سازگاری

The aim of the present research was to investigate the phenomenological study of elderly individuals' lived experiences of the empty nest phenomenon and its coping components. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation was achieved, resulting in the selection of 17 participants, including 11 females and 6 males. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. The research findings in the domain of lived experiences consisted of four main themes: "Existential Crisis," "Emotional Turmoil," "Interpersonal Disruption," and "Positive Experiences." Additionally, coping components with the empty nest phenomenon included "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation," "Purposeful Growth Experience," "Escape and Empathy," and "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source." In the domain of lived experiences, the theme of "Existential Crisis" encompassed four subthemes: "Sense of Void," "Fear of Death," "Confronting Existential Anxiety," and "Confronting Loneliness." The theme of "Emotional Turmoil" comprised four subthemes: "Experience of Contradictory Emotions," "Reactive Depressive Experience," and "Diminished Pleasure in Life." The theme of "Interpersonal Disruption" included three subthemes: "Lack of Mutual Understanding in Marriage," "Experience of Marital Conflicts," and "Social Withdrawal." The theme of "Positive Experiences" covered the subthemes: "Increased Leisure Time and Autonomy" and "Improved Relationship with Spouse." Moreover, in the coping components domain, the theme of "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation" included "Self-Reflection and Self-Reliance," the theme of "Purposeful Growth Experience" encompassed "Engagement in Intellectual and Occupational Activities," "Recontextualization," and "Increased Resilience and Endurance." The theme of "Escape and Empathy" included "Focusing on Offspring's Happiness and Satisfaction," "Assisting Similar Individuals," and "Grandparenting." The theme of "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source" comprised "Gratitude and Trust," "Enhancing Spiritual Connection," and "Engagement in Religious Activities." Psychological experiences of facing the empty nest revealed contradictory emotions and reactions. Elderly individuals experience both positive and negative aspects during this phase, utilizing both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions for coping with the empty nest. Therefore, it is suggested that the findings of this research be utilized in planning, preventive actions, and interventions for elderly individuals experiencing the empty nest syndrome.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of repeating non-words on phonological memory, severity of stuttering and adaptation of children with stuttering.

This was a semi-experimental research of pre-test-post-test type with a control node. The statistical population of this study included all children with stuttering who referred to learning disorders centers in Sanandaj in 1402, and 30 of them were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Became then both groups before and after the implementation of the intervention for the experimental group responded to Riley's Stuttering Severity Questionnaire (2009), Wechsler Children's Intelligence Questionnaire version 10 and Dakhanchi Adaptation Questionnaire (2016). Then, the experimental group received the non-word training program in 16 30-minute sessions and three sessions per week, and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period.

The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that repetition of non-words, severity of stuttering, phonological memory and psychological adjustment of subjects in the experimental group significantly improved compared to the control group (P<0.01).

The use of non-word training can be used as an effective treatment method to improve children's stuttering.

 The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between online learning atmosphere with adaptation and academic motivation of first grade high school students in Roodan. It is a descriptive correlation. The research population is 1018 students. According to Morgan's table, 278 people are selected based on simple sampling. The measuring instruments in this study were Kaufman (2014) Online Learning Atmosphere Questionnaire, Academic Adjustment Questionnaire (Sinhavsing) and Fredericks et al. (2004) Academic Achievement Scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. The reliability of the online learning atmosphere questionnaire was 0.87, academic adjustment was 0.89 and academic motivation was 0.81. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and regression analysis with SPSS 20 software. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between online learning atmosphere with students' adjustment and academic motivation. 

Specific learning disabilities are recognized as significant educational challenges. These disorders can lead to various problems, including academic underachievement, decreased self-confidence, and increased academic stress among students. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of self-efficacy training in improving academic adjustment and reducing academic stress in students with specific learning disabilities.

This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design with two groups: experimental and control. The statistical population consisted of all sixth-grade female students with specific learning disabilities in Khalkhal (a city in Iran) during the 2022-2023 academic year. Using a multistage sampling method, 30 students were selected and assigned to either the experimental group (15 students) or the control group (15 students). Before and after the intervention, participants completed the Academic Adjustment Inventory (Sinha & Singh, 1993) and the Perceived Academic Stress Questionnaire (Zajacova et al., 2005). The experimental group received Bandura’s self-efficacy training package (1997) over eight 90-minute sessions (once a week), while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and covariance analysis with SPSSv22.

The results showed that participation in self-efficacy sessions improved academic adjustment and reduced academic stress from pre-test to post-test in the experimental group. There was a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups' mean academic adjustment and stress reduction scores (P<0.001).

Based on the findings, self-efficacy training can be beneficial in improving academic adjustment and reducing academic stress in students with specific learning disabilities.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of problem solving skills training on the resilience and adjustment of students with low academic performance. The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the research was the male students of the first period of high school in the schools of Shiraz city in the academic year of 2021-2022. Among them, 100 people were selected with available sampling method and based on schools with low academic performance and completed the questionnaire of resilience (CD-RISC) and adjustment (AISS). Then, out of 30 students who reported below-average resilience and adjustment, 15 were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group. The people of the experimental group were trained in problem solving skills for eight sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that problem-solving skill training significantly improves the resilience of students participating in the experimental group compared to the control group, and brings a significant reduction in maladaptive behaviors in this group. In short, it can be concluded that teaching problem solving skills significantly improves the resilience and adjustment of students.

The aim of this study was to investigate the lived experience of how to accept and adapt to the absence of father in martyrs and non-martyrs children adaptation of the children.The current research was conducted using the qualitative phenomenological method on 17 girls aged 25 to 35 based on purpose-based sampling. Among the research sample, 9 were martyrs and 8 were non-martyrs. Metod: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and data analysis was descriptive-clause.

The results of the interview on how to adapt in the form of 3 main components showed that how to adapt the children of martyrs in the field of effective adaptations; Turning to religion, communicating with others, substituting, assimilating with values, understanding the presence of the father in life, feeling emotionally secure, planning problems, boldly defending values ​​and the children of non-martyrs; It has been planned to convert to religion, to relate to others, to replace and to solve problems. How the children of the martyrs adapt in the field of passive compromises; Passive expectation but hope but the passive adaptation of the children of non-martyrs; It has been accepting circumstances and controlling emotions. The mechanisms of ineffective compromises in the children of martyrs were denial and crying, but in the children of non-martyrs there was only crying.

Adapting to the absence of a father is easier for the children of the martyrs, and one of the reasons for this is the high value of the type of death in the way of God, which causes them to accept this type of death and have a positive attitude towards themselves (as the child of the martyr).

The present study aims at evaluation of the effectiveness of group counseling with a sharing approach based on Islamic ontology in promoting responsibility and adjustment of young girls.

The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. The statistical population consisted of young girls in Tehran. 24 subjects were selected by available sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Then they completed the Bell adjustment Inventory and the California Accountability Scale. The subjects in the experimental group participated in 10 sessions of contribution model group training program, but the control group received no training. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS sofwere at two levels of descriptive statistics (average and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of variance and covariance analysis).

The findings show that there is a significant difference between the subjects in the experimental group who were trained in the contribution model and the control group who did not receive any training in the scale of responsibility and the subscales of emotional, social and educational adjustment.

The results show that training the contribution model has a significant effect on promoting the level of compatibility and increasing the responsibility of young girls.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of family-centered art therapy on anxiety sensitivity, inefficient attitudes and coping of students with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. The statistical population included 12-16 years old students with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in academic year 2020 in Semnan City, According to the centers, this number was equal to 181 students. Among them, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method who had the necessary characteristics based on the test of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and clinical interview, and then were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group).The research instruments included Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire- revised (ASI-R), Inefficient Attitudes Scale (IAS) and Bell's Adjustment Inventory (BAI), (1961). Data analysis was done via SPSS23 software through MANCOVA method. The results of data analysis showed that family-centered art therapy has a significant effect on anxiety sensitivity (P=0.039), inefficient attitudes (P<0.001) and coping (P<0.001) of students with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Family-centered art therapy training had a significant effect on anxiety sensitivity, inefficient attitudes and coping of students with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Considering that strengthening these skills leads to improving the psychological performance of adolescents, using family-centered art therapy as an effective method is especially important.

Adaptation enrichment is an educational approach based on skills training to promote and improve couples' adjustment. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an educational model for enriching the marital life adjustment of the police.

The research was qualitative in nature and practical in terms of implementation, which was done using the grounded theory method. The statistical population in the first part consisted of couples referring to NAJA counseling centers who were selected using purposive and voluntary sampling. 10 couples who scored high on the Marital Adjustment Test (DAS) and 10 couples who scored low were interviewed. The research tool was an in-depth interview that continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The second part consisted of 10 professors of family counseling and NAJA psychologists who were selected by purposive sampling and snowball to validate the educational model. To determine the validity and reliability of the findings, continuous involvement, continuous observation, verification by participants and the steering committee were used to evaluate and implement the interview program. Grounded theory method was used to analyze the findings.

The analysis of the interviews led to the identification of 109 open codes, 4 central codes and 1 selected code. The categories of the educational model of enriching the police marital adjustment were individual adjustment strategy, source family adjustment strategy, couple adjustment strategy, and job adjustment strategy. The category of "compatibility and stability of marital relationship" was considered as the core nuclear category.

The results showed that enrichment of couples resulted in marital adjustment and stability of marital relationship. A couple's relationship is always vulnerable if left unattended. Therefore, care is needed to witness its preservation, growth and prosperity.

The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of self-differentiation and the reality therapy training on the intimacy و adaptation and assertiveness of the married women.

The research method was semi-experimental using a pre-test,post-test and follow up design with a control group.The community of society was all married women whose terms of marriage were under 5 years and their age were between 20 and 40 years in Tabriz city.A sample of 45 married women was selected available method and randomly assigned to two groups of experiments, a group for the treatment of reality therapy and a group for self-differentiation training (each group was 15) and a control group (15 people). To collect the data, the pre-test and post-test stages, Marital intimacy questionnaire (Bagarozzi, 2001), adaptation questionnaire (Spanier,1976) and assertiveness questionnaire (Gambbridge & Richie, 1975), were used. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The result showed that the self-differentiation and the reality therapy training is effective on the intimacy and adaptation and assertiveness of the married women. Also, based on the result, there is no significant difference between the efficacy of self-differentiation and the reality therapy on the intimacy and adaptation and assertive of the married women.

According to the results of the study, it can be stated that for those who have little intimacy, compatibility, and self-expression, use self-differentiation and reality therapy as a treatment.

The present study was conducted to development the family-based art therapy method adjusted to hospital condition, and evaluation its effectiveness on the children’s coping with cancer.

The present research is a single-subject study (A-B) as a kind of experimental research. The statistical population of the study consisted of all children aged 9-14 years old admitted to Children Medical Center (CMC) from November 2018 to February 2019 that among them, five children were selected by purposeful sampling. Each child accompanied with her/his mother received eight family-based art therapy sessions. The measures of the present study were the checklist of bio-psycho-social expressions of incompatibility in hospital-BPSEIH (Purrezaian, Besharat, Koochakzadeh, & Farahani, 2019) and the children’s coping strategies checklist-revision 1 (Ayers & Sandler, 1999). Research data were analyzed using specific charts and tables for single-subject designs. In addition, the effect size (ES) and the reliable change index (RCI) were also reported.

The findings showed that family-based art therapy reduced the expressions of incompatibility and avoidance strategy (P  0/05) on the one hand, and increased support seeking strategy (P  0/05) on the other, significantly.

According to the findings, it can be concluded that family-based art therapy can reduce the incompatibility of children with cancer in hospital and change their coping strategies. Therefore, this method can be considered as one of the useful and practical psychotherapies in the hospital especially for children with cancer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spiritual intelligence training on social skills and adaptation of children with physical and motor disabilities in Gonbadkavus city. In this quasi-experimental study, all 60 children 5 to 10 years old (40 girls and 20 boys) with physical-motor disability were selected from welfare and rehabilitation centers of Gonbadkavus city and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (each containing 20 girls and 10 boys). After pre-test on experimental and control groups, experimental group received 10 sessions of 1 hour (for three months) intervention on spiritual intelligence skills training. Finally, post-test was performed for both groups. Data were collected by two questionnaires of Matson Social Skills and Rutter Child Adaptation in two stages of pre-test and post-test. The results of covariance analysis showed that spiritual intelligence training had a significant effect on social skills and adaptation of children with physical and motor disability. Therefore, it can be said that spiritual intelligence training can improve social skills and adaptation of children with physical and motor disabilities.

Perceived justice is a term used to describe the role of justice directly related to job positions. Organizations need effective and efficient staff to achieve their goals of comprehensive growth and development. In general, the efficiency and effectiveness of organizations depend on the efficiency and effectiveness of human resources. Schools are one of the most important institutions in the field of education and play an important role in maintaining the valuable knowledge and educational health of students. Inadequate utilization of school resources, especially human resources, will limit the quality and delivery of services. Lack of efficient and effective knowledge promotion services not only reduces quality of life but also prevents productivity gains in other economic sectors. Therefore, the importance of productivity and improvement of the quality of educational services in order to meet the needs of the people in society and meet their expectations is increasing day by day and as a priority is the basis of the decisions and activities of school principals. Research has shown that the realization of justice as a strategic variable plays an influential role in organizational productivity. Schools are no exception. Discussion and study of justice in organizational environments has a long history and originates in Adams' theory of equality in the 1960s. In other words, perceived organizational justice means the extent to which the organization's actions with respect to its employees are treated fairly. Organizational culture is a set of values, beliefs, and behavior patterns that shape the organisation's core identity and play an important role in shaping employees' behavior. Research by Ibrahim Pour et al. Has shown that an unfavorable organizational climate, such as a glass ceiling that results from an unfavorable organizational culture, can lead to perceptions of injustice by employees. Experimental studies show that organizational culture is a key factor for organizational effectiveness. Elmaz and Organ have studied the impact of the dimensions of Denison's organizational culture model on the performance of organizations. In this study, it was found that the highest score for adaptability and the lowest score for adaptability were obtained. Researchers believe that a culture that values ​​human dignity boosts morale and job performance. Gifford concluded in his research that there was a significant positive relationship between hospital culture and R&D. Research has shown that there is a positive correlation between hospital culture and the maintenance of human resources, and this correlation can lead to productivity. The purpose of this research is to predict the perceived organizational justice of teachers based on the components of organizational culture in 2016. This study was descriptive - correlation. The society of this study was  teachers of Tabriz 4th district selected random sampling. The sample size was estimated 86 people by the Krejsi-Morgan table. to collect data, have been used two of the standard questionnaire, organizational culture of Denison (2000) and organizational justice of  Morman and Nijhov (1995). data analysis was performed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient, single sample T-test, Anova and Regression Tests. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the components of organizational culture and organizational justice, except the component of adaptability; Analysis of variance (Anova) showed that there is no significant difference between organizational culture and employee justice perception in terms of level of education and years of service (F = 0/9, p < 0/05). Regression showed that  only three dimensions - commitment to participation, adaptability and mission-are able to explain and predict % 17/3 of the total variance of perceived justice that the most is the commitment to participation with Beta (β = 0/26). from teachers  point of view organizational culture and justice perception are lower than average. school management should strive for dimension reinforcement of both components to increase university efficiency. Despite the high level of interactive justice perceptions of Morgan's organizational justice perception and commitment to participating in Denison's organizational culture in schools, the overall mean of perceptions of organizational justice and organizational culture was below the conceptual and poor average. Therefore, organizational culture and organizational justice in these schools need to be revised. Given the importance of perceptions of organizational justice and organizational culture on other organizational dimensions such as motivation, satisfaction, productivity, performance, stress and so on, school management should take the necessary steps to enhance the dimensions of these two components, especially distributive justice. And the performance appraisal and promotion system is conducted to the required and fair standards. In line with the culture, the mission and vision of the schools should be clearly explained to its teachers, and organizational adaptation and learning should be streamlined. Despite the tremendous influence of each organization's atmosphere on its other dimensions, this study explored the organizational culture's insignificant amount of perceptions of organizational justice. It is therefore concluded that teachers view factors other than organizational culture that affect perceptions of organizational justice. It was also found that prioritizing the dimensions of organizational culture and organizational justice differs from one organization to another because of the different management systems governing organizations, with each organization prioritizing one dimension of culture. This study was conducted in Tabriz District 4 schools and the conditions of those schools and should be cautious when generalizing the results to schools and other organizations. The main limitations of this research are teachers' honesty in answering questionnaire questions and using questionnaire tools. In line with the results of this study, the following suggestions are offered: Investigating Factors Affecting Perceptions of Teachers' Organizational Justice Investigating the Effective Factors on Improving School Organizational Culture and Designing a Questionnaire by Exploratory Mixed Method. Due to the low level of average organizational culture, in-service classes for teachers to justify organizational culture and school-based culture. Given the low average level of organizational culture, the necessary solutions are provided by the Education Organization to improve school culture. Priority given to low levels of adaptability, collaboration, and empowering teachers to make school decisions a top priority. Given the low average level of distributive justice, teachers should be promoted and promoted according to the required standards, their level of activity and participation in education issues.

Attention to adaptation and the factors influencing it is important for promoting maternal health and improving parent-child relationships, especially in mothers of children with intellectual disability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of acceptance and action and prospects for the future with psychological flexibility and adaptation in mothers of children with intellectual disability.

This study employed a descriptive-correlational designed and path analysis. The population consisted of all mothers of children with intellectual disability aged 12-16 years and studying in exceptional schools of Mashhad, Iran, in 2016- 2017. A sample of 217 mothers was selected by convenience sampling. The data were analyzed in LISREL using path analysis which includes a set of regression equations.

By examining the fitness indices and considering the value of RMSEA <0.08 and SRMR <0.08, the fit of the model was desirable. Also, in other indices (e.g. NNF NFI, NNFI, CFI, RFI, and IFI), results were >0.9, indicating the acceptable fit of the model.

Prospects for the future and acceptance and action both directly and indirectly increase adaptation in mothers of children with intellectual disability. Therefore, these mothers differ in terms of adaptation according to the degree of acceptance and action and psychological flexibility, and adaptation can be promoted in them by interventions designed to enhance these variables.

To determine and compare the effectiveness of emotional regulation on compatibility emotional, social and academic boys 12 to 14 years with ADHD disorder. A quasi-experimental study experimental group and the control group pretest, posttest, and follow-up were two months old. The study sample of 164 secondary school students referred to the counseling center Education Branch city. Structured clinical interview and then grading scale Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity adults Connors (1999) and scale adjustment of students (Sinha and Singh, 1380) was used to analyze the data after 30 students were selected for were randomly assigned to three groups. The experimental group (emotion regulation training) interventions 8 meeting as a group and the control group were placed on a waiting list. All groups before and after the test and re-evaluated after two months. To analyze the data obtained from analysis of variance repeated measures was used. The results showed that emotional regulation training the Symptoms of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (F=17.14, P= 0.001), total adaptability score (F=11.55, P= 0.001), affective adaptability (F=24.54, P=0.001), social adaptability (F=17.24, P= 0.001) and educational adaptability (F=23.66, P= 0.001) in post test and after two month of follow up. Based on the findings, emotional regulation training, In addition to affective, social and educational adaptability; reduces the symptoms of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Hence, this method can be used in families, educational and Psychological services and counseling centers in Iran in order to improve Symptoms of conduct disorder

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parents' mental health and their male offspring.

The research method was correlation and the statistical population was all the male students of the elementary school district of Tehran district 17. The sample size consisted of 375 parents (parents and children) selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Six primary schools of Tehran district of Tehran, 6 schools, and 4 schools of each school and 16 randomly selected from each class. They were The parents' mental health questionnaire (GHQ) was Goldberg (1986) with a reliability of 0.93, and for the adjustment of children, the 37-item questionnaire of the McDonough's (2008) compatibility questionnaire (2008) with a reliability of 0.81 was used.

The results of Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression showed that there is a significant relationship between parent's mental health and their son's consistency. Also, there is a significant negative correlation between parental anxiety and parental depression with their son's consistency and there is a significant positive correlation between physical health and social relation and adjustment of their offspring.

The results showed that the mental health of the parents can be predicted by the adjustment of their son's children.

The present study was aimed to examine the relationship between personality traits and creativity with the organizational performance of educational manager's human resources in Tehran's fifth region. Research method was practical in terms of objective; and in terms of data collection method, it was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the research consisted of all educational managers of schools in Tehran's fifth region. Using a Morgan Table and a simple random sampling method, 188 individuals were selected as sample size. In order to collect data, certain questionnaires were used. The present research used content and construct validity to determine the validity of the questionnaires. In addition, to measure reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability was used. Findings showed that the measurement tool was reliable and valid. The data collected from distributing the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (structural equations). Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between flexibility and creativity with the performance of human resources in the education system of the fifth region. There was a significant relationship between adaptability and creativity with the performance of human resources in the education system of the fifth region. There was a significant relationship between responsibility and creativity with the performance of human resources in the education system of the fifth region.