اخلاق

The purpose of this study was to present a model for the development of moral literacy among professional football players in Iran. This was done by conducting a qualitative research of the grand theory type, the method of which is exploratory. In this research, through literature review and exploratory interviews, model presentation was analyzed from data-driven method and content analysis method (coding of analysis unit, categories and registration unit). In order to conduct the field interview, the statistical population of the research was experts and professors in the field of sports management who had the necessary experience and knowledge about the subject of the research (moral literacy and sports ethics); These individuals had published at least one study (research article, lecture, research project, author and translation of a book) in the field of moral literacy and sports ethics. After analyzing the literature and to complete and present the research model, 18 people from the statistical community were interviewed to complete the list of factors for the development of moral literacy among professional football players in Iran. Finally, the categories were identified in the form of 13 categories and 47 concept codes, and in the heart of the six dimensions of the paradigm model as causal causes (2 categories), the main category: the development of moral literacy among Iranian professional football players (3 categories) Strategies (2 categories), contextual conditions (2 categories), interventionist conditions (2 categories), and consequences (2 categories) were included.

It is essential to spread moral values in today's world. Sports in the dimensions of championship, general, educational and professional need a new approach in order to provide the basis for moral development and sports behaviors. The spiritual and moral spirit of sports can be manifested in athletes and be considered as a moral symbol of sports in the society.  The research method was quantitative-qualitative and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part included 15 prominent professors in the field of sports management, experts in the field of ethical behavior and ethics in sports, who were selected through targeted sampling based on a theoretical approach and semi-structured individual interview criteria. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included 140 athletes from Kermanshah province, and 103 people were selected as a statistical sample using the stratified random method and based on Cochran's formula. The research tool was the use of a researcher-made questionnaire. PLS statistical software, structural equation model and confirmatory factor analysis method were used for data analysis. The findings show that the model and model of institutionalizing professional ethics among athletes has a good fit and the effect of variables on professional ethics shows that attitude and motivation on professional ethics with an impact coefficient of 0.21 and t value 2.166, environment on professional ethics with path coefficient 0.71 and t value 13.795, management on professional ethics with path coefficient 0.28 and t value 2.680, users on professional ethics with path coefficient 68 0.0 and t-value 13.183 and institution had a positive and significant effect on professional ethics with an impact factor of 0.31 and t-value 3.130. The first step in achieving ethical sports organizations is to identify and correctly understand the concept of professional ethics of athletes, because by recognizing, planning and creating mechanisms for the operationalization of professional ethics among athletes, the process of institutionalizing ethics can be facilitated. Kurdish and witnessed the ethics in the sports of the country.

The study is to identify consequences and providing solutions to social responsibility development of famous athlete. The research was descriptive and applied which utilized a thematic analysis. The population included all of the experts in the field of social responsibility in sport, in three scientific, executive and sports groups. The researchers interviewed 16 subjects by a purposive sampling method.  In the section of providing solutions, 50 open codes were obtained which put in 9 categories. Finally, we obtained seven categories of advertising-media, policy making, research, motivation, culture making, individual development, and communication. In the section of the consequences of social responsibility development, 52 open codes were obtained in 13 categories which ranked in 13 categories. Finally, five categories were obtained: sustainable development, sports development, political development, cultural development, and individual-organizational development. According to the valuable consequences of athletes' social responsibilities for society, it is recommended to form a social responsibility association in all sports organizations.

The aim of this research was to determine the pyramid of responsibility hierarchy and its relationship with demographic characteristics in Asian elite soccer and futsal referees.

The research method was descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of this research included Asian elite football and futsal referees in both men's and women's divisions who were in the elite list of Asian referees in 2017 (N=317), and finally 292 respondents participated in the research. In order to collect data, descriptive indices and Kolmogorov Smironov tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, Friedman and path analysis were used in SPSS and EQS statistical software.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between age and experience of arbitration with responsibility. On the other hand, the results showed that economic, social, legal and ethical factors have a positive and significant effect on responsibility. Also, the results of the responsibility hierarchy pyramid showed that the order of factors from the highest part of the pyramid are: social, legal, economic and moral responsibility.

By considering social, economic, legal and ethical factors, the level of responsibility in judges can be raised, which ultimately leads to the improvement of their performance.

The purpose of the present study was to develop a code of ethics for refereeing sport in Iran with a phenomenological approach. The present study is a qualitative phenomenological research. For this purpose, 15 experts were selected and interviewed by snowball sampling experts and interviewed. . The analysis and coding were performed using Max QDA Pro software. Eight themes and 61 sub-themes were extracted in this research that law, respect, behavior, communication, corruption, justice, socio-cultural and family were among the extracted themes in this study. Therefore, in general, and as a recommendation to sport managers and officials of sport and sport refereeing, it is recommended that the principles of the present study be aimed at improving and enhancing the ethical factors that the refereeing this will be possible through education.

The purpose of this study was to explain the correlational model Organizational Ethical Culture with professional ethics in sport coaches. 185 coaches from various sports were selected using simple random sampling method and completed the Organizational Ethical Culture Questionnaire and Professional Ethics Questionnaire of Sporting Coaches. The Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression model. So, respect to values and norms, coaching philosophy, humanistic relationship, interest to profession, applying collective wisdom and rule orientation were explained by the dimensions of Organizational Ethical Culture, respectively. The dimensions of Organizational Ethical Culture explained totally 11.9% of overall level professional ethics variance in sport coaches. With this in mind, in order to improve professional ethics, serious attention should be paid to the culture of organizational ethics.

The purpose of this study is to Designing Model Ethical decision-making of Physical Education Teachers of East Azarbaijan Province on Social Values. This is an applied, descriptive- analytical and Survey study. The he statistical population of the study was all physical education teachers in East Azerbaijan province. According to Kregsi and Morgan table, a sample of 384 was selected using Random-cluster sampling. The data were collected by ethical decision-making Questionnaire and social values questionnaire. The results showed that social values and its components have a positive and significant effect on the moral decision of physical education teachers. Despite the many factors that influence ethical decision making, the variables of responsibility, justice, fairness, and empathy with others go through professional ethics, and the more sensitive physical education teachers are to professional ethics, the better they can make ethical decisions.

Given the importance of issues such as spirituality in the sports community, this study is trying to analyze the impact of moral ideology on tendency toward spirituality among the province's athletes Premier League.

The present research purpose and cross - is a correlation. The populations in this study are all league players in Isfahan province. Number of athletes has been estimated as 400 people. 196 Cochran based on sampling as a statistical sample were randomly selected. Instruments included religiosity questionnaire Karami and Shaeeri (2008), classification questionnaire moral ideology by Forsyth (1990) consists of idealism and moral relativism law to verify the idealism and moral laws of relativity was used. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts in sports management. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability in a preliminary study on the amount of (0.88 and 0.93) was calculated. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Data analysis was SPSS version 22.

The findings showed that the value of 0.505 is the result of moral ideology can justify fifty percent of the athlete's approaches to spirituality. According to the results on the influence of moral ideology on tendency toward spirituality among league players Isfahan, Recommended organizations, to strengthen the moral ideologies and approaches to spirituality to strengthen ethics in athletes have effort.

According to the results of research on the effect of moral ideologies on the tendency to spirituality among athletes, it is suggested that the responsible organizations try to strengthen moral ideologies and morality in the tendency to spirituality among athletes, while institutionalizing idealism in athletes. Sports managers should hold spiritual psychology workshops and in order to institutionalize the rule of law in athletes, encourage coaches and athlete managers to respect the rule of law. In general, it can be acknowledged that there is a direct and strong relationship between moral ideologies and the tendency towards spirituality among athletes, so athletes need a moral teacher as much as they need to learn sports science and technology; because the art of heroism requires a complete course of mental and physical construction to achieve success and continuity. If sports can adapt to these lines, then the athlete can be induced to find a healthy life with good morals along with sports, so the need to pay attention to moral training for sports coaches and also to develop courses called applied ethics. In sports, it seemed necessary, so it seems that the more dynamic and idealistic athletes are, the deeper and more institutionalized the level of meaning in them, leading to the creation of a strong person for society in order to become a role model for adolescents and The youth will become a community. The need to pay attention to moral teachings for players in sports seemed necessary.

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the factors of sports ethics policy making using Demetel technique which has been answered qualitatively and quantitatively by using mixed research. In this research, first through interviews with 19 sports managers and professors (consisting of professors at the doctoral level, World and Asian champions, national team coaches, high-level sports directors and sports book authors) Then, in the second step of the analysis, 15 experts in the field of public policy, managers and experts working in the Ministry of Sports and Youth were hired by using the Demetel method. Findings showed that the factor of ethnic diversity and philosophy of ethics as two underlying factors play an important role in shaping the process of sports ethics policy-making. In other words, paying attention to these factors can provide the process of formation of other factors

Due to the valuable position of sports in Iranian society, as well as the administrator of the sports community in sports organizations, ethics are expected to be emphasized in these organizations. Thus, the purpose of this study was to design and validate the ethical management questionnaire in the deputy of physical education and health of the general offices of the Education in the western provinces of Iran. This research was a kind of exploratory study with practical purposes. The targeted population consisted of the 10 managers and experts in the Ministry of Education and physical education deputies of the general offices in the west of the country. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used for determining content validity (n=495) in 2017-2018. Using the Morgan table the size of the sample of 216 individuals was determined. In this study, Excel software for determining CVI and CVR indexes and IBM SPSS Software V.22 were used. According to the results, the value of the CVI in the questionnaire was 0.91, and the reliability of all structures and eventually, all parts of the questionnaire were 0.94 and it was confirmed. Considering that questionnaire obtained from effective variables on the ethical management in the deputy of the physical education and health of Iran’s ministry of education was confirmed. Accordingly, this questionnaire can be used in promoting ethical management in the deputy of the physical education and health of the general offices of the Education of the western provinces of the country.

The purpose of this study was to validate of media ethics indicators tool in the sports programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting. The statistical population of this study (350 people) was the sports management elite, including faculty members in the field of physical education majoring in sports management at the universities of the Ministry of Science, and the sampling was random and the number of samples (180 people) was determined based on Morgan table.The data are based on three questionnaires of honesty, fairness and responsibility and its validity is structurally confirmed and its reliability is confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that the variable of honesty on the media ethics of sports programs of Iran Broadcasting with an impact factor of 0.44 and a value of T=4.71, justice on the media ethics of sports programs with an impact factor of 0.13 and the value of T=2.84 and responsibility had an effect on the media ethics of sports programs with an impact factor of 0.91 and a value of T=7.65. Accordingly, the variable of responsibility on the media ethics of sports programs with an impact factor of 0.91 was the highest and the variable of justice on the media ethics of sports programs with an impact factor of 0.13 was the lowest.The results of the research indicate the internal validity and index of external tools of media ethics and its significant effect on the sports programs of the Radio and Television of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Social networks are the new media that are built based on public participation. Today, users especially young people spend a considerable amount of time in cyberspace daily. So, these networks have become an influential factor in many components of people's lives. The study is to identify the goals, extent and manner of use of virtual social networks by the youth in Hamedan province and also the effect of these networks on four variables of youth religious orientation, ethics, academic achievement and leisure. The statistical population consisted of all people aged 18 to 35 years in Hamedan province. The statistical sample size of the study included 412 people which was calculated using Cochran's formula. The research measurement tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with a Likert scale that its face and content validity was confirmed by experts. Also, 0/79 reliability using Cronbach's alpha value was acceptable.The findings indicated the negative effect of these networks on religious orientation and morals of young people, its positive effect on academic activities and academic achievement, and the lack of significance regarding the effect of social networks on youth leisure.The results showed that most young people spend 1-2 hours a day using social networks. Also, the social networks of Telegram, WhatsApp, Instagram, Eitaa, and Soroush Plus are at the top of the most popular foreign and domestic social networks, and chatting and searching on Instagram are the most frequent behaviors of young people in these networks.

The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of designing an ethical decision-making model for professional Iranian football referees. The method of the present study was qualitative. The statistical population of the study included experts aware of the subject. The data collection tool in the present study was interview. According to the research results, it was found that the causal conditions in the present model include individual factors, safety factors, regulatory factors and structure and environmental factors. The results also showed that the underlying factors for improving the ethical decision making of referees include knowledge and expertise, values ​​and facilities and equipment. The results showed that the intervening factors include economic factors, political factors, social factors and human factors. According to the research results, the strategies are in four areas: safety and security, development of facilities and equipment, policy-making and education, as well as cultural development. The results of the present study also showed that the consequences of developing ethical decision-making among Iranian professional football referees include individual and professional consequences.

The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the ethics improvement of professional Iranian football athletes. The present study is a type of mixed research which was conducted in the field. The statistical population of present study included all players of Iranian Professional Premier League. 165 people were identified as the research sample. Data collection tool in this study was a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. The results showed that 5 personal, sport, biological, mental and environmental factors improve the ethics of professional Iranian football athletes among which the environmental factors were identified as the most important factor. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the environmental issues to develop the ethics of professional Iranian football athletes. Due to the results of present study, it is suggested that by examining and monitoring the sport environment of athletes and emphasizing the values ​​of sport and society in this environment to promote the ethics of athletes.

The aim of this study was to have a semi-historical look at the chivalry in Iran, that is to say the history of Iran was directly referred to, and its chivalrous approach and educational thinking in sport were achieved. The method of this study was qualitative with a historical approach; historical books of Iran were studied in four categories: identifying semantic units, initial codes, open and axial coding; finally the model - the definition of chivalry in Iran was obtained. From the historical perspective in Iran, chivalry is a collection of attributes that is a revelation of the people and a self-image in the context of the glorification of God.

The journey from championship to Sportsmanship status is a very difficult but possible way, so purpose of the research was to design a model for developing sportsmanship champion in the sportchr('39')s Iranian. The present study was Exploratory qualitative research approach of grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998) performed. The statistical population was including experts and elites who were selected by theoretical and non-random, Purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews and field notes. The researcher reached theoretical saturation after performing 19 interviews and data from the interviews were analyzed through the coding method in three stages: open, axial, and selective. The findings were based on context include 10 components (corrupt contexts, ethics, economics, forgetfulness, ineptitude, bias, defective structure, official conflict, interaction, and indifference), Intervention-centered coding results consisted of 8 components (communication, aristocracy, religiosity, antiquity, culture, structure, politics, and society), strategy coding results including 8 components (deviation monitoring, culture building, structuring, reverberation, self-education, and training). It seems that three elements of community, sport and individual are effective in the development of athletechr('39')s athletic development and the suggested strategies of this research can help to achieve this.

The purpose of study was designing ethical management pattern in deputy of physical education and health of Iran's ministry of education. It was done in the form of qualitative method and it is of type of Grounded Theory. Data were gathered through 20 interview and studying prerequisites. Statistical population includes managers and assistants of field of PE and heath Iran's ministry of education. Regarding use grounded theory method, sampling was done on the basis of Grounded Theory method in the form of theoretical and after 20 interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis was done through three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In open coding 58 subcategories were identified that axial and selective coding they were classified in 18 main categories and finally 6 central categories including causal conditions, inferring conditions, contextual conditions, reduced strategies, and consequences. According to research results in causal conditions indices like (Interpersonal features, professional empowerment, ethical characteristics within the organization), in contextual conditions indices like (legal system, foresight), in section of strategies indices like (organizational justice, monitoring and Evaluation system, the driving forces, management changing), in inferring conditions indices like (Individual and organization anti-ethical behaviors, occupational and behavioral barriers) and in section of consequences indices like (governmental and non-govermental factors) were extracted. Therefore, in developing the charter of ethics, organizational managers should involve all stakeholders related to the organizational in this vital issue.

Sport with the ethical approach in society today is a necessity that can guarantee the survival and development of it. The aim of this research was to identify the Iranian wrestler's morality elements, due to the charisma of wrestling in Iran. This research was mixed and its statistical population was in two sections include of expert of this area and then the wrestlers selected, the experts were chosen purposefully and wrestlers were randomly selected. The research instrument was a Delphi-elite questionnaire, which was completed with appropriate reliability and validity by statistical sampling and analyzed by SPSS and LISREL software. The results showed that ethics in an Iranian wrestler could include four components of self-respect, opponent, wrestle and society. Self-respect includes doping, body health, mental health, respect for the opponent, including shuffling, patience and observance, respect for the wrestle, including mastership, philosophy, the rule of law and respect for the community including supporters, media familiarization and help Was local. Therefore, a wide range of ethics over time can be embedded in an athlete, which can be examined by the relative or absolute nature of the ethical and normative indicators of existence or absence of it over time and place. Iranian wrestlers, based on the philosophy of the wrestle in the heart of the history and culture of the country, which is a source of paradise, combines a broader range of morals, which is referred to as a sporting moral model.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethics in hidden marketing on behavior loyalty and brand equity of professional football clubs in Iran. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of how data is collected; research is descriptive and is in terms of the nature of the correlation. The statistical population consisted of all supporters of three teams of Khuzestan superiority league. Due to the uncertainty, the sample size was considered to be 384 according to the Cochran formula. Behavior loyalty questionnaire (Fattahi, 2016), consistency with brand (Mokhtari, 2015) and hidden ethics questionnaire were used to collect information. The formal and content validity of the sample was confirmed by sport management specialists. Based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the reliability of the loyalty questionnaire (0.94), consistency (0.96) and ethics (0.96) were obtained. The structural equation test has been used to analyze the findings. All data was analyzed using the statistical software package Social Sciences 22 and PLS version 2 software. Findings indicate that ethics in hidden marketing has affected brand loyalty and brand equity and all of the indexes of the model have appropriate fit. Therefore, marketing managers of football clubs should observe ethical marketing principles and must take measures to increase the loyalty and consistency of their club brand and provide the conditions for the supporters of these clubs as their constant supporters are the main sum of the clubs concerned.