university

Every year, a significant number of young individuals in the country obtain specialized doctorate degrees, and their main concern after graduation is finding a job that aligns with their expertise. One of the anticipated roles for these graduates is to join universities, educational institutions, and research centers as academic staff. Offering post-doctoral courses as short-term programs not only creates a platform for conducting research but also enhances employment opportunities for PhD graduates upon completion of these courses. This article aims to elucidate the initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology (MSRT) and various universities and research institutes in organizing post-doctoral programs. Additionally, it examines the approaches and performance of other countries in this regard.
The research methodology employed in this study includes surveys and document reviews. Additionally, it examines the approaches and performance of other countries in this regard. The research methodology employed in this study includes surveys and document reviews. To examine the role of post-doctoral positions, four key upstream documents were analyzed: the Law of the Fifth Five-Year Plan for National Development, the Law of the Sixth Five-Year Plan for National Development, the Comprehensive Scientific Map of the Country, and the document on the Transformation of the People's Government (Thirteenth Government), along with the programs proposed by the honorable minister. It involved science, research, and technology. Additionally, to evaluate the scientific outcomes of implementing these regulations in the country's universities and research institutes, a monitoring plan was executed. This plan included gathering information on post-doctoral researchers working in 46 universities and government research institutes by completing their profiles in the system.
The document review revealed that the term "post-doctorate" is used in only three instances: specifically, in the 12th row of the national action plan of the 6th grand strategy of the comprehensive scientific map of the country, the 9th transformative strategy, and the 18th grand plan proposed by the highest authority of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology, which has been directly referenced in the 13th government. In all other cases, the term is mentioned more generally, often in the context of phrases such as independent researchers, researchers, postgraduates, elites, and similar terms. The Ministry of Honors has taken significant steps by drafting two key documents: the "Regulations for the Admission of Postdoctoral Researchers" and the "Regulations for the Recruitment and Employment of Postdoctoral Researchers. However, the acceptance rate for conducting courses at universities and institutions has been less than ideal due to limited financial resources. As a result, in 2022, only 879 postdoctoral researchers (516 women and 363 men) were recruited across 42 universities and 4 government research institutes. In examining the status of postdoctoral researchers by gender, it was found that a substantial number of postdoctoral researchers in 2023 were women, comprising 58.7 percent, which is a significant percentage compared to men at 41.3 percent. Additionally, the highest number of post-doctoral researchers was observed in the fields of basic sciences (359 individuals), technical and engineering disciplines (269 individuals), and humanities (146 individuals), respectively.
On one hand, the annual graduation of nearly ten thousand specialized doctorate holders, along with a substantial number of academic staff members holding the rank of associate professor and professor, indicates a significant capacity for conducting post-doctoral programs in the country. However, challenges such as insufficient funding and a lack of necessary credits for research have led to the neglect of this issue. Therefore, allocating appropriate, targeted, and well-planned financial resources can enhance the country's scientific output in specialized fields while creating a conducive environment for attracting more PhD graduates.

Given the rapid acceleration of developments in emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, and its extensive and profound impact on various aspects of social life, including higher education, the need for efficient, comprehensive, and coordinated policies is felt more than ever. This article examines the development trajectory of artificial intelligence technology and analyzes the opportunities and challenges of its use in the field of higher education. Considering the unparalleled opportunities that this technology offers to the educational system, as well as the inherent risks it carries, the necessity for smart and forward-thinking policy-making to improve and enhance Iran's higher education system has been emphasized. In this article, key strategies for formulating and implementing appropriate policies to optimize the use of AI technologies in Iran's higher education are presented. These strategies can serve as a roadmap for educational officials and policymakers in the country, helping to improve the quality, efficiency, and flexibility of the higher education system. The goal of these proposals is to achieve balanced and sustainable development of higher education with a focus on productivity and quality, utilizing the capacities of AI to enhance educational processes and train skilled and specialized human resources. The implementation of these policies can play a key role in facilitating the digital transformation of higher education and strengthening Iran's position on the international stage.

Given that university-industry cooperation is associated with the transfer of knowledge and technology, one of the key indicators of a country's development is the effectiveness of collaboration between universities and industry. Due to the significance of this topic, the present article seeks to analyze the state of cooperation between Iranian universities and industry based on the co-publication of articles indexed in the Web of Science database from 2010 to 2022, particularly in terms of financial support. The findings of this research will inform national policymakers and planners about the current state of university-industry cooperation in Iran, enabling them to devise appropriate strategies to enhance this collaboration.

The research method employed in this study is both descriptive and quantitative, utilizing scientific techniques such as word co-occurrence analysis. The statistical population for this research comprises 2,891 articles. This study encompasses all articles that received financial support, focusing on the collaboration between universities and industry in Iran from 2010 to 2022; therefore, no sampling method was applied. Instead, a census sampling method was utilized. To examine the collaboration between universities and industry through scientific publications (articles), each article must include at least one author affiliated with an industrial organization and one author affiliated with an academic institution, both of whom must have a financial sponsor. Specific labels were used to identify the organizations involved. Data collection was conducted using the Web of Science database, and the data were analyzed and visualized using BibExcel and VOSviewer software.

According to the findings of the current research, the highest number of financial supports for cooperation between industries and universities in Iran was recorded in 2021, with 430 articles published. In contrast, the lowest number was recorded in 2010, with only 89 articles. On the international front, 78 countries have co-published with Iran, with the United States leading in the number of collaborative articles. Other countries that have engaged in significant cooperation with Iran include England, Canada, Australia, France, New Zealand, China, Germany, Italy, and Russia are other countries that have had a large number of cooperation cases in Iran. The data related to financial support institutions showed that the National Iranian Oil Company along its subsidiaries (9.79%); Iran National Petrochemical Company along its subsidiaries (4.74%); Support fund for researchers and technologists (4.08%); Islamic Azad University (3.22%); National Gas Company and its subsidiaries (3.18%); University of Tehran with (2.94%); and Tehran University of Medical Sciences (2.80%) have provided the most financial support. Out of a total of 251 subject areas of Web of Science, 151 areas have received financial support in cooperation between the university and the industry. Based on thematic analysis, chemical engineering fields (10.27%); environmental sciences and materials science (4.28%); energy and fuels (4.21%); and water resources (3.65%), are the most used topics in the articles.

The annual growth rate of articles receiving financial support indicates that the 13-year collaboration between universities and industry has experienced significant fluctuations, with some years witnessing a decline. Furthermore, the leading industries providing financial sponsorship include oil, petrochemicals, and gas. Most of these companies are supported by government organizations and are among the most profitable in the country. Consequently, a substantial portion of the investments in this collaboration is derived from the government budget. In terms of the subjects covered in the articles, the results reveal that, while the fields are diverse and extensive, there is a noticeable absence of certain topics, particularly in the humanities and social sciences.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the promotion of university faculty members.
The issue of promoting university faculty members has been investigated and analyzed using a social and human approach, along with the method of scientific analysis. One of the key characteristics of the scientific analysis method, in addition to its interdisciplinary nature, is its methodical and systematic approach, emphasizing comprehensiveness, modernity, and depth in analyzing issues, phenomena, and events. These characteristics are typically utilized, sometimes unconsciously, in most methodical research. The distinction lies in the knowledge-cognitive analysis method, where they are consciously, methodically, and systematically applied to describe the coordinates of each of these three features.
In this article, besides addressing the promotion issue and outlining certain aspects of the scientific analysis method, the dimensions of promotion are explored in terms of three key characteristics: comprehensiveness, modernity, and depth. The importance of establishing and enhancing the conceptual framework of promotion is underscored. Furthermore, the implications and practical uses of this conceptual framework in analyzing and categorizing issues related to the promotion of professors in universities, as well as strategies for addressing contradictions and conflicts, are elucidated.
Here, only relatively limited cases of the coordinates of the scientific analysis method and what could be analyzed under the three characteristics of comprehensiveness, modernity, and depth have been pointed out. It has been shown how it can be done within the framework of this approach. This type of analysis achieved a new formulation of promotion and designed, created, and developed system whose managerial and technological consequences are effective and pioneering for all stakeholders in all components and dimensions of the promotion process.

Given the significance of universities, their rankings, research outputs, and the impact of leading researchers in the field, the research aims to address the following questions: 1. What factors do top researchers adhere to in order to achieve success in their endeavors? 2. What factors will the university follow, based on the experiences of top researchers, to ensure success in their research activities? 3. How can students be effective in their research activities based on the experiences of top researchers?

The current research is of an applied nature and utilizes the qualitative content analysis method. The research community included all the working and retired faculty members of Isfahan University. A total of 40 individuals (5 women and 35 men) were selected using purposeful and snowball sampling. Based on data from the SciVal database, the top 10 researchers at the university were identified in terms of the number of international outputs (ranging from 243 to 87) and citations (ranging from 3690 to 1037). These researchers come from various fields. Additionally, using the Research Specialists database, other top researchers at the university were identified through interviews conducted using the snowball method. These researchers were selected based on their quality research, social impact, effective scientific communication, fundraising abilities, collaboration with other institutions and organizations, engagement with the industry, mentorship of selected students, and effective management and entrepreneurship in the field of research. The interview was terminated when the data reached saturation and repetition, and no new points were extracted from the content of the subsequent interviews. A semi-structured face-to-face interview was conducted to gather the opinions of the participants in the research. The findings were analyzed in three stages: open coding (extraction of sub-components), central coding (formation of components), and selective coding (selection of concepts) using MAXQDA 2020 qualitative data analysis software.

The items mentioned by the participants in the interviews as factors influencing success in research activities can be categorized into three concepts based on their frequency and importance: factors related to faculty members (265 codes), university-related factors (244 codes), and factors related to students (12 codes). Each concept includes various components. The factors related to faculty members include students, individual characteristics and motivation, scientific communication, research orientation and purpose, research area, industry and society relationships, skills, research outputs, adherence to professional ethics, and thesis. The components related to the university factor include communication with industry and society, research policies, promotion regulations and policies, policies and programs, students, facilities and infrastructure, skill development, support and respect for faculty members, internationalization, financial issues, management, recruitment, research groups, administrative issues, and mission orientation. Skills and determination are also considered essential components of a student.

In order to promote research activities at both the individual and organizational levels, it is necessary to address them from various dimensions and provide comprehensive conditions. On the other hand, the university is considered a fundamental institution for this purpose, due to the expertise and knowledge of its faculty members and students. On the other hand, the activities of faculty members and students depend on the university platform. Despite the influence of the context and environmental conditions of each university in the planning process, the individual and organizational factors mentioned can be generalized to other individuals and universities facing similar conditions. These factors can also be adjusted to fit the specific context of each university. On the other hand, there are upstream factors that are policy-based and implemented at the macro level, which can be utilized and adapted to various academic institutions.

This study aims to explore the reasons of the retraction of Iranian researchers’ articles in scientific journals.

To do this, we set a systematic review. The research population includes all articles that, in some way, have addressed the reasons for the retraction of Iranian researchers’ articles in international journals and publications. The most important global and Iranian scientific databases were searched for this purpose.

Ultimately, out of 559 initially identified articles, through title and abstract review, removal of duplicates, and precise text reading, 19 relevant articles were selected. Additionally, the reasons provided by the RetractionWatch database (https://retractionwatch.com) regarding the retraction of Iranians articles, were processed, recorded, and compared with the results of the systematic review. The research findings indicated that the most significant reasons for retraction of international articles of Iranian researchers (in no particular order) are: 1. plagiarism, 2. duplicate publication, 3. peer-review issues, 4. authorship disputes, and 5. data issues and errors.

Given the sensitivity of research matters and the topic of research misconduct, policymakers in the research domain as well as officials from ministries, organizations, and universities can utilize the findings of this study to strengthen research ethics and prevent various forms of research misconduct. Considering the aforementioned reasons, it seems that education, attention to the topic of research integrity, precise oversight, and the use of technologies such as similarity detection and research management softwares are the most vital strategies in this regard. Moreover, it would be recommended that research experts held the sessions related to research misbehavior.

Higher education has been considered as one of the centers of society's progress and the foundation for progress in other fields. Therefore, the quality of this institution and the achievement of its goals are of great importance. This shows itself even more due to the change of development paradigms from economic development to human development, because in human development, man is the center and goal of development too, and the approach that emphasizes it is called the capabilities approach. The capabilities approach provides a more complete, holistic, and transformative approach to higher education curriculum design because it is not limited by predetermined contextual needs. Looking at the importance of the subject, the current research focuses on the implications of the human capabilities approach in higher education. The present research is developmental-applied based on purpose, qualitative based on the nature of data, and documentation based on data collection methods. The research method is analytical-descriptive and the qualitative data have been collected using the meta-synthesis qualitative research method according to Barroso and Sandelowski’s seven-step method. For this purpose, by searching 16 reliable scientific databases, 1945 articles were identified between 1979 and 2022. Among all the 1945 identified original texts, 12 relevant articles were selected finally. Then the selected articles were reviewed and coded. The meta-synthesis of previous studies shows that the implications of the capabilities approach in higher education can be classified under four categories: contextual capabilities, behavioral capabilities, educational capabilities, and economic-welfare capabilities. The identified concepts (capabilities) also include 20 concepts.

The current research was conducted to provide a framework for ethical policy in higher education governance based on the integrity of governance. The integrity of governance is an integrated, comprehensive and comprehensive view of ethics in governance that provides a suitable framework for ethical policymaking. Like other micro-based organizations, universities need the moral development of all their actors. In addition, governance oversees all stakeholders' participation and attention to the decision-making system at the highest policymaking level. Therefore, the integrity of governance is trying to develop ethics on the one hand during all ethical cases and on the other hand among all the people of the organization. From this point of view, integrity and governance are highly relevant, similar in various aspects, and easily integrated and compatible. This adaptability will make integrity work, and effective as a framework for ethical policymaking in higher education governance.A qualitative approach and a narrative review method were used in four steps to present this ethical policy based on integrity in governance. The research community was all the scientific documents of domestic and foreign scientific databases, 114 documents were initially reviewed. Finally, 40 scientific documents were selected and analyzed as a sample. In order to analyze the findings, open and axial coding (primary and secondary) was used. In open coding, meaningful arguments and evidence are extracted and then categorized based on semantic similarity, which is called primary axial coding. After that, the created categories are again organized in the form of larger categories, which is called secondary axial coding. The results showed that ethical policymaking in universities and higher education centers requires 4 key dimensions.The first dimension is ethical policymaking which oversees the perfection and integrity of governance, which has components such as completeness, flawlessness, integrity, and interconnectedness. In its first meaning, integrity refers to the completeness of a phenomenon, and this completeness is completed by the integration and interconnection of all its components. The policies of this dimension are trying to support and operationalize these two components.The second dimension is the ethical policy-making that monitors the integrity and authenticity of governance. This dimension has components such as self-honesty, matching words and actions, matching values and relevant moral norms, and matching laws. The basic challenge of ethics starts when behaviors are not based on values, beliefs, and moral principles. In other words, people are not committed to the value system and the beliefs and principles that they express in terms of action, and there are obvious conflicts between the system of values and beliefs and people's behavior. Another aspect of such violation of integrity is failure to adhere to what is said, and in this case, a person reduces his integrity by not fulfilling his commitments and promises.The third dimension has emphasized ethical policymaking regarding the adaptation and resilience of governance, which includes adaptation and resilience in adversity as well as adaptation and connection with the environment. It shows the complete unity and continuity of the person with the environment and adaptability to the conditions. People and systems with integrity have high adaptability and resilience with themselves and the surrounding environment because they have acquired this adaptability and resilience from being complete, healthy and flawless. also, they have high degrees of adaptability, flexibility, and resilience. It is the result of such completeness.Finally, in the fourth dimension, ethical policy-making refers to the virtue and ethics of governance. It could be argued that one of the definitions and structures that describes integrity is the issue of virtue and ethics, and it seems that the more complete, healthy, and flawless a person is, the more ethical codes and behaviors he manifests. Gives. In other words, the integrity of the human being causes intellectual and practical moral developments. A human being is defined by their integrity, which is reflected in their morals. When that integrity is compromised, a person's morals suffer as a result. This dimension includes components such as responsibility, conscious and open action based on moral reflection, value or virtue, and exemplary moral behavior.It is suggested to use the concept of governance in order to develop ethics in universities, and in the field of governance, using the concept of integrity will lead to the comprehensiveness and integrity of ethical policies, because integrity is a complete, comprehensive, barrier and representative of ethics and its policies. Integrity develops a vision and a perspective in ethical policymaking in which the completeness, health and flawlessness of human beings, which are indicated by the above-mentioned four dimensions, are developed in universities. It is clear that integrity displays a sublime and complex level of ethics, and this level of complexity and moral excellence will be highly relevant to the academic system and academics.

The application of knowledge generated in universities is crucial for its dissemination outside of academic environments, particularly in industrial settings. Lack of familiarity with these channels and their features can lead to failure in achieving the ultimate goal of this communication. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the channels of knowledge flow between universities and industries.

This study employs a scientometric approach, utilizing co-word analysis and narrative review techniques. Using the narrative review approach, we conducted searches in the most important international databases, which served as the theoretical framework for this study. In the second stage of this research, a scientometric approach was employed to uncover the connections, key words, and the scientific map formed by the relationships between words. Theco-word technique was utilized for this purpose. In this way, the query "(university AND industry AND (channel OR transfer OR spillovers OR flow OR dissemination))" was searched in the Topic field of the Web of Science database, which is known as one of the most reliable citation databases. The time span was from 1975 to November 27, 2022, and the search was performed in the Web of Science Core Collection, including the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) from 1980 to the present, the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) from 1980 to the present, the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) from 1975 to the present, the Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) from 1990 to the present, the Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH) from 1990 to the present, the Book Citation Index - Science (BKCI-S) from 2005 to the present, the Book Citation Index - Social Sciences & Humanities (BKCI-SSH) from 2005 to the present, and the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) from 2005 to the present. A total of 5178 documents were retrieved using this search strategy. To create a co-word map, the VOSviewer software was utilized. In order to generate an analyzable map, a threshold of at least 50 occurrences was applied, resulting in 86 words being entered for the analysis and creation of a co-occurrence map.

Examining the flow of knowledge channels between universities and industries revealed that these channels may be formal, informal, or a combination of both. Also, the exchange of knowledge between the industry and the university can be intentional or incidental. This knowledge can be explicit or tacit. On the other hand, in channels for transferring knowledge, considerations such as commercialization, cost-benefit analysis, and financial return have also been taken into account. Furthermore, these channels and the transfer of knowledge between universities and industries are considered a form of social capital. Examining the relationship between industry and university from a scientometric perspective, and based on the co-occurrence map of words, it is evident that topics such as the performance and impact of cooperation, knowledge transfer, triple helix, industry, technology transfer, knowledge, entrepreneurship, and research and development are the most important concepts extracted. The scientific map and the formed clusters illustrate the significance of knowledge flow channels between industry and university researchers, highlighting the importance of cooperation in knowledge transfer. In total, four topic clusters have been identified in the co-word map.

The channels between universities and industry have been the focus of various research studies, and the formation of thematic clusters further underscores this significance. The diversity among the channels indicates that a thorough analysis of the knowledge flow between the university and the industry requires the use of multiple indicators.

Based on research approaches and fields, various information sources are available to researchers. Although access to a part of these resources sometimes faces limitations, refusing to pay attention to it will lead to defects in the results. In the meantime, the use of archival sources is considered one of the important topics in the field of research. One of the sources in this field is lithographic books. This industry entered Iran from the middle of the Qajar period (1249 AH) and in a short time it replaced lead printing and was used until the end of the Qajar period (1344 AH) and shortly after, due to the widespread acceptance of the society. In about a century, numerous works were published using this lithography technique, which were mostly reprints of works from previous eras or published by the authors of this era. The aim of the current research is to answer several questions about how many of the university theses written in Iran have focused on lithographic sources and the geographical distribution (city-university), the field distribution, the distribution of courses and its year, in what way and in the meantime, what approaches have prevailed in the use of these research sources?

The method of this descriptive-analytical research and sampling is based on two databases approved by the Ministry of Science and academic and research centers (Irandoc and National Library) and the website of university libraries. However, the findings of the current research, like other quantitative researches based on the examination of samples, are not completely certain and there can be an error rate of 5-10 percent in it, because the primary and supplementary information recorded by a number of academic centers and students, sometimes It is accompanied by defects and mistakes.

Based on the case study of all theses extracted, the findings indicate that 43 university centers in 17 cities have written only 255 theses, among which Tehran with 15 universities and 183 theses. It is at the top of this statistic. The disciplines benefiting from 21 lithographic books and illustration with 115 theses have a noticeable distance from other disciplines. 1, 14, 223, and 17 theses have been written in associate degree, bachelor degree, master degree, and doctoral degree, respectively.

Goal: 

The main purpose of this research is to present an organizational entrepreneurship model on the technological capabilities of objects with data approach of the foundation in higher education system (razi university of Kermanshah).

The research method is semi- structured interviews with selected sample. The sampling method was purposeful and with theoretical saturation method and 15 people and were selected as sample of the administrative staff of the university. Selection was carried out according to the snowball procedure and continued until theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed using open coding, axial coding and selective coding and also the requirements for each stage of analysis.

Effective factors in providing organizational entrepreneurship model on the technological capabilities of objects with data approach of foundation in higher education system are; organizational factors, human capital, intellectual capital, individual factors, behavioral factors, government structure, government, university and research centers, strategic implementation, success and creating new value for entrepreneurial organization.

organizational entrepreneurship in university and its transformation into an economic value should be considered as one of the university policies for further admission of universities. Because if the organizational factors are in compliance with entrepreneurial activities, entrepreneurship in universities will be more interested.

The present study aimed to analyze the recruitment process and employment challenges of Information Science and Knowledge Studies students in order to provide policy solutions to meet the needs of the higher education system.

This research is an applied research and its method is a qualitative method in the interviews section and descriptive-analytical in the documents and statistics section. In order to study the process of attracting students of Information Science and Knowledge Studies, statistical data of the Institute of Research and Planning of Higher Education during the years 2011-12 to 2017-18 were used. In order to collect information from the qualitative department, a purposeful semi-structured interview was conducted with 14 graduate and doctoral students in the field of Information Science and Knowledge Studies. Descriptive analysis method has been used to analyze the data of the statistics section and thematic analysis has been used as a research strategy to analyze the semi-structured interviews section.

The findings of the research in the statistical review section showed that the highest number of enrollees in the field of Information Science and Knowledge Studies in the doctoral program in the academic year 2016-2017, in the master's degree program in the academic year 2016-2017, and in the undergraduate program in 2011-2012. In terms of gender, in all the years studied, the total number of female enrollees was more than the number of male enrollees. Findings indicated that the highest number of enrollments in the field of Information Science and Knowledge Studies was related to the academic year 2011-2012. Then the enrollment has taken a downward trend in the academic year 2014-2015 with a slight, there has been an increase.

To address the employment challenges of graduates in the field of Information Science and Knowledge Studies, three steps should be considered before the student and during the student recruitment process, during the student and post-student. Before attracting and admitting students, it is necessary to pay attention to their basic practical skills and competencies and their motivation and interest in this field. During their student time, it is necessary to find employment courses for students in this field to get acquainted with various jobs related to their expertise should be held and while identifying the needs and skills required by jobs, society and industry by the university and policy-making institutions and their application in university content and topics, carding skills, communication skills, scientific research skills, knowledge and practical skills of students. This field should be strengthened in the university. Also, the titles of dissertations and doctoral dissertations in this field should be selected based on the needs assessment of the labor market and society and the demand-oriented approach.

By identifying the scientific researches of artificial intelligence carried out by universities, industry and the government, this paper seeks to outline the research situation of Iran in the field of this technology in comparison with China and the United States as the two leading countries in artificial intelligence. Based on this perception, the main goal of the current research is to extract the interactive model of university, industry, and government as the main actors in the scientific research collaboration of artificial intelligence in the three studied countries.

This research was conducted based on the scientometric method and the use of the Scopus database in the time domain of the last two decades. Countries were ranked based on the number of documents and citations to the top 1000. Then the documents were separated based on organizational affiliations into academic, industrial, government, and international groups. On this basis, the co-authoring network of Iran's documents was drawn based on organizational collaboration. Through mutual information analysis, the quality of cooperation in Iran was compared with the other two countries. For this purpose, a meaningful examination of the arrangement of categories was done through Shannon's entropy calculations.

With a small difference, China and America had the most documents and Iran was in the 30th position. In the citation, America, with a significant difference, was first, China was second, and Iran was 17th. By normalizing the number of studies in terms of population and GDP, the United States was placed in a much higher position than China, and the distance between Iran and China in the normalized results was also much smaller. In the uncertainty and synergy of interactions, the same order was maintained. Among the players in Iran, Tehran University, followed by the Amirkabir University of Technology the and Sharif University of Technology, have had the most scientific productions. University, industry, and government data in Iran were experimentally manipulated. The highest output based on the least input change was achieved through increased industry research.

The most important difference in the cooperation model of Iranian actors with the other two countries is the level of industry participation. Among the three countries, America shows the most industrial research collaborations. In the case of Iran, it was also concluded that the policy of encouraging the industry to participate in artificial intelligence research will be most effective. This result is also supported by experimental manipulation of values.

The present work tries to clearly explain the existing duality regarding the concept of scientific authority ("marjiyat") among politicians and policy researchers in the field of science policy by reviewing the existing articles and research works and specifying the characteristics of each of the opposite points of view to make science policy avoid policy divergence caused by verbal similarity.Historically, scientific authority, along with political authority, has been considered one of the dimensions of the authority of the infallible imams. After the statements of the Supreme Leader in 2006 with the students and professors of Imam Sadegh University, the concept of scientific authority entered the vocabulary of Iran's science policy and attracted the attention of researchers. In the following years, attention has been paid to the discussion of scientific authority in the academic environment of Iran, and in addition to the publication of various articles, the spring 2018 special issue of the Iranian Journal of Culture and Health Promotion has also been dedicated to this subject. Most of the existing research has been focused on the statements of the Supreme Leader and high-level policy documents about scientific authority and has considered this concept separate from similar concepts in the global/ English research literature of science policy. Researchers have also dealt with the relationship of scientific authority with soft power and national authority and modeling the methods of achieving scientific authority.The review of the available articles shows that there is no comprehensive intersubjective definition of scientific authority among Iranian politicians and policy researchers. The existence of multiple and incompatible definitions and the need to achieve a specific definition of scientific authority have been the concern of some researchers, but the duality of introspection and extroversion, as the root of the inconsistency of definitions, has not been investigated in any of the previous articles.In this research, a systematic review of the available articles was used based on the NoorMags index. Articles that included the term "scientific marjiyat" in their title, abstract, or keywords were examined in this research. Furthermore, the special issue of "Iranian Journal of Culture and Health Promotion" for scientific authority and the articles of the Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress Conference were used as additional sources. The scope of the research was limited to published Persian sources about scientific authority; because scientific authority, in the common policy sense in Iran, is a concept invented locally, and similar concepts in the global research literature cannot represent what and why the concept of scientific authority is.In the next stage, after sifting the articles twice, a thematic analysis of the articles was used to extract the main themes raised in them to define and explain the nature of scientific authority. The main themes were divided into two categories, inwards and outwards, and an attempt was made to explain the nature of each of these two categories and to introduce examples of important sources written based on each perspective.: After sifting the articles, 36 articles were reviewed. Most of them were written in the years 2016 and later, and in the first decade after the topic of scientific authority was raised, this issue was not seriously studied by researchers. After reviewing the articles, 20 main themes were found about what scientific authority: the status of the country, universities, researchers, articles and scientific journals in global rankings; relying on useful science and practical effectiveness; problem-oriention and community needs; scientific independence of the country and freedom from scientific captivity; being global reference point; Islamic orientation and adherence to religious thinking; transforming Persian into an international scientific language; theorizing and expanding the boundaries of science; existence of the complete chain of technology and innovation; global science production pole; self-esteem; historical perspective to scientific authority; global access to scientific products; leadership and non-passive approach in science production; scientific authority and unquestionability of scientific statements; attracting talented people; appropriate research budget in the field of science and technology; becoming a global model of science production; fame as a scientific reference and social image management; and authoring scientific reference books at the global level. These categories can be classified into two groups: inwards and outwards. Outward-looking themes emphasize the definition of the position of scientific authority based on a country's scientific connections with others and the country's position in international scientific communities, and they give importance to international rankings and global scientific communities. On the contrary, inward-looking themes focus on the internal aspects of scientific authority and follow the production of useful science and its use. Some researchers, due to not paying attention to this conceptual duality, have suffered contradictions in their opinions and internal confusion in their writings.Despite the extensive use of an inward-looking point of view by many politicians and political researchers, this point of view is incompatible with the traditional definitions of authority and in practice, it does not provide a proper explanation of scientific authority. "Marja" in the literal meaning and its historical usage means the place of reference. By accepting this definition, marjiyat cannot exist without referents, and scientific reference is defined concerning others and, as a result, in the domain of international scientific communities. The inward-looking perspective does not provide any self-sufficient evaluation criterion. The usefulness, practicality, and impact of science in practice should also be measured in comparison with other countries and based on global rankings of innovation, economic development, etc. Furthermore, in the current situation, the transformation of Persian language into the international language of science does not seem close.Politicians and policymakers should determine their operational definition of scientific authority based on one of the two perspectives presented before making any policy decision and using any type of political tool to improve the state of scientific authority in the country, and their expectations and evaluation criteria should also be based on the selected point of view. Based on what has been said, they have to use an outward-looking perspective in order to have a realistic analysis of scientific authority.

Achieving scientific authority is one of the emphases that has been emphasized in the Supreme Leader's orders and it is considered as a strategy in the country's scientific programs in recent years. In the past years, researchers have investigated the dimensions of scientific authority from different aspects. Universities are the main scientific centers of the country and play the most important role in achieving scientific authority. With a systemic view, it can be understood that the movement of universities as components of the country's scientific system towards scientific authority will lead to the achievement of the country's scientific system to regional and international authority. If we consider each university as a set of components related to each other, to achieve the scientific authority of a university, its various components must also move towards achieving scientific authority. One of the most important pillars of the university's education and research system is the academic fields in which professors and students are engaged in learning and acquiring knowledge. Trying to achieve the authority of a university's fields will help the university to achieve scientific authority. On the other hand, the approach taken by the ranking systems for thematic ranking of universities (which can include one or more disciplines) doubles the importance of this matter. As a result, in this research, the research problem has been defined as identifying the factors that affect the achievement of the authority of the disciplines.Academic disciplines play a role in achieving scientific authority from different perspectives, but their effectiveness is different. Therefore, finding authority indicators from the perspective of disciplines can be considered a new concept in the field of studies related to scientific authority. The purpose of this research is to identify the authority indicators of fields from the perspective of experts. This research was conducted at Allameh Tabataba'i University one of the important universities in the country to identify these indicators from the perspective of prominent professors, educational and research experts. The results of this research can be generalized on a wider level and in other universities.Because the issue of authority components of disciplines has been less discussed in previous research, it was first necessary to identify any component that is related to scientific authority, especially related to academic disciplines, by reviewing the literature and previous researches. This work was done in the second part and in the third part the most important concepts that we need in this research were explained. But to complete these components, it is necessary to use the opinion of experts. Allameh Tabataba'i University, as a specialized university in the field of humanities and one of the first-level universities in the country, has defined one of its main goals to achieve scientific authority in the field of humanities. The area chosen to conduct this research is Allameh Tabataba’i University.In the first part of the research, the databases of Science Direct and Google Scholar were searched between 2000 to 2022 with the keywords of scientific authority, field authority, the competitive advantage of the university and its Latin equivalents. Among the 618 related articles found, four criteria of keyword assignment, research topic, access level to the article and screening were used to include or not include the research. Among these, articles related to non-academic fields were excluded. Again, the articles were reviewed in terms of repetition and availability, and the remaining 112 articles were reviewed in terms of content, quality, and methodology, and finally, the remaining 21 articles were carefully reviewed.In the second part of the research, in order to calculate additional indicators, semi-structured interviews with an exploratory approach have been used. According to the purpose of this research, which is to identify the factors affecting scientific authority, Allameh Tabataba'i University was selected as a specialized humanities university and one of the pioneers of the movement towards scientific authority to conduct research. According to the developed strategic plan of the university, the main goal is to achieve scientific authority in humanities which is the dominant discourse of the university. In this connection, experts who had outstanding educational and research records and opinions in the field of scientific authority were introduced through the supervision and evaluation office of the Vice-Chancellor of Allameh Tabataba'i University. Among the people, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 16 experts who were willing to be interviewed.Examining the results of this research showed that the main components affecting the scientific authority of the fields include: Customization/Islamization, Applicability, Identity, Technological infrastructure, Promotional activities, Attractiveness, International interactions, and Employment of prominent professors.Some of the components of authority need to spend money and resources, which needs some kind of prioritization according to the limitations that exist. The components identified and confirmed in this research can help in the evaluation of university courses to achieve scientific authority. The fields that get more points according to the indicators mentioned in this research can be called authoritative fields. Universities should focus on these fields due to budget limitations to achieve scientific authority. On the other hand, other disciplines can use the values of the indicators related to authoritative disciplines as their goal to improve and move towards scientific authority

Today, the favorable relationship between industry and academia as an efficient category for socio-economic development and the success of a society's future plans has become an undeniable necessity. The relationship between industry and the university, given the role that these two institutions play in society, requires special mechanisms that can not be enjoyed without addressing them and without creating the right context. This article seeks to answer the question of what are the barriers to university-industry cooperation? In this regard, according to the context and conditions of the higher education system (universities) and its interaction with industry and also due to the interdisciplinary nature of university-industry cooperation, a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method was selected as the research method. By thematic analysis and using semi-structured interviews, information was collected from seventeen experts and faculty members of the university as well as managers of growth centers, university-industry relations office and entrepreneurship centers in the field of industry, university and commercialization. Data were analyzed by open and centralized coding method. Research results indicate barriers; University restrictions include industry restrictions, cultural barriers, organizational, operational barriers, and political-legal barriers. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for developing the university's cooperation with industry are presented.

There is a widespread consensus regarding the role and function of the universities in society concerning the ways of their response to economic and social challenges and fostering intellectual, productive and engaged citizens in participation through the third mission; however, it seems that there is not a single agreed upon definition and clear picture of the concept of academic engagement and the third mission of the university. Using an analytical review method, this article with a critical perspective, examines five approaches of university engagement with society, namely: knowledge factory, interaction with industry, technological entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, sustainability approach and systemic interaction. These approaches were compared based on nine factors, including: philosophy, goals, orientation, beneficiaries, influencing factors, political Context, innovation approach, time framework and communication channels. The purpose of this process was: to clarify the differences existing among the five approaches to the university engagement with society; to provide a broad perspective of university engagement and understand the nature and characteristic features of the appropriate approaches to the third mission in universities based on the Iranian environmental/contextual situation. The results indicated that the third mission of the university is an evolving mission that differs from its conventional definition and economic focus and technology transfer methods. Choosing the appropriate approach of interaction in a given university is a complex issue, which requires solving this complexity and obtaining a clear picture of the university's interaction with society that depends on clarifying five complicated issues of: the intention or purpose of the interaction, understanding or imagining the interaction, historical development of the university ,the organizational structure of the university and the meaning of interaction from the perspective of stakeholders