lived experience

The aim of this research is to study the perception and understanding of Minab’s junior high school teachers of the concept of "religious identity" using the "phenomenography" method. The research population included junior high school teachers (with 15 to 25 years of experience) working in junior high schools in Minab city, Hormozgan province. Using the "purposive sampling" method, participants were selected and the data collection process continued until finally, based on the theoretical saturation model, 16 teachers were studied using a semi-structured interview. The data were examined using thematic analysis. After identifying categories, the main codes and their prominent themes, the internal and external horizons were drawn and the research result space was designed. In the conclusion section, the perceptions and experiences of working teachers were studied and identified using the “analysis” method. The perceptions of teachers were categorized into four main themes: “being a religious role model”, “building an identity”, “the ability to interact and communicate positively with others”, “the ability to influence the environment”, and “appearing in multiple roles while observing professional principles”.

 This study aims to investigate the lived experiences of teachers in designing and evaluating elementary students’ homework and analyze the phenomenology of their perspectives.
  To achieve the research objectives, a qualitative approach using a descriptive phenomenological method was employed. An in-depth analysis of the lived experiences of elementary school teachers during the 2024-2025 academic year was conducted. The statistical population of this study consisted of primary school teachers. Participants were selected through a snowball sampling method from elementary school teachers in Tehran. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, which continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The data analysis was performed using Giorgi’s five-step method.
By analyzing teachers’ lived experiences and coding the data, five main themes were identified: the characteristics of homework, parental involvement, differences among students and their perceptions of homework, challenges faced by teachers in designing homework, and the impact of homework on students. Sub-themes were also extracted for each main theme. Teachers described effective homework as having an appropriate volume, diversity, and relevance while also highlighting challenges such as large class sizes and limited time. They observed that students' behavior varied based on family environments and previous learning experiences. According to teachers, homework fosters students' responsibility, independence, and the habit of studying.
The findings of this study indicate that well-designed and well-managed homework can be a valuable learning tool. However, concerns regarding the volume and quality of homework persist. It is recommended that new policies be adopted to enhance the quality of students' assignments and that new decisions be made regarding homework design by teachers.
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The present research aimed to investigate the improvement of teaching science course in elementary schools and to identify the challenges and solutions to overcome problems based on the lived experiences of teachers and education specialists.

The research method was a qualitative phenomenological method. The interviewees included teachers and specialists in Ardabil city in the academic year 2024. To select the participants, 22 teachers, and 17 specialists were selected using purposive sampling until theoretical saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. The validity and reliability of interviews were determined through the triangulation technique, member control technique, parallel accurate information acquisition technique, and researchers' self-review.

Based on the findings, the majority of teachers believed in the existence of challenges and, of course, faced numerous problems. Also, in the next step, in the interview with experts, problems such as lack of laboratory facilities and equipment, and weak human resources, time, educational and cultural constraints, and challenges in the field of teachers' teaching methods were emphasized, and solutions were presented to overcome these challenges.

As a result, various solutions were identified to overcome the challenges in improving elementary science education, some of which included: using existing facilities creatively, training expert and efficient teachers, using and applying appropriate and attractive teaching methods, presenting science content practically and experimentally, improving the content of books in terms of quantity and quality, providing laboratory facilities in schools, using modern teaching methods, benefiting from skilled teachers and professors, and increasing the connection between schools and communities.

The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the lived experience of mothers having two consecutive children. The current research is a phenomenological approach that was conducted using thematic analysis. The research tool is a semi-structured interview that 32 mothers who had two consecutive children between the ages of one and three years were selected using a purposive sampling method. The interview of these mothers continued until the saturation point was reached. The interview data was analyzed using Max QDA software and coding was done through three open, central and selective stages. The analysis of the results showed that mothers' experience of having two children in a row in 5 main categories including educational, emotional, financial, family and social. The primary categories are not studying, wife's help in educational matters, great interest in computer games, discussions about TV programs, not being jealous, not cooperating in housework, envying each other, being cruel to the first child, anger and fatigue. Separation of father between two children, personality difference between two children, financial problems, desire to have independent phone, room and toys, desire to celebrate independent birthday, lack of understanding between couples in raising two children, proper marital relations, problems in sexual relations, Helping the wife in housework, coordination in raising children, lack of social relations, lack of compromise between two children, improvement of social relations

The aim of the present research was to investigate the phenomenological study of elderly individuals' lived experiences of the empty nest phenomenon and its coping components. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation was achieved, resulting in the selection of 17 participants, including 11 females and 6 males. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. The research findings in the domain of lived experiences consisted of four main themes: "Existential Crisis," "Emotional Turmoil," "Interpersonal Disruption," and "Positive Experiences." Additionally, coping components with the empty nest phenomenon included "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation," "Purposeful Growth Experience," "Escape and Empathy," and "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source." In the domain of lived experiences, the theme of "Existential Crisis" encompassed four subthemes: "Sense of Void," "Fear of Death," "Confronting Existential Anxiety," and "Confronting Loneliness." The theme of "Emotional Turmoil" comprised four subthemes: "Experience of Contradictory Emotions," "Reactive Depressive Experience," and "Diminished Pleasure in Life." The theme of "Interpersonal Disruption" included three subthemes: "Lack of Mutual Understanding in Marriage," "Experience of Marital Conflicts," and "Social Withdrawal." The theme of "Positive Experiences" covered the subthemes: "Increased Leisure Time and Autonomy" and "Improved Relationship with Spouse." Moreover, in the coping components domain, the theme of "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation" included "Self-Reflection and Self-Reliance," the theme of "Purposeful Growth Experience" encompassed "Engagement in Intellectual and Occupational Activities," "Recontextualization," and "Increased Resilience and Endurance." The theme of "Escape and Empathy" included "Focusing on Offspring's Happiness and Satisfaction," "Assisting Similar Individuals," and "Grandparenting." The theme of "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source" comprised "Gratitude and Trust," "Enhancing Spiritual Connection," and "Engagement in Religious Activities." Psychological experiences of facing the empty nest revealed contradictory emotions and reactions. Elderly individuals experience both positive and negative aspects during this phase, utilizing both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions for coping with the empty nest. Therefore, it is suggested that the findings of this research be utilized in planning, preventive actions, and interventions for elderly individuals experiencing the empty nest syndrome.

The aim of this study was to investigate Professors'Lived Experience of Payam Noor University from the online evaluation challenges in during the Corona epidemic. This is a qualitative and phenomenology research.The studied community includes all faculty members of Payam Noor University in Zanjan province, 23 people in the academic year of 1400-1401. Using the Convenience Sampling method, 15 people were selected as research sample. Data collection tool was semi-structured interview and content analysis method was used for data analysis. The validity of the data was verified through methods of asking a colleague and checking members. Based on the Findings, the main evaluation challenges in the form of 5 main themes (problems caused by software and hardware facilities, lack of technology-based knowledge, increase in fraud, socio-cultural problems and physical and psychological problems), its opportunities included 5 themes(economic, health, technical, educational and time) were identified. Also main soluation for overcoming to these challenges in the form of 4 main themes (use of in-person-electronic evaluation, the use of multiple evaluations, quiz-based evaluation, changes in the appearance and content of the tests) were categorized. In proportion to these harms and improving the quality of evaluation, it was suggested that professors should use integrated evaluation methods and electronic tests in the form of quizzes in short intervals during the semester to evaluate the students' learning.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of computer anxiety in the relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance of 7-12-year-old students in virtual education.

The current research was applied in terms of objective, in terms of descriptive-correlation method and in terms of data collection quantitatively with standard tools. The statistical population of the research was the parents of 7-12-year-old students (first to sixth grade) of non-profit schools in Isfahan city in the academic year of 2022-23. In order to collect data, Iraola-Real et al.'s Virtual Academic Performance Questionnaire (2023), Murphy et al.'s Computer Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (1989), and Haynes' Computer Anxiety Questionnaire (1987) were used. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression and path analysis were used in SPSS and AMOS software.

What emerged from the findings was that there was a positive correlation between the studied variables (P<0.05) and the ability to predict academic performance for both groups of students regarding computer self-efficacy was higher than computer anxiety (0.66 vs. -0.30 for boys and 0.76 vs. -0.29 for girls) and if we assume computer anxiety as a mediating variable, this variable can play a mediating role in the relationship between computer self-efficacy and academic performance by 31% (P <0.05).

Given that in today's conditions, digital technology has become ubiquitous and has occupied most aspects of life and education; The use of technological resources is fixed; Therefore, the ability to use them is essential. Therefore, it is suggested to pay attention to this category in the future in the case of possible virtualization of classrooms in the academic counseling provided in schools

Hearing is one of the most vital sensory abilities without which many human abilities to adapt to the environment are overshadowed, and learning, which is the most basic human ability to adapt to the environment, environment creation and mental and cognitive development, is also under the influence of this important sense. contract. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors affecting the effective education of deaf students (reading the lived experience) of Zahedan city.

This research was applied in terms of aim and exploratory, qualitative phenomenological type, in terms of method. The statistical population of the study was teachers and employees of schools of heading impaired students and employees of the Department of Exceptional Education in Zahedan, selected by purposeful sampling method up to reaching the theoretical saturation (16 people). Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Corbin and Strauss coding (1990) methods were used to analyze the data.

The results of coding were 139 codes in the open coding stage, 25 sub-categories in the axial coding stage and 5 main categories in the selected coding stage. Finally, 5 factors of appropriate educational space and services, efficiency of educational and rehabilitation forces, students' needs, family support and adaptation of educational content were identified as important factors affecting the effective education of Hearing impaired students.

One of the effective factors in improving effective education for deaf students is the use of an expert teacher with a field of education for exceptional children and the special equipping of their schools with classrooms with sound control walls, having a speech therapy room, a smart board, appropriate tables and chairs. And editing and revising textbooks is specific to this type of students.

The present research aimed to design a model for enhancing the online teaching-learning process based on theoretical studies and the lived experience of professionals and practitioners of the online teaching and learning process. The research method was mixed (first qualitative and then quantitative). In the first step, using meta-synthesis, the factors for the enhancement of the online teaching-learning process were extracted from theoretical and research backgrounds with qualitative methods using MAXQDA 2018 software. In the second step, relevant factors were obtained using the phenomenological method of Van Manen (2016) from the lived experiences of professionals and practitioners in the virtual learning process, and in the third step, the initial model was compiled using the obtained factors. Before editing the final model, a 59-item questionnaire containing items from the qualitative phase was developed and distributed among 25 professionals and practitioners in the virtual learning process of higher education. The content validity ratio (CVR) of model items was calculated, and after omitting some items, 48 items remained. To validate the final model, a 48-item questionnaire was also distributed among 25 samples, and the validity of the items was confirmed with mean and standard deviation and t-test, and the final model for enhancing the online teaching-learning process was formulated based on four themes: the capabilities of the educational system, teacher competency, learner competency, and family structure.

Visual impairment affects every person's quality of life, psychological well-being, and independence. To know the living conditions of people with visual impairment, their personal experiences can be examined. This study aimed to investigate the lived experience of students with visual impairment based on the phenomenological method in Isfahan City. The current research was based on a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method, conducted in 1401. The participants were selected using the purposeful sampling method from among students with visual impairment at Isfahan University and the Service Center for Students with Special Needs (SSS) of this university, and there were 12 of them. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data, and the participants' life experiences were examined through interviews with them. The duration of the interviews was between 30 and 45 minutes. The Colaizzi method was used for data analysis. After thematic extraction, the interview results were classified into 6 main themes and 28 sub-themes. The main themes included physical adaptation, staff training, student training, assistive technology, social networks, and employability. Based on the findings, examining the lived experience of students with visual impairment showed that they need support services in different areas. Therefore, these themes can be used to design educational, rehabilitation, and psychological interventions for these students.

The aim of the present study was to discover the lived experience of children and teenagers from online storytelling in the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young of Kurdistan province during the corona crisis. This study with a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach and the research field included all children and teenagers who are members of the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young and members of the Storytelling Association of Kurdistan Province in the year 2021 and the participants included 22 members of online storytelling workshops during the Covid-19 pandemic. They were selected based on the purposeful sampling method. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the Attride-Stirling approach was used to analyze the interviews. Based on the results, a total of 18 major themes including positive attitude; Familiarity with proverbs and folklore stories; filling free time; learning storytelling skills; optimal use of corona restrictions; Ability anytime anywhere; strengths of online storytelling; development of interactive features; Self Confidence; less stress than the face-to-face course; Satisfaction with trainers; Weakness in interactive communication; Weaknesses of online storytelling; The stress of live storytelling; low interest and enthusiasm; conditional interest; The superiority of face-to-face storytelling and the superiority of online storytelling were identified and named. By using storytelling techniques and by stimulating the audience's imagination and mutual influence, the art of online storytelling can be used to fill the free time of teenagers and young people.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the lived experience of rural multi-grade school teachers on the factors of aggression among primary school students. The present study was of a qualitative type and based on a phenomenological approach.

In this study, 20 primary school teachers from multi-grade rural schools who were teaching in 1402-1401 were selected by purposive sampling method. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and for data analysis, Smith's phenomenological method was used, during which 5 main themes and 27 sub-themes were extracted from the data.

The findings showed that in the definition of aggression, examples of aggressive behavior and underlying causes of aggression are aligned with the background, but different results were seen in relation to teachers' performance against aggression; According to the personal style of the rules in the classroom, teachers use different methods against aggression, including talking and preaching, anger and showing anger, corporal punishment, referring to the school principal, applying behavior modification techniques, referring to The counselor used to call parents to school, remind them of disciplinary rules, and use the scoring mechanism to create a friendly atmosphere.

The results of demographic studies indicate a decrease in the desire of couples to have children. This phenomenon leads to population decline, which causes irreparable damage to the future of the country. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to develop a pattern of childbearing motivation based on the lived experiences of families with at least one child . The research method is in the category of qualitative research and is descriptive phenomenology. The participants in this research include 32 couples who were selected by purposeful sampling from families with one or more than two children in Marivan city in 1400. To collect research data, semi-structured interview method was used and for data analysis, Claizey's 7-step method was used. The results of the research showed that the pattern of childbearing motivation includes the values, attitude, need, reinforcement and competence of the couple. According to the results, it can be said that by intervening and changing these factors, the couple's motivation to have children will change.

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and extracting the effective components in the design of the virtual learning environment of the training course for editing textbooks based on the analysis of the lived experiences of trainee professors in the seminaries of Sisteran. This qualitative study was conducted using the descriptive phenomenological research method and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 professors participating in the text editing course with two focus groups. Sampling of interviewees was done purposefully using the principle of theoretical saturation. In the data analysis, using the theme analysis, the codes of this lived experience were obtained in the form of 400 basic themes and then reducing it to 20 organizing themes. Among these lived experiences, four overarching themes of "sense of presence and connection in the course", "educational-skill strategies", "performance monitoring of trainees" and "opportunities for trainee professors" were interpreted. In this lived experience, the "sense of presence and connection in the course" was more frequent, which indicates the greatest impact of this component on other cases. One of the most important findings of this study in relation to the lived experience of the trainee professors is the relationship with the course instructors, constructive communication, the prevalencekind of respectful attention and interaction and responsible ethics and the formation of challengeslearners' skills, classroom management and active participation of the learners and finally the feeling of presence. The learners were in a real classroom, which is emphasized in the experiences of the activists.

The aim of the current research was the phenomenology of the teachers' understanding of the changes in the curriculum of the first and second elementary school by analyzing the lived experiences of the teachers involved in the elementary school.

The method of conducting this qualitative research was carried out with a phenomenological approach, and 25 teachers of the primary school of 2  Shiraz district were interviewed in a semi-structured way and the data were coded. In the selection of interviewees, an effort was made to select teachers who have at least 5 years of teaching experience in the first or second period or two periods. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the data, the three criteria desired by the experts of qualitative studies, include "acceptability", "reliability" and "verifiability".

The teachers expressed satisfaction with the separation of these two primary schools into two courses and were not satisfied with only one dimension (management, supervision and resource efficiency) .

The results of this research showed that the separation of students in primary education into the first and second periods can provide the basis for solving many problems in schools and help the mental health of students and improve the performance of teachers.

The purpose of the current research was to identify the negative characteristics in the teaching profession, based on the analysis of the lived experiences of novice teachers of their teachers' undesirable characteristics and features during their education. It was a phenomenological study. The research population was the novice teachers of Khorramābād city, among whom 21 teachers were selected as the sample, based on the purposeful sampling method. Also, semi-structured interview was used as the research instrument to collect data, and Colaizzi's method was used to analyze the data. After analyzing and adjusting the results, the components related to the undesirable characteristics of teachers have been pointed out in the form of 3 main themes and 42 sub-themes; The main themes were: personality and moral weaknesses, educational and skill weaknesses, and neglecting the educational customs. Based on the results of the present research, it is suggested that the characteristics identified in this research should be taken into consideration by the educational authorities in the selection, evaluation and in-service courses. In this way, teachers who have personality and moral weaknesses do not enter the teaching profession, and those who are teachers, always seek growth and self-improvement. Also, they are asked to pay attention to their skill development and educational customs in all situations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions and lived experience of primary school teachers of the strengths and weaknesses of virtual education in the corona virus pandemy in the academic year 2020-2021. The research approach was qualitative and phenomenological. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview. The target group included all fifth grade female teachers in girls' schools in Yazd, that 12 of whom were selected by purposive sampling. After the eighth interview, theoretical data saturation was obtained, but interviews were continued up to 12. Data were analyzed by coding and categorization methods and used seven-step Colaizy pattern. The validity of the data was obtained through triangulation method, in the form of referrals to the participants and also the analysis of the group of colleagues. After analyzing the data, 15 sub-themes were identified as strengths and 25 sub-themes as weaknesses, which were classified in to 8 main themes: educational, social, media mediation, parental mediation, cultural, ethical, environmental and economic. Then, contextual factors were extracted which were placed in 8 sub-themes at three levels: macro, medium and micro.