مدیران زن

In today's society, women's employment and their type of social participation have created changes in traditional stereotypical roles. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the needs of working women as mothers. In order to properly investigate the lived experience of women, a qualitative study was conducted with a descriptive phenomenological approach. The sampling method was purposeful and continued until data saturation was reached. A semi-structured interview has been used to collect data, which was achieved with 6 interviews, but the researchers continued up to 10 interviews to make sure. The participants included 10 women managers at high management levels in government organizations who had children under the age of 18. To measure the validity and reliability of qualitative data, continuous engagement, continuous observation, progressive mentality, and a steering committee were used to evaluate and implement the interview program. The theme analysis method was based on the Brown and Clark (2006) model. In the analysis stage, 4 main themes and 9 subcategories were obtained. The main themes include "individual needs", "structural needs", "in-group needs", "revision of rules". Sub-categories also include "Educational ability", "Getting advice", "Urban services", "Health services", "Organizational services", "Changes in the attitudes of community members", "Change in attitudes in the family", "Improvement in the implementation of laws", It is a "guarantee of law enforcement". According to the obtained results, the needs of working mothers should be seen both individually and at the structural level. Also, the needs should be seen among the membership groups of mothers, and on the other hand, it is necessary to revise the laws related to women's employment and design them more appropriately.

The present research was aimed at examining the female principals’ lived experiences managerial self-belief in primary schools. The method was qualitative with a phenomenological approach. The statistical population included female principals of primary schools in Tonekabon. Through purposeful sampling, out of 28 senior female principals, 12 took part in semi-structured interviews t up to the limit of theoretical saturation. Qualitative data obtained from the interviews were analyzed with the seven-step Colaizzi method. Based on the coding results, 68 conceptual codes were extracted, which were clustered into 20 inferential themes, and finally 6 expanded themes showed female principals’ understanding and experience of the concept of managerial self-confidence, including sufficient and appropriate knowledge (9 components), experience (11 components), emotional and religious attitude (6 components), purposefulness and creativity (6 components), organizational environment quality (4 components) and trust in the experience of others (3 components). Examining the experiences of female principals showed that the role of managerial self-belief is to pave the way for principals who want to advance in a good, creative and different way in the usual conditions of the organizational environment and create new achievements in the field of education.

The aim of this study is to compare the rate of organizational intelligence of the principals of high schools for girls and boys in Yazd Province according to their gender. This is an applied research work and the method utilized here is causalcomparative. The population includes all the high school principals in Yazd Province in the academic year 1390-1391. A sample of 285 subjects was selected from this population on the basis of the relative stratified random sampling technique. The data collection instrument was an organizational intelligence questionnaire whose reliability was 0.97 according to Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, etc.) and inferential statistics (t-test for comparison of means) were utilized. The findings indicated that from the viewpoint of school teachers, there is no significant difference between the female and male high school principals in terms of anorganizational intelligence. Considering the growing importance of human resources management and its decisive role in selecting and appointing work force of organizations and generalizing this finding to anorganizational intelligence of female and male managers in society, we can say that meritocracy needs to the main priority in the recruitment plans of the personnel departments of organizations so that they can select the most qualified individuals for management positions of organizations irrespective of their gender.