اروپا

Political and economic contacts between the Middle East and the West during Rennesance era was followed by publication of Arabic and Persian books in Europe. This article looks into the way movable-type printing developed in the European print industry during the era. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper is compiled using library and archives materials. Prior to introduction of Movable-type printing، Arabic texts were printed using Woodblock printing technology. In 1514 first Arabic book was printed in Italy using Movable- types. Movable-types were designed and applied for Persian texts in Eurpoe in 1639. Books in Arabic and Persian scripts were first printed in Europe to promote Christianity in Moslem lands.

We have studied in the present research the semantic relationship between publication date and literature templates in European books for children and adolescents translated into Persian in the first decade of 21st century and have identified literature templates in the mentioned books which have been published during 9 years, i.e. from beginning of 2000 to end of 2008. Content analysis was used in this study by which it was tried to examine each of the stories in an accurate way and determine its literature template through systematic analysis of literature templates for the books. The population under study was chosen by ordered sampling. The necessary information for each book was written down in a checklist and the research hypothesis was tested using Chi-square test. It was indicated that among the mentioned 318 translated story books, 59 of them (28%) were written by women; 170 of them (53.5%) were written by men; and 89 of them (28%) had no obvious author. Considering the four standard literature templates, it was shown that 89 of them (28%) were fable, 81 of them (25.4%) were fiction, 106 of them (33.4%) were fantasy, and 42 of them (13.2%) were folklore. English-speaking authors had the highest contribution with 105 books (31.9%). Furthermore, the results indicated that the hypothesis of “existence of a significant relationship between abundance of literature template and publication date” is rejected since p value was calculated to be 23.135 > 0.05 based upon Chi-square test. It was concluded that there is no significant relationship between literature templates and publication date for the translated books.Originality/Value: This paper has identified the scope of literature templates for European books of children and adolescents translated into Persian, and it is a new approach which studies the status of books in this field regarding the typology of literature templates and investigates the semantic relationship between literature templates and publication date of these books.

The word “archive” became widespread in Iran after communication of Iranians with European countries. Therefore, finding out about different usages of this word is of high importance in archival studies. Iranian itineraries are among resources which reflect the early perception of Iranians about new phenomena. Therefore, these resources are also significant in studying archives. In this article, by studying the itineraries of Iranians who traveled to Europe from the beginning of the Qajar era up to the Constitutional Revolution (and are themselves divided to a number of groups), the author tries to indicate how much consideration was given to archives by itinerary writers. The notable finding of this study is that Iranian itinerary writers did not pay much attention to archives. The present article also brings up the question of why archives have not been noticed by Iranian itinerary writers, who traveled to European countries in the mentioned historical period and described lots of phenomena in those countries? In the author’s point of view, neglecting archives was due to the historical conditions of Iranians and their viewpoint on manifestations of civilization in European countries.