kárate

 It is possible that performing sports training in different intervals may have different effects on the physical fitness and performance indicators of athletes. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of four different karate training programs on some of the physical fitness and performance indicators of karatekas.

A total of 32 subjects were voluntarily selected in 4 groups of 8 and randomly tested in four groups including short-term interval training, long-term interval training, medium-term interval training, and regular karate training. The subjects in each of the four groups performed karate techniques in 9 stations. The stations were defined in intervals of 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 180 seconds. In the short-term interval training program, the subjects used intervals of 10 and 20 seconds more. In the medium-term program, the subjects used 30, 45 and 60-second intervals, and in the long-term program, the subjects used 90 and 180-second intervals for training. The fourth group used the usual karate programs, which were often different combinations of these training intervals. The subjects performed the exercises twice a week for 8 weeks. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, analysis of covariance and paired t-test at a significance level of P˂0.05.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the four training programs in terms of their effects on agility, foot speed, dynamic balance, anaerobic power, and hand movement speed (P˃0.05). The training program with medium-term intervals was superior to the other three programs in terms of its effects on aerobic power, explosive power, abdominal muscle endurance, reaction time, and hand strike power (P˂0.05). The training programs with medium-term and short-term intervals were superior to the two traditional and long-term programs in terms of their effects on upper body muscular endurance, foot strike speed, hand strike speed, and foot strike power (P˂0.05).

According to the results obtained, it seems that different training programs can have different effects on physical fitness and performance indicators in karatekas, however, it is likely that a training program with short and medium-term intervals can have a greater effect on karatekas than the other two programs.

Caffeine is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages in the world. Its main source is naturally found in coffee, but it is also found in other plants such as tea leaves. Caffeine mouth rinse without swallowing is a new method that increases physical and cognitive performance without passing through the digestive tract. Considering the involvement of the aerobic and anaerobic systems in karate, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of caffeine mouth rinsing on aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, and agility in male karatekas.

For this purpose, 12 male club-level karatekas with at least two years of training experience were voluntarily studied in a crossover, balanced, randomized, and double-blind study. The subjects arrived at the gym at 7:30 am in a fasting state. After a 10-minute dynamic warm-up including walking and stretching, subjects rinsed their mouth for 20 seconds either with a caffeine solution (25 mL of water with 600 mg of caffeine) or a placebo (25 mL of empty water). Then, the Illinois test was performed to measure athlete agility, the RAST test to measure anaerobic power, the karate-specific aerobic test to measure aerobic capacity and finally the Borg test to measure athlete’s fatigue. Statistical analysis was carried out by using paired t-tests and SPSS software version 24.

Rinsing with caffeine solution significantly improved agility (P=0.002), fatigue index (P=0.016), and Borg scale (P=0.021) in male karatekas compared to placebo. However, there was no significant effect on aerobic power (P=0.167), maximum anaerobic power (P=0.568), minimum anaerobic power (P=0.650), and average anaerobic power (P=0.648).

In general, it can be concluded that rinsing with caffeine solution has a positive effect on agility and fatigue markers in karatekas and considering its fewer side effects, it is recommended to be used in these athletes.

Motor imagery is a complex cognitive action that represents mentally the process of performing a movement (from preparation to the intention). In the current study, the effect of internal versus close- or far- external instruction of attention focusing during motor imagery on response time of four well-trained karate skills was evaluated. In a semi-experimental design, 43 skilled athletes (24 women, 19 men; mean age: 15.88 ± 4.50) executed the pre-test in front of a researcher-made device. Unexpected visual stimuli were presented randomly by the device, and response times of each skill were recorded by a software synced to the device. Then, each of the Karatekas participated in one of three training groups of imagining, namely, internal attention (7 women, 7 men), close-external attention (6 women, 5 men), far-external attention (6 women, 5 men) in 12 sessions, or in a control group (5 women, 2 men). After performing the post-test identical to pre-test, by carrying out a mixed-model analysis of covariance, the results revealed that there was no significant effect of gender, and only close-external imagery resulted in promoting lower body techniques (p<0.05). However, such an effect did not observe for upper body techniques, and effect of keeping focus of attention on body extremities (internal attentional imagery) and on far outcome of movement (far-external attentional imagery) were not significant (p>0.05). The findings suggest, during mental rehearsal, the analogy of athlete’s external attentional strategy to actual task plays an important role on effectiveness of motor imagery.

The present study aimed to predict the competitive anxiety of male karatekas in West Azerbaijan province through self-esteem and self-efficacy. This research was descriptive and correlational, and was done through field study. The research population consisted of 4500 male karatakas, practicing karate in West Azerbaijan in 2015, of which 380 athletes were selected as samples using Morgan table. The Self-Efficacy (Sherer,1982), Self-Esteem (Cooper Smith, 1967), and Competitive Anxiety questionnaires (Martens, 1990) were used for data collection. To analyze the data of the study, descriptive and inferential statistics (mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and stepwise regression) were used. The results showed that there is a significant and negative relationship between competitive anxiety on the one hand and self-esteem and self-efficacy on the other (P<0.001). In addition, Stepwise regression analysis showed that self-esteem and self-efficacy explain 23.6% of the total variance of competitive anxiety. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended to coaches to reduce anxiety in karatakas and ensure that athletes have reached the necessary level of self-efficacy and self-esteem.

The purpose of this research is to determine the psychological characteristics and skills of the women of Iran's national karate team in the three stages of elite initiation, elite development, and elite mastery. The current research was a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) type of study. In this research, information was collected through interviews, participation in the workshop, and the presentation of a checklist for prioritizing psychological skills, which was completed by interviewing athletes at the initiation stage of elite by their mothers and at the stage of elite development and mastery by the elite athletes themselves. became Thematic data analysis was used to analyze and interpret the data. Also, the sampling of this research continued until reaching the theoretical saturation stage, in which 22 athletes of the women's national karate team participated, who were divided into three groups. These three groups included the first group of elite starting stage including 10 mothers and daughters, the second group of six athletes at the level of elite development, the third group of six elite athletes at the level of elite mastery. The results of the thematic analysis of the interviews related to the starting group indicate the achievement of the main theme of "creating a foundation of psychological characteristics". in the second group results of the interviews indicated achievement of main theme of " development of skills performance". The results of the analysis interviews related to the mastery group indicated the achievement of the theme of " improvement of psychological skills focused on performance".

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of artichoke supplement after simulated karate activity on MDA, SOD and FRAP levels of female karate athletes.

In this semi-experimental study, 24 karate karate young girls were selected purposefully and available and were randomly replaced in two groups of artichoke herbal supplement and placebo. The group supplemented with two artichoke capsules produced by EuRho Vital, Germany (each capsule contains 400 mg of artichoke) three times a day (2400 mg per day), for fourteen days, and the control group received a placebo of the same shape and size in the same time received. In order to measure the levels of MDA, SOD and FRAP, venous blood samples of all subjects were collected in four stages: before taking the supplement, two weeks after taking the supplement, before, immediately after and 24 hours after the simulated karate activity.

The results of the study showed that simulated karate activity caused a significant increase in MDA concentration in the stages immediately and 24 hours after exercise in the placebo group , artichoke supplement in capsule form three times a day had no significant effect on SOD enzyme activity.

In general, the results of the study showed that the simulated karate activity leads to an increase in MDA and a decrease in total plasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP), but no significant effect was observed on SOD enzyme activity; Therefore, it is possible to recommend the use of this supplement to trainers and athletes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sports motivation on the perception of fan behavior mediated by the quality of the relationship in karate athletes in Alborz province. This research is descriptive and correlational in terms of research method and method, based on structural equation modeling and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study is the number of karate athletes in Alborz province, whose number is infinite due to different sports styles in the field of karate. The sampling method was proportional to the number of research variables in structural equations according to the condition of 5 to 10 subjects for each item and observing at least 200 subjects, but to prevent sample drop (suggested by Julius et al.) 237 questionnaires by non-random quota sampling method. It was provided to the respondents. Data collection tool was translation of Pike et al. (2020) questionnaire, which confirmed the validity and reliability of this questionnaire. SPSS and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed a positive and significant effect of sports motivation on relationship quality (t.value = 7.16, β = 0.57), sports motivation has an effect on fans' perception of behavior (t.value = 5.37, 0.47) b) was. Specifically, the mediating role of relationship quality in the effect of sports motivation on the perception of fan behavior was confirmed. The model of the mediating role of relationship quality in the effect of sports motivations on the perception of fan behavior in karate athletes in Alborz province had the necessary fit. By having sports motivation and strengthening its components, by raising the strengths in human personality, the quality of relationship and communication with others can be improved.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of fatigue on timing and imagery vividness in skilled and semi-skilled karate athletes. A total of 60 skilled and beginner karate athletes were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Pretest and posttest included mental exercise of task as internal vision, external and motor vision. The results showed that, fatigue had no significant effect on imagery vividness of external, internal and movement imagery in skilled athletes. Also, fatigue did not have a significant effect on the temporal mental imagery of external and internal vision. But, it caused an increase in the time of movement imagery. Fatigue had no significant effect on the imagery vividness of external and internal vision in semi-skilled athletes, but caused a decrease in the imagery vividness of movement. The effect of fatigue on the vividness and timing of imagery seems to be influenced by another factor called the level of excellence.

The impact of organizational culture on productivity ensures the survival of the organization in the current competitive era. Karate federation has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Therefore, the study is to explain the impact of the dimensions of organizational culture with the mediatory role of innovation in productivity of karate practitioners of Isfahan. The participantes included of 341 voluntary Isfahanian karate-kas, which were selected using stratified sampling in a convenient manner that were divided into 4groups: Group1 (applying independent variable/conducting pre-test/post-test), Group2 (applying independent variable/conducting post-test), Group3 (conducting pre-test/post-test), Group4 (conducting post-test). Human resources productivity, innovation, Robbins questionnaire, Hersi and Goldsmith questionnaire, and Madsij questionnaire were used, respectively. After taking the pre-test, an 18-hour educational class of organizational culture was held for the samples in the Groups1 and2. So after six months, a post-test was taken again. Descriptive statistic indices, simple ANOVA test, and VAF test via the SPSS software were used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at P<0/05. The results showed that organizational culture training was effective and the mean scores of organizational culture, innovation and productivity in the post-test increased significantly. The effect of mediating the variable of innovation and components of attention to detail, boldness, risk-taking and stability of culture-building on the productivity of part-time manpower was (VAF<0/8, P=0/000); While the whole effect of organizational culture with the mediating role of innovation on productivity depended on the components of individual creativity, team orientation, attention to individuals and consequentialism (VAF>0/8, P=0/000). Paying attention to the type of components of organizational culture in creating general or partial effects on increasing productivity with the mediating role of innovation in elite karatekas of Isfahan province is important.

The present study was designed and conducted to investigate the prediction of psychological productivity of karatekas with emphasis on the demographic variable. The statistical population of the study included karate athletes in Isfahan who were selected as a sample according to the available selection of 365 people. Finally, after distributing and collecting research questionnaires, 341 questionnaires were analyzed. Data collection tools included a standard questionnaire. The results showed that in the first step, age alone predicted 29% of the variances of karatekas psychological productivity. Also, in the second step, the role of age and marriage predicted 36% of the variances of psychological productivity of karatekas. In the third step, the role of age, marriage, and income was predicted by 40% of the variances of karate psychological productivity. In the fourth step, age, marriage, income, and education accounted for 44% of the variations in karatekas' psychological productivity. In other words, among demographic variables, age, marriage, income and education, respectively, had a strong predictive role in the psychological productivity of karatekas. The results of the present study can provide a basis for identifying talented karatekas in psychological fields.

The genetic status of athletes plays a significant role in their success. Considering the importance of NRF2 gene polymorphism in aerobic capacity as one of the success factors of athletes, the purpose of this research Comparison of NRF2 gene polymorphism rs12594956 in elite and amateur karate-kas vs. non-athletes. Blood samples were collected in tubes, after DNA extraction, PCR for determining the type of A/C polymorphisms by preparation of primers, samples were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel using RFLP method via MfeI enzyme. To analyze the data, simple ANOVA, chi-square and logistic regression used in SPSS version 21 software. The significance level was also determined at p<0.05.

The results showed that there was significant within-group difference in distribution of A/C in amateur groups (χ2=8.667, P=0.013) and non-athletes (χ2=6.494, P=0.039). While this distribution did not show a significant difference between all 3 groups (χ2=3.121, P=0.528). Also, in elite athletes, compared to non-athletes, frequency of A/A is higher than C/C: with a coefficient of 1.049, and frequency of A/C is higher than C/C with a coefficient of 0.918 was less. In the case of amateur athletes, the frequency of A/A compared to C/C with a factor of 1.701 times that of non-athletes and the frequency of A/C compared to C/C with a factor of 1.312 times It was more in amateur athletes than non-athletes.

The results of the present research show the high previlance of genotypes related to the lower function of the NRF2 gene for the aerobic energy supply system.

Objective:

 The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the scientific framework of studies related to karate injuries and to provide a comprehensive review of the previous studies.

Methods:

The search for articles was performed in specialized databases and articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results:

 The study showed that most injuries in karate occur in the head and neck. Most of these injuries are contusions and bruises. It was also found that most of the reported injuries occurred during practice, but these injuries are generally mild. The study also showed that the full-contact of kicks and punches, opponent’s technical foul and long training are the most important causes of injuries in karate.

Conclusion:

 The study showed that most injuries in karate occur in the head and neck. Most of these injuries are contusions and bruises. It was also found that most of the reported injuries occurred during practice, but these injuries are generally mild. The study also showed that the full-contact of kicks and punchs, opponent’s technical foul and long training are the most important causes of injuries in karate.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of imagining the play strategies in comparison with imagining the motor skills on performance during a sports competition course.

Participants were 30 (19 men, 11 women) karatekas who were evaluated as upper than moderate in terms of performance level. In the beginning, participants' ability and past experiments in motor imagery were assessed. Then, they took part in a quasi-experimental design of one of three strategic imagery, movement imagery, or control groups. Each person immediately after combatting with an opponent performed the required action depending on the group and finally competed against the same previous opponent, again.

The results showed that karatekas had excellent imagery ability, especially in preserving the temporal characteristics of the movement, and at the past competitions, specifically before their matches, they had used both cognitive-general and cognitive-specific imagery. Also, the nonparametric analysis demonstrated that in the quasi-experimental design, the strategic imagery group gained a higher point difference during the post-test, however, the movement imagery or control group did not differ significantly.

The research findings revealed that strategic imagery has more advantages compared to skill imagery, suggesting that strategies of play can be used between the matches as an effective factor in sports success.

The present study was designed and conducted to identify the factors affecting the performance of karate teams in the field of psychology. The method of the present study was mixed-qualitative-quantitative. Due to the fact that the qualitative method in the present study had priority over the quantitative method, the research method was a mixed exploratory method. The statistical population of the present study included experts aware of the subject. The data collection tool in the present study was an interview and a questionnaire. In order to analyze the research data, the coding method was used in the qualitative part and the structural equation method was used in the quantitative part. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data of the present study. The results of the present study showed that the factors were identified in four categories including psychological services, health system, database and psychological conditions. In other words, in order to develop the factors affecting the performance of karate teams in the field of psychology, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the factors of psychological services, health system, database and psychological conditions.

The recent structures of sport in any countries should be cohesive and comprehensive and the current goals and activities and their consistency should have logical scientific stability.The importance of the activities, goals, programming and the organizational structures must be explicit in the structures and plans of a sport organization. The purpose of this study is to formulate a developmental model of the structural factors of the championship sport of the Karate Federation and it is a combined exploratory mixed study which was done in two steps. The first phase (qualitative phase) was a qualitative study using grounded theory method. The data were collected through the snow ball method, deep and semi-structured interviews.Then, the data resulted from twenty interviews were encoded and analyzed through grounded theorymethod. The data were analyzed through open, axial and selective coding. The second phase of the study (quantitative phase) was done quantitatively using structural equation modeling method.For this purpose, 29 questions of the questionnaire were used based on the model of sport for all in Iran (derived from the qualitative phase of the study).From Karate Premier League 278 participants were selected based on Morgan table. The data were analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling through using LISREL software. The results show that the media, financial resources, rules and regulations play important roles in top organizational decisions. They also show their special roles in preparing a suitable structure in sport developments of Iranian Karate Premier sport.