abuse

The existence of types of abuse such as emotional, physical, sexual abuse and neglect in sports has attracted the attention of the general public, therefore, considering the distastefulness of abuses in sports and society, having a plan to prevent all types of abuse in Exercise significantly reduces such issues in exercise. The purpose of this research is to identify the methods of preventing abuses in Iranian sports. The research method is qualitative and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews in the form of snowball method. The participants in this research were professors, specialists, experts and experts in the field of abuse in sports. In order to analyze the data, the theme analysis method was used, which is coding and recognition of categories from the interview text.The findings of the research identified nine essential factors to prevent abuse in Iranian sports, which are: collective vision, education, creation of trustworthy coaches, reform of the management foundation, appropriate reprimand, and treatment of perpetrators, reliable informant, refusal to deny and finally implementation. New and diverse style. According to the results of the research, it was found that the most important thing to prevent abuse is to adopt a principled and practical program for the entire sports community and families. The more accurate the training, the less the abuse will occur.

Sports is a complex cultural and social phenomenon, in addition to physical activities, includes various harassments that cannot be denied. Therefore, it is very important to have accurate information in the follow-up and prevention of these issues. The purpose of this research is to identify the reasons for denying abuse and the consequences of abuse in sports. Using the qualitative method, data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The participants in this research were professors, specialists, experts and experts in the field of abuse in sports. In order to analyze the data, the theme analysis method was used. The findings of this research show that the reasons for denying abuse in sports include socio-cultural problems, maintaining organizational credibility, difficult follow-up, threats to follow up, fear of scandal, rejection from the family and Character weakness. Also, the consequences of denying abuse in sports include the continuation of abuse, the destruction of the organization, normalization, various injuries to the athlete, difficulty in prevention and treatment, and committing in another place and time. Establishing a reliable system for receiving such reports and emphasizing the confidentiality of this information can make it easier to disclose abuse and prevent more serious consequences.

The aim of the current research was to identify the strategies, solutions and processes for the Safeguarding of national athletes. The present research method is qualitative research and in the form of thematic analysis, and the statistical population includes experts (officials of the National Olympic Committee, federation managers, academic researchers, media activists, athletes and coaches of national teams). The sampling method was purposeful and a semi-structured interview was conducted with 18 participants until theoretical saturation. Coding technique and NVivio software were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that athlete Safeguarding included 113 concepts in 22 sub-themes and three main themes of strategies including, institution-oriented and structural-oriented, society-oriented and participation-oriented, performance-oriented and quality-oriented, technology-oriented and knowledge-oriented; The solutions include institutional and legal, managerial and structural, executive and process, inter-organizational, attitudinal and behavioral, social and cultural, media and virtual space, services and performance, technical and specialized, technology and system, scientific and research and resources. Human and processes include policy and planning, implementation and support, monitoring and performance improvement, prevention of abuse, detection and control of abuse, compensation and support for victims. The current study is the first study conducted in the field of Safeguarding national athletes and has solved part of the huge gap in this field in domestic research. Also, it has provided a coherent view and a comprehensive list of strategies, solutions and processes for the Safeguarding of national athletes for macro and micro level organizations, policy makers and managers at all levels and athletes

Abuse in sports is an undeniable problem and it happens in different ways. Therefore identifying the factors influencing the occurrence of this social problem is one of the main goals of sports officials in the world.The research is to identify the factors affecting the formation of abuse in sports, which was done with a qualitative method. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The participants were 14 participants, specialists, experts in the field of abuse in sports, who were selected based on the established criteria.In order to analyze the data, the thematic analysis method of Brown and Clark (2006) was used. A total of 28 codes were extracted, whose dependability rate is more than 70%, which confirms the trustworthiness of coding. The research results identify six factors as effective in the formation of abuse, which are: 1) coercion and force on the athlete's privacy, 2) abuse of power, 3) absurd trust in others,4) unexpected and unwanted occurrence, 5) taking a point.Weakness from the athlete and 6) denial of harassment.Based on the results, being aware of the factors affecting the formation of abuse in sports makes this issue easier to understand and to have an accurate understanding of the occurrence of abuse in order to create a ground for preventing this important issue and most importantly, sports it became a safe environment for athletes.

Today, in addition to physical, social, and political activities, sports are involved in other issues such as abuse. The aim of the present research is to analyze abuse in Iranian sports; and to identify the factors that cause it and its types. Using the qualitative method, data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The participants of the research include professors, specialists, experts, and experts in Abuse in sports. In order to analyze the data, the theme analysis method was used. The findings showed that there are 6 types of include: physical, sexual, neglect, emotional, financial, and communication abuse in Iranian sports. Furthermore, factors that form abuse in sports include: 1) Physical contact in sports and the type of clothing of athletes 2) social shortcomings, 3) private and family problems, 4) weakness of character and ignorance, 5) Weakness in administrative and legal systems 6), and Emphasis and desire to win medals. Based on the results of this research, it is very important to be aware of the factors and causes of abuse in sports, to recognize the problem, to make the right decision and to plan properly to prevent this issue, then it provides the possibility of better management. Knowing the types and causes of abuse in sports is a vehicle for training and protecting athletes, sports coaches, sports doctors, technical staff, managers and members of federations.

The study is to explore the experience of Iran’s elite female basketball players of abuse in their coach-athlete relationship and its effect on the players’ perceived coaching effectiveness. The sampling method was headcount. All the 230 Iran’s female basketball players from Division I and Super League teams (a total of 21 teams, 11 of which from the Super League and 10 teams from Division) participated in the research. The data was gleaned from three sources: “Coaches’ Abuse Scale” (CAS) by Boloorizadeh (2013) with 16 items (α=0/88), “Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire” (CART-Q) by Jowett and Ntoumanis with 11 items (α=0/88), and the “Perceived Coaching Effectiveness Scale” by Kavassanu et al. (2008) with 24 items (α=0/92). Descriptive analyses were used to summarize the data. To investigate the research question, the variables were entered in the structural equation modeling and tested using Lisrel 8/5.The results of SEM revealed that abusive behavior occurs in a coach-athlete relationship and the effect is direct and negative (β=-59). So, its effect is on the perceived coaching effectiveness (β=-492). It also uncovered that the variables of the coach- athlete relationship have a positive effect on the athletes’ perception of coaching effectiveness ((β=0/78). It can be inferred that if the coaches need a positive relationship with their athletes and require them to have a positive perception of their coaching effectiveness, they should be aware of their own behavioral tendencies and consequences.

One of the issues that has attracted the attention of many adolescents in recent years is the attention to physical appearance by increasing the volume and muscle mass, which has increased the prevalence of eating disorders and energy consumption habits among adolescents and adolescents. Because young men have a strong desire to have a muscular body. What can be seen is that anti-marketing can be considered as a good way to reduce the consumption of products that can cause problems for individuals and society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present a mixed model of anti-marketing of doping drugs in Irans sports. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data analysis method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletes and coaches of sports who in the past years had the highest amount of energy use according to the report of the National Unauthorized Agency. The sample size was 250 people according to the objectives and using PASS statistical software at an error level of 0.05. The data collection tool in this study was the standard آhaghighat et al questionnaire (2021). The results showed that the components of the research in all cases had a positive and significant role in the anti-marketing mix except the sales point component which did not play a significant role in the anti-marketing mix.

One of the issues that has attracted the attention of many adolescents in recent years is the attention to physical appearance by increasing the volume and muscle mass, which has increased the prevalence of eating disorders and energy consumption habits among adolescents and adolescents. Because young men have a strong desire to have a muscular body. What can be seen is that anti-marketing can be considered as a good way to reduce the consumption of products that can cause problems for individuals and society. Therefore, the main issue of the research is to identify the anti-marketing mix of illicit drugs in Iran's sports. The present study is a descriptive survey. The research method is qualitative. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with 19 sports marketing management experts were used to collect information and fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify the most important components. Based on this, product, price, point of sale, promotion, objective evidence, people, processes, packaging, payment, public interpretation, review and analysis, policy, public relations and dedicated networks were identified. Finally, these products should be used only in special circumstances and under the supervision of a specialized team for professional athletes, and their public promotion in cyberspace has no scientific or rational justification. Therefore, the use of factors obtained in this research can limit the production process to the consumption of these products.

Nowadays despite the world minded against the use of steroids, unfortunately the use of these drugs is increased by athletes. The purpose of this study was to identify the amount of prevalence awareness and complications of anabolic steroids in male athletes. This study was a cross-sectional study in the city of Mashhad and included bodybuilding athletes. A questionnaire with 19 questions whose validity that already confirmed by 13 doping experts was used. Moreover, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated through evaluation of the collected data from 30 participants and measuring the Cronbach›s alpha (α=0.80). The questionnaires were then distributed among 300 male athletes from eleven clubs that were randomly chosen as a cluster method. To analyze the data descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean) and independent t-test were used. The results indicated about of 64% of athletes were used from steroid drugs. Data also indicated that there was a significant correlation between the history of the championship with the prevalence of drug use (p <0 /001) and the level of awareness (p < 0/003). Moreover, 86.9 percent of the participants believed that consuming of steroieds is necessary to win in sport events and 47 percent of them began the use of these drugs in the first year of their sport engagement. It seems that coaches and athletes haven’t enough knowledge about the affects of the steroids in the body, so they use a lot of these kind of drug. Therefore it is necessary to make comprehensive and educational course to improve the knowledge of athletes and coaches.