obstacles

The scientific progress of any university as a complex system requires an understanding of the diversity in it, to create a conducive environment to the birth of individual and group creativity. Although this diversity is a necessary platform for the scientific-cultural development of the university, it also causes the increasing complexity of the university system. What are the obstacles in the way of understanding this diversity and complexity caused by it? Despite the fact that understanding the diversity in university systems makes a suitable condition for universities scientific progress, but the "control" of complexity through reducing management approaches, far from reflecting on the totality of university systems, is a big obstacle for such an environment and causes neglect of the opportunities that are important for their performance excellence. What are these opportunities? This article is written in a reflective manner with a synthesis of researches and opinions about the state of higher education in the country, along with the author's experiences and studies in more than three decades of educations, researches and observations in the state universities of Iran and some other countries. It is done by examining the obstacles to the progress and scientific and cultural development of Iran's higher education, emphasizing the need to pay attention and to understand the importance of students' imaginations and images about university systems, as an important opportunity and to give them a field to "play" in the interactions of students and other university actors in complex educational and research situations. This understanding and the explanation arising from it is one of the paths to the excellence of university systems, just as the paradigm that prevents such an understanding becomes a barrier against scientific progress and motivation, especially for students.

The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the fields and obstacles of educational entrepreneurship according to experts of educational entrepreneurship in Tabriz city.

This research has been conducted in a combined way. The qualitative stage of this research has been exploratory content analysis, and open, central and selective coding has been used for data analysis. At this stage, 14 interviewees from the professors of Tabriz University and Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan pointed out the fields and obstacles of educational entrepreneurship. In the quantitative stage, the method of which was descriptive-survey, 217 people were selected from among 530 professors, students and graduates of educational sciences in Tabriz and Shahid Madani universities of Azerbaijan using Morgan's table and They were tested using the questionnaire of the result of the qualitative stage. Data analysis was done using descriptive-inferential statistical tests.

In this research, in the qualitative part, after open and central coding, 4 general categories were obtained in the field of educational entrepreneurship, and 7 general categories were obtained in the barriers section. The categories related to the fields include 1) teaching method 2) the establishment of educational centers 3) equipment and educational aid products 4) educational software and the categories related to obstacles include 1) the poor quality of the structure of the educational system 2) motivational obstacles 3) economic obstacles 4) skill obstacles 5) communication obstacles 6) cognitive obstacles 7) social obstacles. At the end of the research, a questionnaire was created based on the obtained data. In the quantitative part of the confirmatory factor analysis test results, 4 factors related to contexts and 7 factors related to obstacles were confirmed. Friedman's test was used to prioritize fields and obstacles.

A successful educational entrepreneur needs to identify educational fields and barriers, therefore, in this research, the most important field of educational entrepreneurship is related to teaching methods and the most basic barrier is related to cognitive barriers.

The current research aims to identify the obstacles to the university's strategic plan and provide appropriate solutions.

This study is practical in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of approach. The participants were the employees and managers of the strategic planning department of Tarbiat Modares University, from whom 10 people were selected in a targeted manner and using the theoretical saturation level. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. The questions for this interview, which were prepared based on a review of the research literature, were reviewed by several professors and experts to confirm their validity and reliability. Fuzzy Delphi was used to validate the results, and a two-step coding method was used to analyze the data.

The results of the analysis of the findings showed that the categories of "unfavorable financial conditions", "weakness of human resources", "weakness of technology and information", and "weakness of management" were identified as obstacles that hinder the realization of the strategic plan of Tarbiat Modares University The categories of "organizational learning", "capable financial management", "process management", "program pragmatism", and "development of organizational culture" were also identified as solutions.

Conclusions and Suggestions:

 Considering the importance of strategic planning in higher education, the officials of Tarbiat Modares University need to rethink the structure and content of their strategic plan and understand its complexity to face the upcoming challenges and obstacles. Also, based on the obstacles and solutions obtained from the present research, this university needs a new definition and organization in its role and missions in the field of strategic planning.Innovation and Originality: Identifying the obstacles that lead to the non-fulfillment of the university’s strategic plan and providing effective solutions and facilitating factors for the realization of better strategic planning for the first time are among the innovations of the present study.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the causes of lack of motivation for research activities among cultural workers in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. In terms of methodology, the current research is based on a qualitative approach, according to the purpose of applied research and phenomenological method. The target population of this research includes all the working educators (male and female) of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces who were teaching and working in the academic year of 1400-1401. For the sample size, 50 of them were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. To collect information and research data, checklist, note sheet and semi-structured interview were used as research tools. In this way, the description of the participants in the study is first read to gain an understanding of the whole, then the important statements/phrases are extracted, the meanings of the statements and important phrases were extracted. The compiled meanings are organized into themes. A detailed description was written for each of them. The findings of the research showed that after coding and categorizing, 6 obstacles and the main reason for not conducting the research and 43 sub-obstacles were .

The present research has been conducted to identify the obstacles to the primary school teachers' willingness towards doing research. It aims also to provide some solutions for the problem. The research is practical-oriented, used descriptive-analytical method for data collection, and carried out as a survey. The results showed that the obstacles to teachers' willingness towards research may be classified into three categories: individual, organizational, and extra-organizational. The effect of each of the categories is different. The individual, organizational, and extra-organizational have the lowest to highest negative effect, respectively. In the first category (individual) the following reasons for lack of willingness: low research skill, low social and inter- personal communication skills, low personal motivation, lack of time, high expenses of research, and low income. In the organizational category these factors are significant: low organizational motivation, discouraging attitudes to research, preferring favoritism to rules, lack of official support for research, lack of appropriate evaluation of and supervision on the conducted research. In the third category lack of such factors as belief in research findings, of access to research data, of infrastructure for doing research, of extra- organizational coordination, and of proper policy-making deter conducting research.

The current research aimed at studying the major challenges and obstacles hindering research among the teachers of East Azarbaijan province, Iran. This study adopted a qualitative approach and applied the phenomenological method of analysis. Purposeful criterion sampling was used, and 20 teachers were selected as the study participants. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. To assess the reliability of the findings, the four criteria of credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability were used. The findings led to the formation of 25 subcategories subsumed under the three main categories of thinking and knowledge (five subcategories), attitude and motivation (11 subcategories), and behavior and action (9 subcategories). Based on the findings, it can be stated that the above barriers hinder the successful implementation of “The Research-Centered Teacher Program” in education. Thus, to achieve the goals set for the aforementioned program, the above-mentioned challenges must be addressed.

Shiite Imams, as the final source of knowledge after the Messenger of God (PBUH), were able to surpass their scientific authority over other currents of thought-belief in a period when one of the characteristics of which was the spread of Islamic sciences. Islamic sciences mean sciences whose subject and issues are the principles or sub-principles of Islam or things on the basis of which the principles and sub−principles of Islam are proved. According to the needs of the Islamic community and the need to confront heresies and deviations, Islamic sciences were defined in the educational priority of Shiite Imams; However, achieving scientific authority in these sciences was not an easy task, especially when the current and educational currents active in this field were equal to them. . Pathology of the conditions and obstacles that existed in front of Shiite Imams in teaching Islamic sciences is the desirable goal of this study To clarify the fact that in what difficult political, social and intellectual conditions she was able to establish the foundations of Islamic sciences And why the Islamic society, as a single body, did not accept his authority. Based on this, two questions are considered in this article.  −What effective obstacles hindered the teaching of Islamic sciences by Shiite Imams? −What harm did these obstacles do to the program of Shiite Imams in teaching Islamic sciences?

During last decades, children have played an increasing role in research and despite the emphasis on children’s active role as researchers (CAR). adults do a great part of research. This based documentary-method survey has dealt with identifying facilitators and inhibitors of developing research spirit in children to overcome this challenge and paving the way for children’s activities as researchers. By looking for in domestic databases including Noormags, IranDoc, Civilica, Elmnet, Scientific Information Database, Ensani Portal during 1380-1399, 64 documents retrieved then by using PRISMA evaluating checklist indicators, 21 of them were selected to be studied and analyzed. Furthermore, searching in international databases including, ERIC, Sage, Elsevier, Google Scholar and Taylor & Francis during 2000-2020, 45 documents retrieved and 19 of them were selected to be studied and analyzed by using PRISMA evaluating checklist indicators. Analysis was done by the Altheide Method. The findings of investigating documents resulted in four facilitators; educational, family, environmental and motivational factors and five inhibitors; individual, social, relational, educational and organizational. Finally, some suggestions are made to plan for educating researcher children paying attention to the definite limitations and obstacles.

The course of the present day global changes has placed entrepreneurs in the front line of the technological and economic development. The successful experiences of the majority of advanced nations and also certain developing countries in getting through various economic crises with the help of entrepreneurship development , has triggered an special interest from other countries directed toward entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs and the development of innovative businesses. With the ever present fact of economic globalization, many believe that “the future global markets shall belong to those enterprises that greatly value entrepreneurial risk taking, invest extensively in their intellectual capitals, actively support individual growth, and carefully consider environmental conditions when outlining strategies.” Based on these facts, entrepreneurship development has been addressed in this paper from different aspects, with the main objective of studying the current obstacles and measures facing entrepreneurship development in TVTO, paying special attention to individual, training related and organizational factors; all of which has been accomplished in a descriptive format through interviews with vocational training graduates of Tehran Provincial Office’s training facilities in one full semester. The finding of this study clearly show that the organizational obstacles rank highest in the factors hindering entrepreneurship development, with a rating of 2.66, and the individual factors ranking as the lowest obstacles with a rating of 1.24, thus making organizational factors as the most major obstacles among factors studied in this paper.