spectators

Why do violence, aggression and destruction of public property occur in sports? What are some ways to control this type of behavior? These are some of the most important questions for researchers and policymakers in the field of sports. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to design a model for the prevention of vandalism and hooliganism in sports. The method of the present research is qualitative and data theory of the foundation of Strauss and Corbin (2008) method. The statistical population of this study included three sections: sports managers and experts, coaches, referees and athletes at the level of elite and spectators, and sampling was done theoretically. The criterion for selecting the sample was knowledge of the research topic. In this study, 22 people were interviewed. In-depth purposeful interviews were used to collect data. Finally, the data were analyzed through three coding steps and the final model was developed. In this paradigm model, the concepts of "violence" and "aggression" were identified as central phenomena. Then 28 main categories related to these concepts in the form of effective causal conditions (11 categories), contextual conditions (3 categories), mediating conditions that facilitate or accelerate the interaction of these three parts (5 categories), necessary strategies (7 categories), and Consequences (2 categories) were introduced.

The present study was conducted to identify the motivations of spectators to watch e-sports with quality and meta-combined method (7-step method of Sandlowski and Barso). The statistical population was the researches from 2010 to 2022 in this field, which were collected from valid databases with accurate software. Formal and resource validity has been confirmed by distributing coding sheets among 11 university professors and experts in this field. The Scott coefficient was used for reliability and was confirmed at 85%. Out of 121 initial studies, 18 studies were selected to enter the next stages. In the final stage, all articles were approved in terms of quality control using the Critical Assessment Questionnaire and the consistency of scores. Open, associative and selective coding were also examined from the extraction of component categories. They were divided into three exciting categories. Emotional motivations included sub-components of winning, arousal, being spectacular, surrogate emotions, escape from everyday life, and drama. Cognitive motivation (learning and aesthetics) included knowledge acquisition (of how to play), aesthetics, player skills, attractiveness and innovation, and new. Social status and self-confidence were also components of behavioral motivation.

The purpose of this research was to present a model of co-creation of the brand value of professional football clubs of Islamic republic of Iran. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method. The statistical population of the research included professors of sports management and marketing who are aware of the field of research, soccer and professional soccer experts, managers and vice presidents of professional sports clubs, and coaches working in professional soccer, who were selected by theoretical sampling (23 people). Data collection was done through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data collection was done through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data analysis was done using grounded theory methods (glazer method). Validity and reliability were confirmed through reliability method. The findings of the research showed that 385 initial codes were obtained in the open coding stage; In the selective coding stage, it was divided into 93 more abstract concepts and 18 main categories, divided into 2 general categories: "Factors affecting the co-creation of the brand value of professional football clubs" and "Consequences of the co-creation of the brand value of professional football clubs". and in the theoretical coding stage, the final research model was drawn. According to the findings, managers and officials should make appropriate plans and actions regarding the co-creation of the brand value of professional football clubs, so that they can enjoy its many consequences in different club departments.

The purpose of this research was development and psychometric evaluation of the football stadium atmosphere scale with the marketing approach.

The research was conducted in three sections. In the first section to identify the most important factors that shape the stadium atmosphere, a three-stage Delphi survey was conducted which in the first stage, semi-structured interviews with experts were done and in the next stages, a questionnaire was used and finally after the last review, 80 items were specified. In the second section, 80 items specified in the previous study, formed a questionnaire and after confirmation of its validation by experts it was distributed among spectators in two matches. To reduce variables, exploratory factor analysis was used and finally, 15 factors with 54 items were specified. In the third section, obtained questionnaires from the previous step, based on cluster sampling were distributed among Iranian Primer league spectators. Collected data was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis in the partial least square method to confirm the main factors and to evaluate structural validation.

Based on the result of this test, 8 main affective factors on football stadium atmosphere in Iran were specified which include of sports club's Last performance, perceived respect, stadium, event, facility, organizer, stadium architecture and designing, and spectator’s behavior.

The scale designed in this research can be used in future research and help marketers and football clubs attract and retain their customers.

Sporting events have long been a focal point of human entertainment and cultural expression, bringing together communities and fostering a sense of belonging among spectators. In recent years, the integration of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) technologies has emerged as a transformative force in reshaping the landscape of spectator-sport interactions. This research endeavors to contribute to this evolving field by proposing a comprehensive paradigm model that encapsulates the intricate dynamics of integrating VR/AR technologies into sporting events. The research methodology employed a grounded theory approach, utilizing a purposive and theoretically-saturated sample of 15 participants who are experts in the fields of technology and sports management. Semi-structured in-depth interviews served as the primary data collection method, allowing for a nuanced exploration of the participants' perspectives. The analysis of the gathered data followed the established principles of open, axial, and selective coding. To enhance the robustness of the study, an iterative process of information and code verification was implemented, engaging participants in discussions to mitigate potential biases and ensure the accuracy of interpretations. Reliability was further ensured through the percentage agreement formula, prolonged engagement, persistent observation, member checking, and triangulation. The analysis of the interview data yielded a rich tapestry of insights, resulting in 58 extracted concepts, 21 sub-categories, and 5 main categories. These findings form the foundation of the proposed paradigm model for spectator-sport interactions in sporting events utilizing VR/AR technologies. The research underscores the significance of continuous technological advancements as a foundational condition. The evolution of VR/AR technologies acts as a catalyst for shaping the spectator-sport interaction paradigm, offering novel possibilities for immersive experiences. The need to amplify interactivity and enhance the overall spectator experience emerged as a central condition. VR/AR technologies serve as a medium through which live events can be transformed into immersive and engaging experiences, transcending traditional boundaries. The study recognizes the dynamic nature of VR/AR applications, emphasizing the continuous emergence and expansion of new applications. This condition highlights the adaptability and potential for innovation within the spectator-sport interaction paradigm. The existence of a robust technical infrastructure is identified as a critical condition. For the seamless integration of VR/AR technologies, the underlying technical foundation must be capable of supporting the complexities and demands of immersive spectator experiences. Accessibility of technology emerged as a key condition, emphasizing the importance of making VR/AR experiences widely available to a diverse audience. Overcoming barriers to access ensures a more inclusive and participatory spectatorship. The creation of engaging and diverse content is identified as a pivotal condition within the paradigm model. Tailoring experiences to cater to varied interests and preferences contributes to the overall richness of spectator interactions. A condition integral to the success of VR/AR integration is the widespread availability of high-speed internet and communication facilities. These infrastructural elements underpin the seamless delivery of immersive content to spectators. The cultural acceptance and integration of innovative technologies within the spectatorship culture represent a transformative condition. The willingness of the audience to embrace technological advancements influences the success of VR/AR integration. The proactive support from sports federations and organizations is highlighted as a facilitating condition. Institutional endorsement and integration of VR/AR technologies contribute to the legitimacy and sustainability of the proposed paradigm model. Despite technological advancements, the study acknowledges existing hardware limitations that can hinder the seamless implementation of VR/AR technologies. Addressing these constraints is crucial for optimal user experiences. The high production costs associated with creating exclusive sports content for VR/AR platforms emerged as a substantial intervening condition. Balancing cost-effectiveness with content quality is a significant challenge. The variability in network and internet capabilities in different stadiums presents a notable intervening condition. Overcoming these limitations is crucial for ensuring consistent and high-quality VR/AR experiences for spectators. The study acknowledges the presence of resistance among traditional spectators toward the acceptance of new technologies. Bridging this gap requires targeted efforts to educate and engage with diverse audience segments. A shortage of qualified personnel for the implementation and support of VR/AR technologies is identified as an intervening condition. Building expertise and fostering a skilled workforce is essential for the successful execution of the proposed paradigm model. The study advocates for continuous advancements in VR/AR hardware to address existing limitations and enhance the overall quality of immersive experiences. A strategic focus on producing high-quality and customized content is recommended to strike a balance between cost-effectiveness and delivering compelling experiences to spectators. The study underscores the importance of educational initiatives and proactive encouragement to bridge the gap between traditional and technologically savvy spectators. The successful implementation of the proposed paradigm model is anticipated to result in heightened engagement and interaction among sports spectators, fostering a more dynamic and participatory spectatorship. Integrating VR/AR technologies is expected to elevate the overall quality of the sports event experience, offering spectator’s immersive and memorable moments beyond the constraints of traditional viewing. The paradigm model's implementation is projected to have positive economic ramifications, contributing to increased revenue generation for event organizers through enhanced spectator experiences and novel revenue streams.Ultimately, the implementation of the proposed model is envisioned to result in improved levels of spectator satisfaction, solidifying the role of VR/AR technologies as integral components of the modern sports viewing experience. In conclusion, this research unveils a paradigm model for spectator-sport interactions in sporting events utilizing virtual and augmented reality technologies. The comprehensive analysis of conditions, intervening factors, strategies for development, and consequences of implementation provides a robust framework for understanding the complex dynamics of this transformative integration. By recognizing the multifaceted challenges and opportunities inherent in merging technology and sports spectatorship, this research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing dialogue surrounding the future of immersive sporting experiences. The findings underscore the potential for enhanced fan experiences in sporting events through the strategic utilization of augmented and virtual reality technologies and advocate for continued innovation and collaboration across the realms of technology and sports management.

The income from the presence of spectators in the stadiums is one of the primary incomes of football teams. To increase this income, more spectators must enter the stadium. The physical quality of stadiums, such as cleanliness and hygiene, accessibility, safety, entertainment, parking, etc., is one of the most important factors that encourage spectators to watch live sports events. Therefore, knowing the impact of the physical quality of stadiums on the behavior of spectators is considered important for clubs and managers who intend to increase income. Therefore, in this research, the effect of the physical quality of football stadiums on the behavioral tendencies of the spectators has been investigated. The statistical population of the research included all the spectators of the premier football league matches; 325 people were selected by simple random sampling, and finally, 294 correct questionnaires were returned. The information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, which was obtained through interviews with experts (academic faculty members and sports managers) and library studies. The face and content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by using the opinions of sports experts and sports management professors (10 people) after applying their corrective opinions. The internal reliability of the questionnaire items was also reported by the researcher in an experimental study using Cronbach's alpha method for the stadium characteristics questionnaire (0.97) and satisfaction questionnaire (0.87) and for Willingness to return (0.88) and after ensuring The validity of the questionnaires was used using SPSS software in the descriptive and inferential statistics section, as well as Amos software to draw path analysis. The results showed that the characteristics of the stadium have a positive and significant effect on satisfaction; Also, the characteristics of the stadium have a positive and significant effect on the Willingness to return of spectators. In addition, satisfaction has a positive and significant on willingness to return. Finally, it is possible to confirm the mediating effect of satisfaction in the relationship between the characteristics of the stadium and Willingness to return at the 95% confidence level. Therefore, according to the importance of the presence of spectators in stadiums, sports managers should periodically assess the needs and evaluate the satisfaction of the spectators as well as the quality of the stadiums, and by removing the shortcomings, witness the maximum attendance of the spectators

One of the most important issues for the stadium audience is safety and security, which has made it more urgent to pay attention to what has happened in the past and the high risks. The purpose of the present study was to identify the effective safety and security factors in stadiums with an aggressive approach to preventing spectators from competing in football leagues.The research method is qualitative and exploratory. The sampling method is non-random and purposeful sampling. The face and content validity of the interview questions were evaluated and approved by 6 sport management professors and then by 14 experts in the field including sport management elites, specialists and managers. Football and law enforcement staff and security officials were interviewed and continued to theoretical saturation, with data analysis through open coding (component or badge), pivotal (subordinate) and selective (key factors) in this study) Was performed. Based on the findings of the present study, a total of 32 safety and security indices were identified which consist of three main factors (service, control and special circumstances) and eight sub-factors of the main factor. According to elite and soccer experts, safety and security factors (stadium facilities, tickets, physical inspections, security measures, high-risk events and conditions) have an impact on preventing aggression in football spectators.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cognitive components on the emotional component of the reputation of Iranian Premier League football teams, taking into account the difference between spectators and viewers. Marketing decisions have potential effects on reputation. Good reputation is an intangible valuable asset that can play an effective role in reducing shareholders' doubts about investment, strengthening competitive advantage, and increasing public trust. By examining the trend of team reputation formation, it becomes clear that sports team reputation has attracted the attention of marketing, organizational behavior, strategic management, economics and sociology fields. What exactly creates team reputation and how it can be evaluated is a matter of discussion. Despite different definitions of reputation, they all include common concepts such as how to deal with stakeholders' expectations, building reputation over time and being influenced by the current and past status of the team. In this study, the latest structure of team reputation based on fans' opinions has been used which includes six dimensions: team performance, team history, social responsibilities of the team, fan orientation, quality management and financial health.The performance of a team is concerned with the perception of its supporters regarding the quality of the team's results, which ultimately contributes to the success of the team. In sports teams, performance is recognized as product quality. Product quality is the most important dimension in evaluating reputation. On the other hand, team performance over time also helps to develop team reputation. Therefore, all past team activities that contribute to creating and establishing team reputation help. Social responsibilities include supporters' perception of the extent of the team's commitment to building relationships with society and ultimately helping to develop societal values. Sports teams gradually demonstrate their value to society by engaging in social responsibilities, but this does not necessarily mean that stakeholders will connect with team values. Teams can develop their marketing communications that positively impact their performance with strong financial capabilities; therefore, it is predictable that sports teams' financial health can affect their reputation. Stakeholders regularly update their information about how teams are managed through media and news agencies. Team management is described as structures, processes, and legal principles of internal and external environments. Team management, which is applied in this study under the name of management quality, is one of the dimensions of team reputation. Supporters relate their emotions and feelings to team products and services; without this emotional connection, most teams do not differ for supporters.The present study was applied and quantitative in terms of data analysis, utilizing a descriptive-correlational approach. Using a structural equation modeling approach, the study aimed to investigate the differences in team reputation evaluation between two football media viewers and spectators inside the stadium. Accordingly, a team reputation questionnaire consisting of 6 dimensions and 19 items, as well as an emotional component of team reputation consisting of 4 items, were translated through a three-stage process and sent to seven experts in the field of sports management whose research area was sports marketing for formal and content validity. Both questionnaires were distributed among 30 participants in the first stage using a Likert scale with five values to calculate Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient.In this study, spectators were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of 678 fans who attended the stadium during the 96-1395 season (spectators), and the second group consisted of 540 fans who watched the games on television (viewers). According to the findings of the research, path coefficients for "team performance on team reputation", "social responsibilities on team reputation", "quality of management on team reputation", and "financial health on team reputation" were higher among viewers than stadium spectators. The path coefficient for "team history on team reputation" was higher among stadium spectators than viewers. The path dimensions of service quality and financial health did not have a significant effect on emotional components in both groups. In stadium spectators, the path coefficient for social responsibilities did not have a significant effect on emotional components, while in viewers, it could explain approximately 2.5% of emotional component changes.The present study demonstrated that media consumers' perception of the Iranian Premier League was higher for teams with greater fame. News media reports dedicated to teams (referred to as media visibility) have an impact on audience perception of important team features. It is evident that the emotional component of fame is a psychological structure that relates to the consumption of sports by spectators and viewers. Sporting events involve cognitive experiences (cognitive component), physiological changes (motivational component), and practical tendencies (behavioral component). This indicates that the emotional component can ultimately translate into supportive behaviors by spectators and viewers. The findings showed that social responsibilities have a greater impact on team fame for viewers compared to spectators. This means that social responsibility activities are more important in evaluating team fame for viewers. The results of the present study showed that viewers overestimated team fame and had a greater impact on the emotional component of fame than spectators. It is clear that teams, as part of the economic system, rely on news media to cultivate their fame. Therefore, the notion that with the emergence of social media, teams' need for mass media has decreased should also be viewed with skepticism.One of the practical recommendations of the present study, based on the obtained results, is that sports teams should pay more attention to media in order to create and enhance their reputation. Therefore, developing a program for improving the media relations of teams can help increase their popularity. Another practical recommendation of the present study is to undertake some social responsibility actions, such as allocating a special place for disabled and veteran individuals or considering low-cost tickets for working children on game days to promote team reputation. However, there were limitations in implementing this research. One of the limitations was the lack of access to sound and vision data center to obtain data such as the number of hours of broadcasting football matches in Iran's Premier League by team and television network

The positive reputation of the sport teams is the most important intangible asset that somewhat determines their success. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the The Influence of the dimensions of Sport Team Reputation on Team Identification and The spectators’ Attendance Intention. Present research’s method is descriptive - correlation. The population and sample of the research includes members of the Persepolis team's telegram channel (1337926). 525 people of them were randomly selected. For the measurement of the variables of the research, some questionnaires were used, that their formal and content validity was confirmed by the experts, and their internal consistency was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha, and the structural equation model was used for hypothesis test. The results showed that team performance (0.82), team social responsibility (0.76), Spectator-orientation (0.70), team tradition (0.44), management quality (0.37), and financial stability (0.26) had the most impact on team identity of the audience, and team identity with a 0.80 regression coefficient, had effected the attendance intention. Therefore, sport teams can focus on the dimensions of the reputation of the sport teams by formulating and designing necessary and new strategies and programs, not only to achieve reputation, but also to create team identity, and finally to increase the spectators’ intention of attendance.

In recent decades, sports organizations have paid special attention to the importance of considering the purchase behavior of customers. Meanwhile, the variables that can have an impact on customers' purchase behavior have been considered. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between relationship marketing and purchase behavior of spectators using structural equation modeling. For this purpose, two questionnaires including Kim’s relationship marketing and purchase behavior questionnaires (2008) were used. After confirming their validity and reliability, these questionnaires were distributed among the sample. Sample was consisted of 430 spectators who participated in Foolade_Shahr Stadium to watch the Sepahan’ games using Morgan table. The research method was statistical -correlational and it was based on the structural equation model. The results of path analysis showed that relationship marketing has an impact on purchase behavior of spectators (β= 0.043, p≤0.05). Considering the findings of this study, approaches can be provided to determine the strategy of relationship marketing and evaluate the impact of this strategy on purchase behavior of spectators- as the main customers of football clubs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluation of the sports fan's enthusiasm model in Iranian Women's Basketball. The present study was a correlational description based on structural equation modeling and was applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study was the fans of the Iranian Women's Basketball Premier League. Due to the uncertainty of the number of fans, according to Morgan's table, the statistical sample size was 384 people and selected as the statistical sample. In this study, the fans' enthusiasm, intention to refer, and intention to buy, identification with the team and the expression of emotions, and positive emotions questionnaires were used. The results of structural equation modeling showed that positive emotions on participation management, socially desirable behaviors and performance tolerance in sports fans, identifying with the team on participation management, socially desirable behaviors and performance tolerance of sports fans and showing emotions on participation management, desirable behaviors Social and performance tolerance and participation management and socially desirable behaviors and performance tolerance had a significant effect on purchase intention. Participation management was significant with negative intention to refer and the effect of socially desirable behaviors with positive intention to refer were significant, it can be seen that factors such as engaging emotions, managing participation, and aligning the identities of the fans and their favorite team plays a significant role in the enthusiasm of the fans and also the continuation of this process.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Sportscape on spectator service experience in Azadi football stadium. The present study was descriptive correlational study in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study included all the spectators present at Azadi Stadium. Finally, 165 questionable questionnaires entered the research analysis stage. Questionnaire was used as a research tool to collect field data in this study. The results showed that the comfort of the seats, the beauty of the stadium, the cleanliness of the stadium and the design of the stadium have a positive and significant effect on the spectator service experience. However, the effect of stadium parking, stadium access and stadium food services on the spectator service experience was not significant. The present study was conducted to help better understand this field and its results showed that among the characteristics of the stadium, 4 factors: seat comfort, stadium design, stadium cleanliness and stadium beauty have a significant impact on the service experience of Premier League spectators. They have Iran. Therefore, Iranian football managers and stadium managers can take into account these results and the results of other research mentioned in this field, to improve the spectator service experience in the Iranian Football Premier League and benefit from its benefits to become.

The purpose of the research was to investigate the role of social capital in shaping the desirable behaviors of football spectators by emphasizing the presence of women in sports stadiums. The research was carried out in accordance with the method of collecting data from a mixed exploratory sequence. Data collection tools in the qualitative stage are semi-structured interviews. The statistical sample consisted of 23 people from male and female sports spectators and members of the Fans' Association, spectator leaders in stadiums, professional athletes, coaches, sports managers, psychologists and sports sociologists, and sports media professionals. The research samples were selected by targeted sampling method and snowball method. In the qualitative stage, the data were analyzed by coding method in three stages: open, central and selective. The findings included 63 categories in open coding, in axial coding in the form of 10 classification concepts. In the selection coding stage, the components of social capital have been modeled, which have influenced the formation of desirable behaviors of football spectators. In the quantitative phase, the sample consisted of 200 individuals randomly selected. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used using 20 Spss and AMOS software to evaluate the research model. The results of the research model showed that according to the Goodness Fitness Index (GFI), 0.913 The model developed in the field of the role of social capital on the formation of desirable behaviors of football spectators with emphasis on the presence of women in sports stadiums has the desired quality.

The purpose of the present research was to present a structural model for Iranian sports events brands. It is an applied study in purpose and descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical society consist of all academic professors in sport management and marketing and managers and experts in holding sport events, that the sample size was determined to be 354 individuals with sufficient number based on 16 latent variables selected through convenience and purposive sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the data and check the fit of the model. According to the results, the event attribute has a significant effect on marketing, innovation, competitive advantage, and event brand capability. Event branding capability also has a significant effect on event branding and marketing, event marketing on competitive advantage, brand value, event brand performance, and branding, event innovation on event marketing and competitive advantage, event competitive advantage on brand performance and brand value, and finally, event brand performance on brand value. Arguably, sports event providers can enhance the service quality perceived by the participants by adopting several measures such as implementing performance quality-control programs, improving service quality (SQ), as well as considering the physical attractiveness of sports venues, pricing tailored to the type and quality of the event, and reducing indirect costs such as time, transportation, and information acquisition. Consequently, they can strengthen their brand equity.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate and prioritize the motivations of spectators to participate in soccer matches. In order to increase the presence of spectators in the game, it is necessary to identify the factors and motivations affecting the presence of both psychological and internal factors as well as external and environmental factors, and to measure the effect of each on the presence. The internal aspect is looking for factors such as expectations, satisfaction and motivation to attend, the external aspect is looking for factors such as the history of winning and losing teams, the comfort of the stadium and its characteristics, the weather on the day of the match, the level of spectator income, the existence of entertaining substitutes and so on.

 The statistical population included all Isfahan football spectators and the sample was selected by simple random sampling. 451 spectators completed a 27-item questionnaire on the motivation of the audience of Funk et al. (2004). The validity of the previously confirmed questionnaire, however, was reviewed and confirmed by 15 professors of sports management. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-test, Yuman-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that all the factors motivating the presence of spectators in football matches (interest in a particular player, escape from everyday problems, excitement of matches, knowledge of football, barter, welfare services, entertainment of matches, support for the team and proxy victory) Significance is higher than the mean level. The results of the Friedman test show that team support ranks better than other factors and is even more important. The interest and support of the team is an important factor that shows that the spectators are interested in their favorite team and come to watch the matches to support their favorite team. Also, the interest shows that there is a high interest among the fans. There is an interest in the team and this interest has been created and expanded over time, now it is the responsibility of sports marketers and team managers to maintain this interest in the team.

 Due to the fact that spectators come to the stadium with different motivations and to meet different needs, sport managers are advised to study the motivations and needs of spectators and according to that, to plan and hold sports competitions. To increase the presence of spectators. Also, due to the low prioritization of welfare services, it is suggested to provide better facilities and services to spectators to witness the growth and expansion of their presence in the stadiums of the province.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Covid 19 pandemic and the absence of spectators on the results of popular football teams in the Persian Gulf Premier League. The results of Esteghlal, Perspolis, Sepahan, Tractor, Foolad FC clubs at the first round robin stage of nineteenth season (with spectators) were compared with their results at the first round robin stage of twenty season (without spectators) using a t-test. The analysis of the findings showed that the results of the host teams without spectators were not significantly different from the match with presence of spectators at the stadiums. This lack of significance was observed in the number of home wins, the number of host teams’ goals scored, and the number of red cards shown to the host teams. However, there was a significant difference in the number of yellow card shown to the host teams. Although spectators always play an important role in the success of the host teams, strengthening the tactical and technical abilities of players and teams, managing the emotions and stress of players, and above all knowing the atmosphere and competitive environment and getting players used to spectators’ presence at the stadiums have caused the teams and players to acquire the necessary skills to control spectator pressure. Therefore, the effect of spectator presence on the results and performance of teams has been greatly diminished.

Football is the most popular and attractive sport, which has interactions with various institutions and structures of society and sports infrastructure. Due to the unique characteristics of football compared to other sports, including many fans and spectators, and influencing it in areas such as politics, media and national and regional identities, and most importantly, its many positive functions as any phenomenon Social also has negative functions such as violence, aggression and vandalism. Spectator hooliganism is one of the negative consequences of spectators in sports, and the sport of football, due to the large number of spectators, provides a favorable environment for its occurrence. Although spectator mobs are sometimes associated with criminal offenses such as litigation, intentional assault, and destruction of property, for criminal law reasons they cannot use their full potential in the face of spectator mobs, often with the development of criminal liability. Legal (clubs) and excessive recourse to fines are trying to counter this phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to identify the most important theories presented in the field of vandalism and aggression. In the present study, while explaining the generalities of how to deal with criminal law with spectator mobs, in particular, the specific characteristics of football spectators and the problems of dealing with the collective behavior of spectators as the most important challenges that caused criminal law to not exceed its maximum capacity to deal with this phenomenon. Use, checked.