عوامل بازدارنده

The present study is aimed at discovering the factors that prevent couples from childbearing. The systematic review method was used in this study. For this purpose, the studies related to childbearing during 10 years (2010-2020) were searched in Scientific Information Database, Comprehensive Portal of Humanities, National Publications Database and Noor Specialized Journals Database using the following four keywords: childbearing, fertility, birth and births. After evaluating the entry and exit criteria in the articles, 39 articles were finally included in the study. The results include the three categories of individual, family and social-environmental factors. Among the individual-cognitive factors, low level of religiosity and parent-centered and child-centered concerns about the future, and among the individual-behavioral factors, modern lifestyle proved to be the most important factors which reduce childbearing. The findings of the study, which show the strong effect of the level of religiosity, couples' concerns about the future and lifestyle on childbearing, indicate that change of beliefs play a prominent role in preventing couples from having children. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary policies and planning should be developed to improve couples' attitudes and beliefs in the field of family and childbearing by strengthening spiritual values ​​and religiosity, reducing parent-centered and child-centered concerns, improving modern lifestyle, providing appropriate conditions for raising children along with women's participation in social affairs, promotion of paternal and maternal pleasure and reinforcement of family orientedness in order to increase the desire and intention of couples to have children. There should also be more psychological research in this area that focuses on providing solutions using experimental and interventional research methods.

The purpose of this study was to investigate motivational and preventive factors influencing schools physical education teaching from the perspective of physical education teachers. A number of 153 physical education teachers were selected from Sanandaj city through accessible sampling method. The instrument used in this section was a researcher made questionnaire including 2 sections of motivational factors (intrinsic and extrinsic) and 3 sections of preventive factors (student-centered, teacher-centered and institutional). Face validity and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by the experienced professors in the field of psychology and physical education. Construct validity was also confirmed through use of factor analysis (AGFI= 0.92, df=437, p=0.01). Its reliability coefficient was obtained in a pilot study using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.93). For data analysis, one-sample and independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and post hoc test were used. The results showed significant difference between motivational factors (intrinsic and extrinsic) as well as between barriers factors (student-centered, teacher-centered and institutional) in physical education teaching from the viewpoint of teachers. Also, intrinsic motivational factor and institutional preventive factor have most influence on physical education teaching. Therefore, considering motivational factors based on self-determination theory, such as creating a sense of competence, independence and communication in physical education classes, encourage parents to physical education lesson, existence suitable sports spaces in schools and preventive factors including a reduction in the number of students in class and increasing the funding are important.

In order to provide a solution for the development and enhancement of tourism on the coast, this article attempts to explore the attracting and deterrent factors in the development of coastal tourism in the Caspian Sea. The method used in this research is a descriptive survey which has been done by using a researcher-made questionnaire in the field method. The statistical population of this study was 400 people and the sample size was 200 people. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 11 sports and tourism experts. Reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.89). For analyzing the findings, structural equation modeling was performed using AMOS and SPSS software. The findings of this study showed that the internal and external attracting factors variables and the internal and external deterrent factors have a significant relationship with the enthusiasm of tourists. In terms of tourists, the internal attracting factors with a path coefficient of 842/0 was more important than other factors. According to the results of this study, sports and tourism authorities are recommended; while enhancing and developing attracting factors, attention should be paid to the removal of deterrent coastal tourism factors in the Caspian Sea

According to the faculty members of the Islamshahr Islamic Azad University, one of the structural approaches of the Country Higher Education in the field of humanities and religion is an analysis of the effective deterrent factors on the Theorizing Seats, scientific critique and debate, and identifying and prioritizing its solutions. Using descriptive-survey method, this paper has studied the entire faculty members of the university, considering that 174 of them were selected randomly by the Stratified Sampling method as the sample group. Required data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability of 0.89 based on Likert scale 5. Data analysis based on single-group Z inferential tests and single group analysis of variance (F) showed that, respectively, cultural, administrative-structural, factors related to policy making of the theorizing system, providing research service’s methods and motivational factors have a deterrent role in theorizing; however, the inhibitory intensity of the various studied factors is not statistically significant with 0.99. Providing stronger scientific-research privileges for the professors and compilation of a comprehensive agenda of the Theorizing Seats are respectively the most effective solutions to overcome the obstacles.

Given the views of the high school teachers in Lahijan, this study seeks to identify and prioritize the inhibiting factors affecting teachers 'research works and the strategies for improving them. In this descriptive survey, the sample consists of all the teachers, including 113 teachers chosen according to Morgan and Kerjesi table through stratified random sampling. The experimental data are obtained from a researcher-developed questionnaire containing 30 questions, and 12 solutions in the spectrum of grading ranking questions with the reliability of 0/87. The data analysis which is based on descriptive and inferential statistical methods in a single group Z test and one-way ANOVA (F) show that: the administrative - structural, motivational, personal and cultural factors have a significantly inhibiting role in the researches of teachers and the factors related to policy -making in the research system and the way of offering research service to teachers do not have a significant deterrent effect. The difference in the degree of intensity of the inhibition of the different factors is not significant. Lack of clear rules and regulations for the assessment of research activities and inappropriateness of the method of assessing teacher's research activities is regarded as the most effective deterrent factor of teachers’ research. Planning for cultural assimilation and preparing the grounds for research along with education and development of teachers’ scientific and practical abilities in the field of research constitute the most important strategies for achieving solution.

The present paper seeks to probe into the obstacles to research in the educational system of Hawza (seminary) and set the priority in overcoming them in light of the views of level -three and level-four students of Qom Seminary. A survey-descriptive method was used in this research whose statistical population includes level -three and level-four students of Qom Seminary، among whom 260 were randomly selected as statistical sample group. Descriptive methods as well as inferential statistics at the level of one-group Z test and one way ANOWA of «F» were used to analyze the data. The obtained results show that the factors related to the policy-making of research، cultural، personal (technical and professional)، bureaucratic-structural system and also the way of providing research and motivational services have preventive a role، respectively، and that the difference between different factors studied in this research regarding the degree of prevention intensity is significant. Providing a mechanism for promoting the published works، revising the evaluation procedure of research activities، increasing the number of professional and educational periodicals and developing scientific and practical skills in the field of research respectively are considered as the most important and prior solutions.

The objective of this descriptive- survey research is to analyze inhibiting factors of software movement in agricultural and natural resources higher education. The statistical population of the study consisted of the graduate students of University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, out of which 124 people were selected as sample, using proportionate stratified sampling technique. Results of prioritizing showed that from all inhibiting factors of software movement in agriculture and natural resources higher education, the top three most important inhibiting factors (in order of importance) were “inappropriate use of academic research budget”, “not paying attention to practical and experiential education” and “not organizing and directing research attempts of academic researchers in order to solve the country's problems”. Also results of factor analysis revealed that six factors explained about 63.971 percent of variations of inhibiting factors of software movement in agricultural and natural resources higher education: infrastructural-input restrictions, informational and communicational problems, weakness in IT, obstacles in scientific exchange, institutional-management obstacles and motivation issues.

The present paper reviews the preventive factors that influence university student's research projects. The research is a descriptive-survey and the statistical population includes 700 students from, Teacher Training College affiliated to Azad University in Qom. The sample includes 200 students who were selected according to stratified random. The data were gathered from a researcher-made questionnaire with 0/91 reliability based on Likert's five level scaling. The data were analyzed by X2 test and showed that personal (technical and professional), motivational, research facilities presentation, bureaucratic- structural and cultural factors have a preventive role in student's research works. The main obstacles are respectively: low interest in research, lack of workshops on research method, giving emphasis instructions rather than to research, lack of specialized periodicals and references, lack of specific rules for assessing student's research works, and having no access to experienced professors who supervise student research.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze Ramin Agricultural & Natural Resources University and Razi University College of Agriculture faculty perceptions about the barriers of the utilization of blended learning.Whole population are 110 including all faculty of the Ramin and Razi University. By using stratified proportional random sampling 75 subject were selected for the study. For the data collection, a structured questionnaire is used. Data was collected by the use of a questionnaire whose its validity (Face validity) is obtained by a panel of experts and university professors. Reliabilities measured by Corunbach Alpha test (
=0.81) which showed the reliability of the questionnaire. Factor analysis is used to reduce and classify variables consisting the barriers of the utilization of blended learning. The results of the factor analysis showed that faculty perceptions about barriers utilization of blended learning could be classified into four categories including: personal barriers, infrastructure barriers, economical barriers and lack of management and organizational skills. There are four factors explaining 54.16 percentage of variables total variance.

Poetry is Iranian`s essential, national and racial art. From almost 10000 poets during more than 1000 years, ten have been known as genius because of their style. Among them we can name: Ferdowsi, Khayam, Nezami, Sanaei, Attar, Molavi(Rumi), Saady, and Hafez. In Hafez poem, there are three uniqe aspects: 1.perfect wisdom, 2.full emotions and love-sickness, 3.wonderful diligency. According to these three main elements, the similarities between Hafez poem and counseling concepts in an applied field are interpereted in this article.

Back ground: Large multy center Trials has been shown That, patients training is very important in reduction: patient stay in hospital, recurrent addmition_ cost of Treatment and, prevention of diseases and complications. In the western country this has referred to a team, so called "social care team". Unfortunately such teams arent practicing in our country, so this responsibility has referred to nursing groups. determination of significant of Training to patients from The point of view of nursing student and, assessment of most important inhibitory and facility factors. This study is a descriptive study. Sample: 100 nursing students in 3rd and 4th term of nursing college of karaj. most student participitated in this study were agree with importants of training to the patient. in respect to nurse's duties and respect to absent of (social care team) in our country. And according to the results of this study most students should and could train their patients. This study suggested that, nursing college should arranged the training of patients in their program.