انگیزه های ورزشی

Tourism has been one of the most important industries of powerful countries to strengthen their position and develop human civilization. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of destination experience and participation in sports on the motivations based on the active behaviors of sports tourism. The applied and descriptive research is based on the structural equation model, which was conducted in the field. The statistical population of this research was made up of active people in the field of sports who attended sports competitions as athletes or spectators. A rule of thumb was used to estimate the statistical sample and 559 questionnaires were distributed and collected online through channels, groups and virtual media among community members. The standard questionnaire of sports motivations, destination experience and participation in sports (Hangenberg et al., 2016) was used to collect data. Skewness and kurtosis index were used to check the normality of data distribution and SmartPLS version 3 software was used for path analysis, modeling and checking the relationships between model structures. The findings showed that the factors of destination experience and participation in sports have a positive and significant effect on the variable of motivations based on the active behaviors of sports tourism, and the drawn model was of good quality in this regard. In other words, the variables of destination experience and participation in sports can predict motivations based on active tourism behaviors. In addition, according to the effect coefficients of each factor, it was found that the factor of participation in sports has a greater role in predicting the motivation of sports tourism.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of locus control and emotional support in students' sports participation motivation. To achieve this, 100 boys, with an average age of 13.2±1.2 years, voluntarily participated in this research with parental consent. Using G-power software, a statistical power of 0.80, an alpha level of 0.05, and an effect size of 0.15, two predictor variables were considered. The students completed Gill et al.'s (1983) sports participation motivation questionnaire, teacher affective support Questionnaire (Sakiz, 2007), and Rutter's locus of control questionnaire. Data were analyzis with Pearson correlation coefficient and regression tests. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that locus control and teacher emotional support play a significant role in motivating students' sports participation (P<0.001). Locus control and emotional support together explain 49% of the variance in students' sports participation motivation. Increasing external locus control decreases students' motivation for sports participation, while increasing emotional support enhances it. Teachers and administrators can boost emotional support for students' sports participation and should consider personality differences related to internal and external locus of control.

Justice is considered as a basic need for athletes. The purpose of the present study was to compare the views of female and male athletes of sports teams in Basij districts of Mashhad city on the observance of justice and its relationship with the motivation of sports progress.

In this descriptive-comparative research, 102 athletes (56 boys and 46 girls) from a selection of sports teams in the Basij districts of Mashhad city were selected as research samples and they answered the standard questionnaires of Niehoff and Moorman's organizational justice and Gill's motivation for sports progress. Using Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of the tool was 0.87 for organizational justice and 0.84 for sports motivation. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data.

Findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between perceived organizational justice and motivation for sports development. The component of interactive justice had the most power to predict the motivation of sports progress and then distributive justice had the most power to influence the motivation of sports progress.

The results, while confirming the findings of other researchers, showed that the sports officials of Basij districts can strengthen the motivation of the athletes and provide the basis for their sports development by observing justice among the athletes based on gender.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sports motivation on the perception of fan behavior mediated by the quality of the relationship in karate athletes in Alborz province. This research is descriptive and correlational in terms of research method and method, based on structural equation modeling and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study is the number of karate athletes in Alborz province, whose number is infinite due to different sports styles in the field of karate. The sampling method was proportional to the number of research variables in structural equations according to the condition of 5 to 10 subjects for each item and observing at least 200 subjects, but to prevent sample drop (suggested by Julius et al.) 237 questionnaires by non-random quota sampling method. It was provided to the respondents. Data collection tool was translation of Pike et al. (2020) questionnaire, which confirmed the validity and reliability of this questionnaire. SPSS and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed a positive and significant effect of sports motivation on relationship quality (t.value = 7.16, β = 0.57), sports motivation has an effect on fans' perception of behavior (t.value = 5.37, 0.47) b) was. Specifically, the mediating role of relationship quality in the effect of sports motivation on the perception of fan behavior was confirmed. The model of the mediating role of relationship quality in the effect of sports motivations on the perception of fan behavior in karate athletes in Alborz province had the necessary fit. By having sports motivation and strengthening its components, by raising the strengths in human personality, the quality of relationship and communication with others can be improved.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status and the presence of participants in health and public stations in Kohgiluyeh and BoyerAhmad provinces. The present study is an applied research and in terms of data collection method is a correlational research based on structural equation modeling that has been conducted in the field. The statistical population was all men and women participating in health stations in Kohlivieh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces (N ≤ 100,000). Using available sampling method, 374 people were included in the study. The Gill et . (1983) questionnaire was used to collect information about the motivation of sports participation and the researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess the socio-economic status. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and Amos software version 26. The results showed that the socio-economic status and motivation of participants' sports participation are at a desirable level. The results indicate that the dimensions of social status, education, housing status, income and economic class have the highest priority, respectively. The results also showed that income (β = 0.158, P <0.01), economic class (β = 0.170, P <0.01), education (β = 0.282, P <0.01) Housing status (β = 0.166, P <0.01) and social status (β = 0.197, P <0.01) have a positive and significant effect on motivation to participate in health activities. The results of the study can be used to complete the theoretical foundations of the field of public sports

The purpose of the research was to explain the effect of social marketing on motivating sports participation of the elderly in East Azerbaijan province. The main direction of the research is applied and descriptive in nature. The quantitative research method is based on structural equations with a comparative approach of a descriptive correlation type, which was conducted by the researcher as a survey. The statistical population of the research was the elderly sportsmen of East Azarbaijan province in 1400, based on the logical sample size required in structural equation modeling, 200 people were considered as a statistical sample. The measurement tool is a 45-item researcher-made questionnaire containing research variables; predictor variable; Social marketing included personal wellfare with 5 questions and social well wellfare with 5 questions and the criterion variable for sports participation motivation included physical fitness with 5 questions, social motivation with 6 questions, cognitive with 6 questions, challenge with 6 questions, participation with 5 questions, and medical with 7 questions. The content validity of the questionnaire was studied and confirmed by calculating the average variance extracted in the community and external evaluation of the model according to Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. In order to verify and fit the model, confirmatory factor analysis method was used through Spss20 and Lisrel8.5 software. The goodness-of-fit index of 0.94 indicates a good fit and confirmation of the research model. The results showed that social marketing has significant positive effect on six dimensions of sports participation motivation; Physical fitness, social, cognitive, challenging, collaborative, medical motivation.It also creates social relations between the participants in the programs and provides their support and interaction and finally institutionalizes the desired behavior and enjoying its benefits.

The purpose of the present study is to review sport motives, relationship quality, and sport consumption intention of the fans of football teams. In this regard, 384 of football fans who had a full cognition about football league and popular teams were chosen. Their answers were collected through a questionnaire and the correlations between variables were analyzed using structural equations in the software space of Smart-PLS. The results showed that emotional, cognitive, and behavioral motivations of football fans are effective on their relationship quality which is per se effective on their sport consumption intention.

The purpose of this descriptive-analytical study, which was conducted in the field, was to investigate the mediating role of coach's humor in relation to the transformational (inspiring) leadership of coaches and the motivation of elite athletes to achieve sports. The statistical population of the study included all athletes of men's and women's sports teams in Khorasan Razavi province present in the country's premier leagues in 1399 with a total of 268 people, which was a simple random number of 158 people using Morgan and Krejcie table formula as a statistical sample. They were selected and answered the standard questionnaires of Ismaili Sports Motivation (2014), Transformational Leadership of Bass and Olivier (2000) and Tenderness of Martin et al. (1988). The content and face validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by the professors of sports management. Also, the reliability of the instrument was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha test. Structural equation method and Smart PLS software version 2 were used to analyze the data and examine the relationships between the variables. Findings showed that transformational (inspiring) leadership and coaches 'humor have a significant effect on athletes' athletic achievement motivation. Humor also plays a mediating role in the impact of transformational leadership on athletes' athletic development motivation. According to the findings, coaches can become transformational leaders who inspire athletes and lead them to higher levels of success.

In this descriptive-correlational study conducted using the structural equation approach, the aim of this study was to investigate Causal Relationship coach mentoring skills and athletic achievement motivation with the mediating role of coaches' humor in athletics athletes in Greater Khorasan. The statistical population in this study includes all athletics athletes of Greater Khorasan with a total number of 650 people (350 women and 300 men). The statistical sample of the study according to the size of the statistical population and also in order to achieve the maximum characteristics of the study population, 242 people were randomly selected to the standard questionnaires of 85 phrases mentoring skills, 25 phrases motivation for sports progress and 25 phrases humorous, they answered naturally. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (from indicators such as percentage, mean and standard deviation to evaluate demographic characteristics and also determine the importance of variables) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation test), SPSS software version 21 and LISEREL version 8.8 were used. Findings showed that the coaching mentoring skills have a significant effect on the motivation of sports progress with the mediating role of coaches' humor in athletics athletes in Greater Khorasan and the research model has a good fit. According to the research findings, coaches can increase the motivation to progress in athletes by using mentoring skills with a sense of humor.

The purpose of this study was to identify and design a motivations model for sports participation of veterans and disabled people in Hamadan province. In this cross-sectional study, the researcher, by referring to decision-makers and influencers sports of veterans and disabled people in Hamedan province, collected information from them through in-depth interviews and data from 25 interviews by method the database theory was coded and analyzed. then a questionnaire was designed according to the obtained codes. Validity of the questionnaire by Delphi technique and by a number of professors and experts was confirmed and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Regarding the widespread community of research and referring to Morgan's table by proportional stratified random sampling, a questionnaire was distributed among 384 veterans and disabled people in the province and using the software S.P. SS & PLS was analyzed. According to the findings of the study and discussing the motivations for participation in sports for veterans and the disabled, such as health motivations, health and vitality and social base motivation, situational factors and motivation for education and skill acquisition, motivation for success and discharge of energy and entertainment were recognized, that affect the tendency of veterans and the disabled to exercise in Hamadan province.

Social Media for sports fans is known as a popular tool for sports marketing business, so the ability of human resources of social media can be used to inform and manage the relationship with the fans. This article studied the Effect of communication skills on the sports media executives' motivation for sport participation of Islamic Azad Universities students of South Tehran branch. The method according to the theme and methodology, Descriptive and correlation and as field data collection and the use of results and objectives was applied. The results showed; verbal skills component, component of empathy, Components of Effective Listening, Sincere respect for enforcement component, getting feedback component, component of openness and component surface coating, Anchors on the students' participation was motivated. The results also showed that 46% of the variance of students' motivation for sport participation through determined enforcement communication skills. In this way the media can be an incentive to attract more sporting contacts they have and tend to exercise more influence.

The purpose of present research was to study the relationship between sports participation motivation and athletes’ satisfaction of sports selected fields in Kamyaran city. 265 athletes were selected from four team sports fields (football, volleyball, basketball and handball) and two individual fields (kung Fu and taekwondo) through stratified-random sampling. The subjects filled up sports participation motivation questionnaire of Gill et al (1983) and athletes’ satisfaction questionnaire of Riemer and Chelladurai (1998). The results showed significant relationship between components of sport participation motivation and athletes’ satisfaction, and component of situational factors from among components of sport participation motivation significantly predicted changes related to athletes’ satisfaction. Therefore, addressing issues related to situational factors including the role of parents and friends in continuation of sports activities, the role of trainers in establishing friendly relations and use of sport facilities by managers and sports coaches seems to be essential.

The purpose of the present study was to know sports performance based on sports motivations and competitive anxiety of taekwondo players. The statistical population has been the taekwondo players taken part in the eleventhstudent Olympiad in 2012. Using Cochran formula and strata sapling technique، 240 participants (128 male and 112 female) were selected randomly. They answered the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and sportsmotivations of enjoyment، affiliation، appearance، and competitive anxiety of taekwondo players. The results also showed a direct significant relationship among the sportsmotivations of stress management، revitalization، enjoyment، challenge، social recognition، affiliation، competition، health pressures، ill-health avoidance، positive health، weight management، appearance، strength and endurance، nimbleness، sportsmotivations and the sports performance of the taekwondo players. The results، too، showed a direct significant relationship between competitive anxiety and sports performance the taekwondo players. Moreover، the results of multiple-regression، via stepwise method، showed that the motivations of affiliation، weight management، revitalization، and positive health explain 0. 611 of the variance of sports performance of the taekwondo players and are able to predicttheir sports performance so that one standard deviation of simultaneous change in the mentioned sports motivations could cause 0. 390، 0. 337، 0. 245، and 0. 239 change standard deviations in the sports performance of taekwondo players respectively. Hence، the taekwondo coaches are suggested to increase the taekwondo players’ motivation to promote their sports performance.

The purpose of this research was to compare sport motivation and competitive anxiety in Free wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling athletes. The statistical population included all Free wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling athletes which had been participated in 11th students sport Olympiad. The statistical sample by adjusted Cochran and regulation formula was formed and included 88 applicants (44 applicants of free wrestling and 44 applicants of Greco-Roman wrestling athletes) who were randomly selected that responded questionnaire sport motivation and competitive anxiety in sport. The results of multivariate ANOVA showed that there were significant difference between Free wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling athletes on sport motivation. Also there were significant difference between tow group on enjoyment and health pressures، mean score Greco-Roman wrestling athletes were higher than Free wrestling on enjoyment factor. In contrast، health pressures mean score of Free wrestling athletes were higher than Greco-Roman wrestling athletes. The t test for independent groups showed that there were significant differences between two groups on competitive anxiety and main score of it. In conclusion the results of current study can be discussable on competitive anxiety، for sport psychologist in term of sport motivation and its factor as well as competitive anxiety levels and attention.