سبک اسناد

The purpose of this research was to effect schema therapy on reducing negative attribution style and cognitive avoidance of students with specific learning disabilities.

The research design was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population included all students with specific learning disabilities in Dezful city, from among whom 30 were purposefully selected and tested in two groups of 15 each. The research instrument was children's attribution style questionnaire (Thompson et al., 1998) and cognitive avoidance (Sexton and Douglas, 2008). First, the pre-test was conducted in two groups and then the experimental group was trained in schema therapy for 8 sessions. These meetings were held in groups and weekly. At the end, both groups were evaluated in the post-test.

The results of univariate covariance analysis showed that the schema therapy program reduced the negative attribution style and cognitive avoidance of students with specific learning disorder (P<0.001).

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that schema therapy training is an effective treatment for reducing the negative and avoidant attribution style and generally improve mentally healthy.

Attribution styles to be considered one of the most important factors affecting the functions and mental processes and training of students. This role will be explained through different psychological processes, among one of which is the goals achievement. As achievement goals can contribute as an mediator in relation to attribution style and test anxiety. The purpose of this study is provide a model for test anxiety based on achievement goals and attributional style variables. This study is a descriptive – correlation to structural equation analysis that to study of non-experimental causal relationships are explored through correlations. Participants in this study included 259 undergraduate students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Data were collected through attribution styles, test anxiety and achievement goals questionnaire. Statistical tests of correlation and structural equation model was used to analyze the data. The data obtained were analyzed by software SPSS20 and LISREL8.53. . Based on the findings, achievement goals is a mediator between test anxiety and positive attributional biases as well as predictor test anxiety. also goal orientation had a direct effect on test anxiety. Implicitly results obtained for education practitioners resulting due to the advancement goals as affect variables and mediating on test anxiety of students in better performance of students.

This study investigated the mediation role of goal setting in the relationship between dimension of attribution style (attribution style positive and attribution style negative) and self- Efficacy. Participations were 260, female (182) and mal (78), teacher’s safashahr city. Participants completed revised version of questionnaire Peterson Attributions style and Schwarzer R. self- efficacy of teacher’s questionnaire, and questionnaire goal setting. To examine reliability of Cronbach alpha coefficient (86/0، 61/0، 85/0) and to determine validity of internal consistency were used. The path diagram of hypothetical model tested by simultaneous regression analysis, according to recommended steps of baron and Kenny. Result show that Attributions style positive was a positive predictor and goal setting was a positive predictor of self- Efficacy (β=0/48 P; <0/001). Also Attributions style positive was a positive predictor (β=0/20 P; <0/001) and Attributions style negative was a positive predictor of goal setting (β=0/18 P; <0/003). Suggestions and implication for future research are also proffered.

This research aims at studying perceived stress among university students with various attribution styles and the relation between these variables. For this purpose, 414 students were selected using cluster sampling method and the data gathered by attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS) were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA test. The results of this study showed that there is a significant difference regarding perceived stress among students with internal attribution style and those with external attribution style in general and positive events, and the students with internal attribution style attain higher score. Also, there is a significant difference regarding perceived stress among students with uncontrollable attribution style and those with controllable attribution style in general, negative and personal events, and the students with uncontrollable attribution style attain higher scores. Furthermore, the results show that perceived stress among female subjects is higher than that among the male subjects. In addition, it was shown that the only significant difference in attribution styles in male and female subjects at general-specific level is in negative events, and at controllable-uncontrollable level is in negative, personal and general events.

IntroductionHealth in different stages of life, from childhood to adulthood, has an important role in human life and each person who is in good condition can reach the aging process. One of the important events of aging is retirement. For most people, retirement is not a stressor of crucial importance or a life crisis. In fact, retirement is stressful for one third of all retirees and it can damage their physical and psychological health. Retirees, who have poor health, not only have not positive attitude toward retirement, but also have negative evaluations about retirement. Retirees’ personal attitude and attributional style of retirement specified that this stage for retirees is enjoyable and it increases their mental health or has harmful effect on their mental health. In this regard, research has shown attributional style types of life events and behavior of people can affect their physical and psychological health. Attributional theory focuses on how people explain behaviors and outcomes for themselves, as well as others. Attributional theory studies personal perception, event perception, attitude change, treatment interventions, and self-awareness. Reattributional training helps to challenge incompatible spontaneous attributions. Also, reattributional training reduces depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms and increase function.Research questionThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of attributional style training on general health of retired high school teachers in Esfahan. On this basis, it is assumed that attributional style training increases general health and reduce depression, Social Dysfunction, anxiety and somatic symptoms of retired high school teachers.MethodIn this research quasi experimental design was used with two experimental and control groups. Independent variables include eight sessions of group attributional style training and dependent variable was general health that measured before and after the implementation of the independent variable. The statistical population was retired high school teachers in Esfahan in 1384 s.c. (2005-6). At first, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was administered to one hundred and fifty retired high school teachers, thirty subjects who had less general health were selected and randomly assigned to two groups. One was the experimental group (N=15), the other was the control group (N=15). Then, the structured attributional style group training was instructed in eight weekly one-hour sessions. Methods of training were direct (face to face methods, lecture, group discussion) and indirect (through providing educational booklets). At last, the General Health Questionnaire was again administered as the post-test. Tool was General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The GHQ is a measure of current mental health. The scale asks whether the respondent has experienced a particular symptom or behavior recently. GHQ-28 consists of four subscales labeled as: somatic symptoms, anxiety-insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. Each subscale includes 7 items. Each item has 4 levels of response options (less than usual, no more than usual, rather more than usual, or much more than usual). The most common scoring methods are original scoring (0-0-1-1) and Likert scoring styles (0-1-2-3). The research showed that validity level of general health questionnaire is very satisfactory and can be used for psychological research.ResultsThe results showed that post-test mean scores of general health, depression, social dysfunction, anxiety, insomnia and Somatic of the experimental group is lower than the control group and lower scores indicate higher health. The data was analyzed by ANOVA. Pre-test scores and age is controlled in all analysis. The results of analysis of covariance indicated that the attributional style training increased the general health of the training group as compared to the control group. Also, the attributional style training reduced depression, social dysfunction, anxiety and insomnia, and somatic symptoms.DiscussionDifficulties in retirement may increase the need for mental health interventions. Because poor health decreases positive attitude toward retirement and increases negative evaluations of retirement, today, some world large institutions consider retirement preparation programs. Retirement planning increase positive attitudes toward retirement. In this study, we were investigated effectiveness of attributional style training on general health of retired high school teachers in Esfahan. The results imply that the attributional style training is able to increase the general health and reduced depression, social dysfunction, anxiety and insomnia, and somatic symptoms. The results of this study were consistent with previous research in other countries. In general, participation in group meetings of attributional style training can cause that participant gain more self knowledge toward their thoughts. Therefore, they avoid negative attributional style and improve their mental health. To future researchers is recommended that mental health intervention programs be performed for those who have not retired yet and its effects study on increasing mental health retirements. Also, further researches are needed to substantiate results of this research in other communities. According to the findings of this study, it is suggested that attributional style intervention programs can be used to improve the general health of retired high school teachers.