government

The importance of innovation ecosystems among researchers and at the level of society is increasing, and Iran's innovation ecosystem is no exception to this rule. But it seems that despite the support provided by the government, this ecosystem has not yet reached the required effect. To this end, the current research has analyzed the function of the Iran's innovation ecosystem. According to this goal, qualitative research design and grounded theory method were used. The opinions of 22 participants were taken through interviews and the opinions of 13 ecosystem actors were taken through secondary data. According to the findings, while the government sought to remove obstacles such as contradictory laws and widespread bureaucracy in the ecosystem, at the same time with the expansion of the government's activity, the bureaucratic obstacles that are rooted in the government correspondingly increase. The government's financial incentives and providing infrastructure to foster innovation capability and strengthening communication between actors. Existed support mechanisms have not been a serious stimulus in order to provide the opportunity to learn technological knowledge and interactive learning between actors like university and industry. Moreover, on the one hand the government support companies in growth stage to innovate, but on the other hand its intervention to control the markets prevents the exploitation of the aforementioned innovation in the market. In the face of these paradoxes, ecosystem actors, considering the adaptive efficiency of institutions in the ecosystem and their own motivations, choose three major strategies: leaving the ecosystem, not entering the ecosystem, or staying minimalistic on ecosystem.

By identifying the scientific researches of artificial intelligence carried out by universities, industry and the government, this paper seeks to outline the research situation of Iran in the field of this technology in comparison with China and the United States as the two leading countries in artificial intelligence. Based on this perception, the main goal of the current research is to extract the interactive model of university, industry, and government as the main actors in the scientific research collaboration of artificial intelligence in the three studied countries.

This research was conducted based on the scientometric method and the use of the Scopus database in the time domain of the last two decades. Countries were ranked based on the number of documents and citations to the top 1000. Then the documents were separated based on organizational affiliations into academic, industrial, government, and international groups. On this basis, the co-authoring network of Iran's documents was drawn based on organizational collaboration. Through mutual information analysis, the quality of cooperation in Iran was compared with the other two countries. For this purpose, a meaningful examination of the arrangement of categories was done through Shannon's entropy calculations.

With a small difference, China and America had the most documents and Iran was in the 30th position. In the citation, America, with a significant difference, was first, China was second, and Iran was 17th. By normalizing the number of studies in terms of population and GDP, the United States was placed in a much higher position than China, and the distance between Iran and China in the normalized results was also much smaller. In the uncertainty and synergy of interactions, the same order was maintained. Among the players in Iran, Tehran University, followed by the Amirkabir University of Technology the and Sharif University of Technology, have had the most scientific productions. University, industry, and government data in Iran were experimentally manipulated. The highest output based on the least input change was achieved through increased industry research.

The most important difference in the cooperation model of Iranian actors with the other two countries is the level of industry participation. Among the three countries, America shows the most industrial research collaborations. In the case of Iran, it was also concluded that the policy of encouraging the industry to participate in artificial intelligence research will be most effective. This result is also supported by experimental manipulation of values.

The importance of information and communication technology (ICT) start-ups in economic, social and entrepreneurial development, as well as their extensive uses in various industries and sectors, has led to their welcome and support. On the other hand, their failure rate is very high and makes it difficult for supporters and funders to predict their future success. Therefore, considering the distinct conditions and high rate of technological developments of the ICT industry compared to other sectors and its high share of GDP, the purpose of this study, is to identify the local failure factors of ICT start-ups by interviewing experts and practitioners.This article is an applied, qualitative and quantitative research based on inductive approach which extracted failure factors using qualitative thematic analysis with MAXQDA software and then, these factors were ranked by using the fuzzy best-worst method through Excel and Lingo softwares.The basic themes extracted from the text of the interviews were classified into fourteen organizing themes and three global themes: internal factors of the start-up, near environmental factors and distant environmental factors. The results showed that the start-up internal factors, close and distant environment have the greatest impact on the failure of ICT start-up, respectively. The entrepreneurial team and the government were also recognized as the most important internal and external factors for the start-ups failure. From the point of view of all experts, an entrepreneurial team with complementary specialties and different capabilities can overcome all the challenges of the business development path. In their view, the government should play proper governance role, including regulation and enacting new laws in this area.

The porpuse of present study is to tracking the mission and position of the school library in upstream documents such as the Perspective Document of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the Horizon of 1404, the Constitution, the Sixth Five-Year Law on Economic, Social and Cultural Development of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Document of the Scientific Comprehensive Map of the Country, the Document of the Cultural Engineering Map of the Country, the Document of the Fundamental Transformation of Education and National Curriculum.

This descriptive research was performed by documentary method and qualitative content analysis based on the missions of the school library from the perspective of IFLA in the upstream documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Maxqda software was used to analyze the data.

The objectives of school libraries were placed in three main cultural, technological and educational categories according to the 13 missions of the school library from the perspective of IFLA. Among the documents examined, the school library is mentioned directly four times. The perspective Document, the Sixth Development Plan, the Scientific Comprehensive Map of the Country, the Fundamental Transformation Document and National Curriculum on Culture, the Constitution, and the Cultural Engineering Map on Education have the most important goals related to the school library. The goals related to technology are also significant in the Perspective Document, the Sixth Development Plan and the Comprehensive Scientific Map of the Country.

The diversity of categories and themes identified in the three documents of the Country's Cultural Engineering Plan, the Document of Fundamental Transformation and the National Curriculum in relation to the mission of the school library, shows the high potential of the above three documents in guiding the mission and function of the school library. In the paragraphs related to the mission of the school library in the upstream documents, the school library is not directly mentioned, but many of these missions can be followed, realized and implemented by education and in particular school libraries. These libraries will be able to achieve the major scientific, educational, cultural and technological missions of the country, as well as other educational, social and cultural institutions of the country, provided that they have the necessary support such as receiving budget, facilities and equipment acting as powerful arms and prepare the ground for the growth and excellence of their users, first and foremost, the citizens of every society.

Today, the favorable relationship between industry and academia as an efficient category for socio-economic development and the success of a society's future plans has become an undeniable necessity. The relationship between industry and the university, given the role that these two institutions play in society, requires special mechanisms that can not be enjoyed without addressing them and without creating the right context. This article seeks to answer the question of what are the barriers to university-industry cooperation? In this regard, according to the context and conditions of the higher education system (universities) and its interaction with industry and also due to the interdisciplinary nature of university-industry cooperation, a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method was selected as the research method. By thematic analysis and using semi-structured interviews, information was collected from seventeen experts and faculty members of the university as well as managers of growth centers, university-industry relations office and entrepreneurship centers in the field of industry, university and commercialization. Data were analyzed by open and centralized coding method. Research results indicate barriers; University restrictions include industry restrictions, cultural barriers, organizational, operational barriers, and political-legal barriers. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for developing the university's cooperation with industry are presented.

Public policies are instruments of governments for managing public affairs. Therefore their success or failure depends on the implementation of such policies is wisely and tactfully.Sometimes in political systems,emerged a kind of public policy with following charactristic:lack of policy regime and a programme theory ,suffering from a kind of inner contradictions , have not a articulated policy design,its purpose is transfer or decreasing public expenditures, have not an integrated monitoring and evaluation system , ascend to high politicization and …The author have called such policies as "getting rid of" public policies and claimed there are some degree of this type of policies in all countries. Several factors leading to the formation of such policies and these kind of policies have impacts on attittude, language and behavour of people. The purpose of this article is to describe the conceptual foundations, formation, and exploring antecedents and concequences of such policies.

E-government implementation in different countries follows different models that are based on the patterns of government attention to aspects of e-government. However, identifying and understanding specific dimensions of electronic government is important. this paper considers e-government in the form of a socio-technical system and identifies aspects of e-government. To identify the dimensions of e-government implementation used library studies and for suitability and relevance of dimensions and providing policy advices, expert panel of is used. By using archival data, the clustering process is conducted to determine patterns. At the end, each patterns are analyzed and categorized s and policy recommendations are presented for Iran e-government implementation.

Governments have always been among the most important institutions associated with universities. It is noteworthy that this relationship has sometimes been in line with benign intentions of scientists and sometimes upon the requests of governments. By a glance at the history of nations، one can find the influence of scientists in the courts of kings. However، the quality of such relations has always been considered by scientists. The objective of this study is to define the relationship between the government and scientific institutions while focusing the necessity of effective and continuous relationship between them and to explain the benefits of such mutual relations.

Based on their belief in the principle of Imamate, Shiites generally deny the legitimacyof governments. However, the lack of legitimacy of rulers in Shiite thought has notnecessarily led to active opposition against the rulers. "is article explores the question:in practice, how did the clergymen interact with and confront the government during1961-1979? To answer the question, the historical interpretation method has been used,and an eort has been made to inductively discern the way clergymen interacted withthe government in the period in question through the study of existing records anddocuments. Findings show that, in this period, clergymen and ulama had four dierentapproaches to dealing with the government: 1) compulsory support 2) nonviolentresistance 3) non-revolutionary opposition 4) revolutionary opposition. "e conclusionis that although the clergymen and ulama had various positions and approaches indealing with the government, all of them determined their method of interaction withthe government on the basis of their viewpoint about current conditions and from areligious perspective

Eqbal-o-Saltaneh Makuei became the ruler of Maku after his father died in 1898. Taking advantage of the powerlessness of Iran’s central government, Eqbal-o-Saltaneh consolidated his authority in the region. He then used his authority to evade the supervision of the central government and establish relations with Russia and the Ottomans against the government’s will. After the 1920 coup d’état, Eqbal-o-Saltaneh Makuei continued his previous policy of not completely obeying the central government and pursued relations with the Soviet Union and turkey. The critical point in these relations was when he signed a commercial contract with the Soviet Union as an independent ruler. The conduct of Eqbal-o-Saltaneh was in open opposition to the policy of Reza Shah who tried to break the power of local rulers and tribes and reinforce the dominance of the central government all around Iran. The new political conditions of Iran, the significance of the region and the stubbornness of Eqbal-o-Saltaneh Makuei on the one hand and his bad reputation for quarreling with people of the region during the Constitutional Revolution and having no national credibility on the other hand, motivated Reza Shah to arrest and kill him. After killing Eqbal-o-Saltaneh, the dominance of the central government was established in the region after several decades and the tribes of the region were placed under the government’s supervision.