کاراته

 It is possible that performing sports training in different intervals may have different effects on the physical fitness and performance indicators of athletes. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of four different karate training programs on some of the physical fitness and performance indicators of karatekas.

A total of 32 subjects were voluntarily selected in 4 groups of 8 and randomly tested in four groups including short-term interval training, long-term interval training, medium-term interval training, and regular karate training. The subjects in each of the four groups performed karate techniques in 9 stations. The stations were defined in intervals of 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 180 seconds. In the short-term interval training program, the subjects used intervals of 10 and 20 seconds more. In the medium-term program, the subjects used 30, 45 and 60-second intervals, and in the long-term program, the subjects used 90 and 180-second intervals for training. The fourth group used the usual karate programs, which were often different combinations of these training intervals. The subjects performed the exercises twice a week for 8 weeks. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, analysis of covariance and paired t-test at a significance level of P˂0.05.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the four training programs in terms of their effects on agility, foot speed, dynamic balance, anaerobic power, and hand movement speed (P˃0.05). The training program with medium-term intervals was superior to the other three programs in terms of its effects on aerobic power, explosive power, abdominal muscle endurance, reaction time, and hand strike power (P˂0.05). The training programs with medium-term and short-term intervals were superior to the two traditional and long-term programs in terms of their effects on upper body muscular endurance, foot strike speed, hand strike speed, and foot strike power (P˂0.05).

According to the results obtained, it seems that different training programs can have different effects on physical fitness and performance indicators in karatekas, however, it is likely that a training program with short and medium-term intervals can have a greater effect on karatekas than the other two programs.

Caffeine is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages in the world. Its main source is naturally found in coffee, but it is also found in other plants such as tea leaves. Caffeine mouth rinse without swallowing is a new method that increases physical and cognitive performance without passing through the digestive tract. Considering the involvement of the aerobic and anaerobic systems in karate, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of caffeine mouth rinsing on aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, and agility in male karatekas.

For this purpose, 12 male club-level karatekas with at least two years of training experience were voluntarily studied in a crossover, balanced, randomized, and double-blind study. The subjects arrived at the gym at 7:30 am in a fasting state. After a 10-minute dynamic warm-up including walking and stretching, subjects rinsed their mouth for 20 seconds either with a caffeine solution (25 mL of water with 600 mg of caffeine) or a placebo (25 mL of empty water). Then, the Illinois test was performed to measure athlete agility, the RAST test to measure anaerobic power, the karate-specific aerobic test to measure aerobic capacity and finally the Borg test to measure athlete’s fatigue. Statistical analysis was carried out by using paired t-tests and SPSS software version 24.

Rinsing with caffeine solution significantly improved agility (P=0.002), fatigue index (P=0.016), and Borg scale (P=0.021) in male karatekas compared to placebo. However, there was no significant effect on aerobic power (P=0.167), maximum anaerobic power (P=0.568), minimum anaerobic power (P=0.650), and average anaerobic power (P=0.648).

In general, it can be concluded that rinsing with caffeine solution has a positive effect on agility and fatigue markers in karatekas and considering its fewer side effects, it is recommended to be used in these athletes.

Motor imagery is a complex cognitive action that represents mentally the process of performing a movement (from preparation to the intention). In the current study, the effect of internal versus close- or far- external instruction of attention focusing during motor imagery on response time of four well-trained karate skills was evaluated. In a semi-experimental design, 43 skilled athletes (24 women, 19 men; mean age: 15.88 ± 4.50) executed the pre-test in front of a researcher-made device. Unexpected visual stimuli were presented randomly by the device, and response times of each skill were recorded by a software synced to the device. Then, each of the Karatekas participated in one of three training groups of imagining, namely, internal attention (7 women, 7 men), close-external attention (6 women, 5 men), far-external attention (6 women, 5 men) in 12 sessions, or in a control group (5 women, 2 men). After performing the post-test identical to pre-test, by carrying out a mixed-model analysis of covariance, the results revealed that there was no significant effect of gender, and only close-external imagery resulted in promoting lower body techniques (p<0.05). However, such an effect did not observe for upper body techniques, and effect of keeping focus of attention on body extremities (internal attentional imagery) and on far outcome of movement (far-external attentional imagery) were not significant (p>0.05). The findings suggest, during mental rehearsal, the analogy of athlete’s external attentional strategy to actual task plays an important role on effectiveness of motor imagery.

The present study aimed to predict the competitive anxiety of male karatekas in West Azerbaijan province through self-esteem and self-efficacy. This research was descriptive and correlational, and was done through field study. The research population consisted of 4500 male karatakas, practicing karate in West Azerbaijan in 2015, of which 380 athletes were selected as samples using Morgan table. The Self-Efficacy (Sherer,1982), Self-Esteem (Cooper Smith, 1967), and Competitive Anxiety questionnaires (Martens, 1990) were used for data collection. To analyze the data of the study, descriptive and inferential statistics (mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and stepwise regression) were used. The results showed that there is a significant and negative relationship between competitive anxiety on the one hand and self-esteem and self-efficacy on the other (P<0.001). In addition, Stepwise regression analysis showed that self-esteem and self-efficacy explain 23.6% of the total variance of competitive anxiety. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended to coaches to reduce anxiety in karatakas and ensure that athletes have reached the necessary level of self-efficacy and self-esteem.

The purpose of this research is to determine the psychological characteristics and skills of the women of Iran's national karate team in the three stages of elite initiation, elite development, and elite mastery. The current research was a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) type of study. In this research, information was collected through interviews, participation in the workshop, and the presentation of a checklist for prioritizing psychological skills, which was completed by interviewing athletes at the initiation stage of elite by their mothers and at the stage of elite development and mastery by the elite athletes themselves. became Thematic data analysis was used to analyze and interpret the data. Also, the sampling of this research continued until reaching the theoretical saturation stage, in which 22 athletes of the women's national karate team participated, who were divided into three groups. These three groups included the first group of elite starting stage including 10 mothers and daughters, the second group of six athletes at the level of elite development, the third group of six elite athletes at the level of elite mastery. The results of the thematic analysis of the interviews related to the starting group indicate the achievement of the main theme of "creating a foundation of psychological characteristics". in the second group results of the interviews indicated achievement of main theme of " development of skills performance". The results of the analysis interviews related to the mastery group indicated the achievement of the theme of " improvement of psychological skills focused on performance".

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of artichoke supplement after simulated karate activity on MDA, SOD and FRAP levels of female karate athletes.

In this semi-experimental study, 24 karate karate young girls were selected purposefully and available and were randomly replaced in two groups of artichoke herbal supplement and placebo. The group supplemented with two artichoke capsules produced by EuRho Vital, Germany (each capsule contains 400 mg of artichoke) three times a day (2400 mg per day), for fourteen days, and the control group received a placebo of the same shape and size in the same time received. In order to measure the levels of MDA, SOD and FRAP, venous blood samples of all subjects were collected in four stages: before taking the supplement, two weeks after taking the supplement, before, immediately after and 24 hours after the simulated karate activity.

The results of the study showed that simulated karate activity caused a significant increase in MDA concentration in the stages immediately and 24 hours after exercise in the placebo group , artichoke supplement in capsule form three times a day had no significant effect on SOD enzyme activity.

In general, the results of the study showed that the simulated karate activity leads to an increase in MDA and a decrease in total plasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP), but no significant effect was observed on SOD enzyme activity; Therefore, it is possible to recommend the use of this supplement to trainers and athletes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sports motivation on the perception of fan behavior mediated by the quality of the relationship in karate athletes in Alborz province. This research is descriptive and correlational in terms of research method and method, based on structural equation modeling and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study is the number of karate athletes in Alborz province, whose number is infinite due to different sports styles in the field of karate. The sampling method was proportional to the number of research variables in structural equations according to the condition of 5 to 10 subjects for each item and observing at least 200 subjects, but to prevent sample drop (suggested by Julius et al.) 237 questionnaires by non-random quota sampling method. It was provided to the respondents. Data collection tool was translation of Pike et al. (2020) questionnaire, which confirmed the validity and reliability of this questionnaire. SPSS and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed a positive and significant effect of sports motivation on relationship quality (t.value = 7.16, β = 0.57), sports motivation has an effect on fans' perception of behavior (t.value = 5.37, 0.47) b) was. Specifically, the mediating role of relationship quality in the effect of sports motivation on the perception of fan behavior was confirmed. The model of the mediating role of relationship quality in the effect of sports motivations on the perception of fan behavior in karate athletes in Alborz province had the necessary fit. By having sports motivation and strengthening its components, by raising the strengths in human personality, the quality of relationship and communication with others can be improved.

The present study was designed and conducted to investigate the prediction of psychological productivity of karatekas with emphasis on the demographic variable. The statistical population of the study included karate athletes in Isfahan who were selected as a sample according to the available selection of 365 people. Finally, after distributing and collecting research questionnaires, 341 questionnaires were analyzed. Data collection tools included a standard questionnaire. The results showed that in the first step, age alone predicted 29% of the variances of karatekas psychological productivity. Also, in the second step, the role of age and marriage predicted 36% of the variances of psychological productivity of karatekas. In the third step, the role of age, marriage, and income was predicted by 40% of the variances of karate psychological productivity. In the fourth step, age, marriage, income, and education accounted for 44% of the variations in karatekas' psychological productivity. In other words, among demographic variables, age, marriage, income and education, respectively, had a strong predictive role in the psychological productivity of karatekas. The results of the present study can provide a basis for identifying talented karatekas in psychological fields.

The genetic status of athletes plays a significant role in their success. Considering the importance of NRF2 gene polymorphism in aerobic capacity as one of the success factors of athletes, the purpose of this research Comparison of NRF2 gene polymorphism rs12594956 in elite and amateur karate-kas vs. non-athletes. Blood samples were collected in tubes, after DNA extraction, PCR for determining the type of A/C polymorphisms by preparation of primers, samples were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel using RFLP method via MfeI enzyme. To analyze the data, simple ANOVA, chi-square and logistic regression used in SPSS version 21 software. The significance level was also determined at p<0.05.

The results showed that there was significant within-group difference in distribution of A/C in amateur groups (χ2=8.667, P=0.013) and non-athletes (χ2=6.494, P=0.039). While this distribution did not show a significant difference between all 3 groups (χ2=3.121, P=0.528). Also, in elite athletes, compared to non-athletes, frequency of A/A is higher than C/C: with a coefficient of 1.049, and frequency of A/C is higher than C/C with a coefficient of 0.918 was less. In the case of amateur athletes, the frequency of A/A compared to C/C with a factor of 1.701 times that of non-athletes and the frequency of A/C compared to C/C with a factor of 1.312 times It was more in amateur athletes than non-athletes.

The results of the present research show the high previlance of genotypes related to the lower function of the NRF2 gene for the aerobic energy supply system.

Objective:

 The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the scientific framework of studies related to karate injuries and to provide a comprehensive review of the previous studies.

Methods:

The search for articles was performed in specialized databases and articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results:

 The study showed that most injuries in karate occur in the head and neck. Most of these injuries are contusions and bruises. It was also found that most of the reported injuries occurred during practice, but these injuries are generally mild. The study also showed that the full-contact of kicks and punches, opponent’s technical foul and long training are the most important causes of injuries in karate.

Conclusion:

 The study showed that most injuries in karate occur in the head and neck. Most of these injuries are contusions and bruises. It was also found that most of the reported injuries occurred during practice, but these injuries are generally mild. The study also showed that the full-contact of kicks and punchs, opponent’s technical foul and long training are the most important causes of injuries in karate.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of imagining the play strategies in comparison with imagining the motor skills on performance during a sports competition course.

Participants were 30 (19 men, 11 women) karatekas who were evaluated as upper than moderate in terms of performance level. In the beginning, participants' ability and past experiments in motor imagery were assessed. Then, they took part in a quasi-experimental design of one of three strategic imagery, movement imagery, or control groups. Each person immediately after combatting with an opponent performed the required action depending on the group and finally competed against the same previous opponent, again.

The results showed that karatekas had excellent imagery ability, especially in preserving the temporal characteristics of the movement, and at the past competitions, specifically before their matches, they had used both cognitive-general and cognitive-specific imagery. Also, the nonparametric analysis demonstrated that in the quasi-experimental design, the strategic imagery group gained a higher point difference during the post-test, however, the movement imagery or control group did not differ significantly.

The research findings revealed that strategic imagery has more advantages compared to skill imagery, suggesting that strategies of play can be used between the matches as an effective factor in sports success.

The present study was designed and conducted to identify the factors affecting the performance of karate teams in the field of psychology. The method of the present study was mixed-qualitative-quantitative. Due to the fact that the qualitative method in the present study had priority over the quantitative method, the research method was a mixed exploratory method. The statistical population of the present study included experts aware of the subject. The data collection tool in the present study was an interview and a questionnaire. In order to analyze the research data, the coding method was used in the qualitative part and the structural equation method was used in the quantitative part. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data of the present study. The results of the present study showed that the factors were identified in four categories including psychological services, health system, database and psychological conditions. In other words, in order to develop the factors affecting the performance of karate teams in the field of psychology, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the factors of psychological services, health system, database and psychological conditions.

Technical and tactical performance analysis of athletes is always considered to improve their performance and other athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical and tactical performance profile of elite karate players in different weight groups.

In this descriptive study, the functional profile of the winning and losing karate players in the league was evaluated. Data were collected using Kinovea software. Excel software was used for data analysis. The studied variables were attack tactics, counterattack, upper and lower limbs techniques and combined techniques.

The frequency of attacks was close at different weights. But the winners’ attacks were more effective. The use of single-handed techniques was more common. The winners gained the most from single-handed techniques. Of the total leg kicks by the winners, 10 percent resulted in points.

According to the findings, there is a need for specific training programs for single hand techniques and counterattack tactics in further training. Simulating different periods in competition and working on specific tactics will help develop karate athletes.

Compared to the individual training method, pair and participatory training method are methods in which people in groups of two or more contribute learning motor skills, and it seems that this method has the characteristics of an optimal educational environment increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the training. The purpose of this study was to compare approaches of individual, pair and participatory training on learning of Shotokan karate. In this study, 36 female students aged 10-9 years were selected and divided into three groups after 12 sessions of initial training in HianShodan kata pre-test. Then, after 3 months of kata practice, by individual, pair and participatory practice, their performance was evaluated and a retention test was taken one week later. Statistical analysis of data was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance test. The test results showed that the participants' progress scores (F = 174.14, P = 0.001), the interaction of progress in the type of exercise (F = 5.1724, P = 0.001) and the difference between the exercise groups (F = 6.08, P = 0.006) is significant. The results of pairwise comparison showed that there is significant difference between individual and pair education groups; but difference between individual and group education groups was not significant. The pair training method, in addition to being cost-effective in terms of energy consumption and training space, is more effective than traditional kata training methods in karate. In addition, this method of practice will be useful in the socio-emotional development of the learner.

The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematic characteristics of the two skills of Judan and Chudan Giakozuki Karate, professional and semi-professional male men.

10 Professional and 10 semi -professional amateur male Karate athlethes participated in this study and performed the techniques. The ground reaction force during the impact, which was an indirect parameter to calculate the impact power, was measured using a force plate with a frequency of 250 Hz. The ADXL320 accelerometer was also used to calculate the hand transfer acceleration. The motion data were recorded using Phase Space real time optical tracking system with 8 high speed cameras at 480 fps. Then the kinematic parameters associated with each fist were modeled and quantified by a three-dimensional imaging system.Paired t-test and independent t-test were used to analyze the research data.The test results in the parameters of wrist, elbow, shoulder movement in Judan and Chuadan Gyakozuki skills, ground reaction force, peak speed of elbow and shoulder in Chuan Gyakozuki skill, peak wrist velocity in Judan Gyakozuki skill in semi-professional karate and professional showed a significant difference. Fainaly, the results showed that the type of impact and the level of experience of karatekas were the main factors in determining the size of the displacement parameters and peak velocity, which are considered an important factor in success in competitions and lead to better scores in competitions.

 

Nonspecific low back pain is one of the most common types of low back pain. The majority of people in the community suffer from this complication at least once in their lifetime. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence, severity and disability caused by nonspecific low back pain in elite katareka(kata) men and women in Iran.

For this purpose, 94 elite katareka(kata) in Iran (mean ± SD; 23.31±4.74 years, height 167.39±6.70 cm and weight 65.13±9.37 kg) participated in the present study. To measure pain intensity, disability rate and pain measurement, online questionnaires of Quebec pain intensity, oswestry disability rate were used, respectively. Chi-square test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the prevalence of nonspecific low back pain among elite male and female katareka(kata) in Iran (ƛ2 = 14.11, p = 0.001). While there was a significant difference in the severity of nonspecific low back pain (ƛ2 = 0.53, p = 0.46) and disability due to nonspecific low back pain (ƛ2 = 2/66, p = 0/26) There is no elite male and female catharsis in the country.

According to the results of the present study, nonspecific back pain is more common in men. In this regard, it is suggested that the identification of high-risk techniques as well as the modification of relevant techniques in the group be done with more emphasis.

Despite the importance of talent for sports, but it has yet received little attention. The purpose of this study was to present a pattern design for talent identification in  karate based on artificial intelligence algorithms. Subjects divided to adolescent elite karate athletes (n = 19) and non-karate athletes adolescent (n=20) by convenience sampling. Besed on previous literature, we selected and measured biomechanical and anthropometric variables. The normal distribution of all data was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test. Principal component Analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the number of variables and identify the most important anthropometric and biomechanical variables. Then, for modeling, the neural network algorithm was used with three input layer (10 neurons), middle (7 neurons) and output (2 neurons). The results showed the most important anthropometric variables of adolescent elite karate athletes were thoracic subcutaneous fat, height, jump, static balance, grip strength, chest circumference, ankle circumference, abdominal subcutaneous fat and apparent length leg respectively. Also, percentage of correct classification and sensitive of data was high and 87% and 85% respectively. According to the results of this study, this method can be used for talent karate athletes along with other methods.

Proper nutrition, especially essential energy and nutrients intake, is very important, particularly for women athletes. This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional status of Iranian national karate athletes.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 15 Iranian women karate athletes of the national team aged 14-18. The required data were collected using general information questionnaires, and food and 7-day activity diaries were also kept. The data were analyzed using Nutrition 4 and SPSS 22.

The average calorie intake was 2368 ± 540 and the daily energy intake was 2446 ± 354 kcal/day. The average carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake were within the recommended DRI values. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats accounted for 55.36, 14.52, and 30.11 percent of the total daily energy intake, respectively. Regarding the micronutrients, the average intake of vitamins D, E, pyridoxine, folate, calcium and magnesium was significantly lower and vitamins A, K, C, Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, cobalamin, Phosphorus, iron, zinc and copper were significantly higher than the recommended DRI values.

in terms of most of micronutrients, the nutritional status of karate athletes was different from standard values. The difference between the nutrient intake and the recommended doses may affect the athletes' physiological growth as well as their athletic function. Therefore, controlling and reviewing the athletes' diet seems essential. As a result, athletes need nutritional information (nutrition before, during, and after exercise) and the knowledge about different food groups.

The proper implementation of Dachi in karate as a basic technique has a direct impact on the implementation of other techniques. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the maximal angular velocity of hip, knee and ankle joints in differen  Zenkotsu dachi techniques in karate.

12 male karate athletes (Height 175 ± 5, mass 75 ± 5, Age 25 ± 5, Background 8 ± 2) participated in this test .A three-dimensional analyzer(motion analyzer),with six matched infrared cameras at a speed of 200 frames per second was used. And  records were analyzed by cortex2.5.0 software. The normality of the data distribution was confirmed by Shapirovilk test. To test the hypotheses of the research, the data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at the significant level of 0.05 using statistical software (SPSS 25).

In this research, we performed Zenkotsu dachi forward movement in six different ways, and the results show that there is a significant difference only between the third and fourth methods and also between the fourth and fifth methods in the hip joint If there is no significant difference in knee joint and ankle joint in any of the methods. Because each of these methods changes the position and range of motion of the hip and pelvic floor muscles.

By sitting more forward and lower back flexing, the individual optimizes the involved limbs and muscles and creates greater angular velocity in the hip joint.