeling. The study population of all primary school teachers in the second district of Ardabil city in the academic year 1399-1400 was 1291, of which 297 (104 males and 193 females) using Krejcie-Morgan table by simple random sampling Samples were selected. to collect the data questionnaire was used and to analyze the data was statistical techniques and SPSS and AMOS-22 statistical using softwar. The results showed that the mediation contribution of organizational justice variable in the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational commitment (p = 0.004) is significant. Therefore, the relevant officials working in the field of the Ministry of Education should pay close attention to this concept in order to increase the moral and human commitment of teachers to the organization in which they work.

Context :

Today, green human resource management has become a key business strategy for organizations in which human resources departments play an active role in the green path of their office.

The purpose of this study is the effect of green human resource management on green creativity with a moderating role of moral leadership in the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Isfahan Province.

The present study is of descriptive-survey type and is of applied type. The statistical population of the present study consists of the staff of Isfahan Jihad Agricultural Organization (180 people), some of whom (123 people) were studied by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the construct validity was assessed through factor analysis. The research data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using Spss and Pls software.

Findings of this study showed that green human resource management has a positive effect on green creativity with the moderating role of moral leadership of Isfahan Agricultural Jihad Organization.

The manegers of agricultural jahad, as pioneers of environmental protection, must develop green creativity by strengthening and training their human resources and ethical leadership styles.

The main goal of this research is to identify the ethical codes of educational leadership based on the teachings of Nahj al-Balagha. To achieve this goal, the document research method was used using the content analysis technique. By referring to the original text of Nahj al-Balagha and the description and interpretation of Allameh Jafari, Makarem Shirazi, and Ghanbari and based on the model of multiple relationships based on different areas of intellect and knowledge, speech, will, psyche and action, the most important key points, principles, components, and then moral codes The supervisors were identified and extracted.Based on the obtained results, the most important principles of moral leadership in an educational environment can be centered around faith in God, divine piety and trust in God in relation to God; Self-awareness, insight and insight, seeking perfection, avoiding self-righteousness and selfishness, wisdom and learning and continuous learning in relation to oneself; Appreciation, foresight, meritocracy, honor and respect for others, capacity building and development in relation to others and finally knowledge of the world and benefiting from the opportunity of the world and at the same time not being inclined towards it in relation to nature. Under these principles, ethical codes refer to the explanation of moral dos and don'ts for an educational leader (school).