اثرات اقتصادی

The tourism industry as one of the service industries is very important in the economy of countries. Like any other phenomenon, tourism also has effects on societies. Economic impacts are one of the most important impacts of tourism that can have both positive and negative impacts on destinations and host communities. Therefore, examining the economic impacts of the tourism industry is of great importance. Based on this, the purpose of this research was to review the positive and negative economic impacts of the tourism industry. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the method. The method of data collection in this research was library-document type. The research results showed that the tourism industry in a region can have positive and negative economic impacts at the same time. So that parallel to every positive economic impact in a region, negative economic impacts can also be seen and it is necessary to act in such a way that positive impacts are strengthened and negative impacts are prevented as much as possible.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating rural tourism and its economic effects on the host communities of touristic villages in Rezvan Shahr County. The research method in the present study is quantitative and practical in terms of its purpose. The statistical population in this research is made up of the residents of touristic villages in Rezvan-Shahr County, in this regard, sampling in the studied area was done by multi-stage cluster sampling method, in such a way that three types of villages in the district (plains, Coastal and foothills) were identified. Then, the number of sample villages was determined by division and district using the share method. Finally, 380 people were selected as the sample community. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software and interactive matrix model were used. The results of the T- test showed that the amount of positive economic effects in four indicators (income, employment, land price, investment) from the perspective of the host community was high, and in proportion to that, the amount of negative economic effects, including: (creating The income gap and difference between the residents, the increase in the use of affordable and luxury goods, the seasonality of the income of rural households, the strengthening of fake jobs, the change of land uses for tourism purposes and activities, land speculation, the rise of land prices, high The level of investment riskiness is high in touristic villages. Further, the results of the interactive matrix model also showed that the employment index with influence power (4) has the highest influence and the land price and investment index with influence power (2) have the lowest influence from tourism. In other words, the employment index acts as the foundation stone of the model at the first level, the income index is at the second level, and the land price and investment indicators are at the third level of the model.

Industrialization of a country leads to its growth and identifies it for investment and subsequently improvement of the country in social and economic fields. Construction of industrialized settlements and the industrialization of underdeveloped areas can play an important role in the socio-cultural, economic and environmental developments in the areas around industries and increase rural production, productivity, job opportunities, provides basic needs and links with other departments. In this study the research method is survey and descriptive- analytical. The method of data collection is through library, and field study through Likert scale. The three indicators of quality of life development, efficiency and service delivery impacted Qarchak Industrial Town on the surrounding areas. This study used SPSS software and t-test and ANOVA for analyzing data. Results of the study show that from experts and practitioners view the economic impact of Qarchak industrial town was significant in relation to the three indicators of quality of life development, efficiency and service provision. The results of analysis show that from experts and practitioner's point of view the impact of settlements on the surrounding areas is different with respect to these three indices. Also the output obtained by Tukey and Scheffer tests shows that from point of view of the two groups the economic impact of Qarchak Industrial Town is different with respect to three different indicators.

This study evaluates the tourism event of the Pomegranate Festival in Bayangan city to investigate the economic, social, and physical-spatial effects of tourism events. In terms of purpose, the study is applied, and in terms of nature, it is descriptive-analytical, which was carried out using a survey method and questionnaire tool. The collected data were also analyzed using SPSS and ARC GIS software. The statistical population in this research includes the villages of Zardoi, Satyari, Tin, and Dodan, from the Bayangan District of Paveh County, including 712 households. The results of this research show that maximizing opportunities to meet new people, developing the skills of the young to hold these ceremonies, and encouraging collective participation are among the other sociocultural effects of tourism events. In terms of the economy, the effects seem to be at a medium to high level. Among these effects, the highest frequency is related to the price rise during the period of holding the ceremony. In terms of environmental impact, the results indicate that air pollution due to the arrival of tourists’ cars has the highest frequency. Among the negative effects, noise pollution ranks next with a frequency of 50.3 percent. Spearman’s correlation findings indicate a significant relationship at the 0.01 level between holding tourism events and social and economic dimensions. The beta value of the regression test indicates the more important economic impact of tourism events than the social impact.

Production of affordable products is always one of the concerns of farmers. Cultivation pattern is one of the influential factors in the growth and development of the agricultural sector, which can help improve the economic, social and environmental sectors in villages. The purpose of the research is to investigate and evaluate the effects of changing the cultivation pattern in the development of rural areas based on economic, social and environmental criteria. For this purpose, 390 households in the villages of these three cities that started to change the cultivation pattern from rice to kiwi were selected as samples. The reliability and research tool of the questionnaire was made by the researcher, and the validity of the form and content of the questionnaire was confirmed by the corrective opinion of the professors and experts of the university after making the necessary corrections in several stages. The total reliability of the questionnaire is equal to 0.734, which showed that there is a significant difference in the alpha level of 0.01 in the economic, social and environmental sectors in the period before and after the change of the cultivation pattern. In social indicators, except for the component of participation in sustainability components and farmer awareness about agricultural activity, the averages show the growth of the index, and in the economic indicators of the quality of employment, welfare and economic security, this growth is more noticeable. Based on this, it can be said that the pattern of citrus cultivation has played an effective role in the development of the studied villages.

In recent years, we have seen an increase in population and the growth of migrations towards villages around Tehran. The reverse migration towards the suburban villages of Tehran can create a balancing mechanism for the migration of the accumulated labor force. This will require the improvement of the agricultural land and the creation of a social and economic environment for rural dwellers, so it can be reasonable for rural youth to stay in their homeland and make a living. Therefore, the current research first investigates the indicators of economic stability related to migration, which are income, capital, production, reducing the motivation to work in the agricultural sector, employment, diversification of the rural economy, and then evaluates the effects of migration on these indicators in the studied villages. Understanding the consequences of migration with the aim of limiting its negative effects can help villages with similar conditions. Because of the importance of the issue, especially in metropolitan areas and the necessity of studying it, the current research is based on this central question: "What results and consequences have the arrival of newcomers had in the economic dimension of the villages?

The research method in this study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. 360 households out of 9591 households were determined as the sample size based on the Cochran formula. In the qualitative part of the research, using a targeted sampling method, the sample size was 36 people who were interviewed.

The findings of the research showed that the production indicator with an average of 2.2 and the employment indicator with an average of 4.13 received the highest and lowest impact from employment, respectively. Also, the results of the qualitative findings showed that the low impact of migration on creating employment is compensated by daily trips for work and activities outside the village. The amount of income from the point of view of local residents has been assessed as high and moderate, which is the reason that the local elites mentioned that new sources of income had been created for local residents. It should also be noted that the impact of immigration on capital was evaluated as moderate and low because the arrival of newcomers has led to the capitalization of land and housing, a process that has a negative effect on production due to land use change. For this reason, the production indicator has been affected by migration more than other indicators. The reduction in the amount of production and the variety of products in the villages is actually a decrease in agricultural activities and rurality in the villages around Tehran.

Over the past decades, the attitude to the role of rural industries as an influential factor in the economic construction of rural areas, has led to these industries as a basis for the development of rural areas. However, these industries have brought many positive and negative effects in the surrounding rural areas, which requires scientific study. The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic effects of the activity of industrial towns on the surrounding rural settlements in the Shahid Salimi industrial town of Tabriz. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In terms of collection methods, it is a field-library research. To select villages in terms of economic impact, 14 villages within a 10 km radius of the industrial town were selected, which according to the 2016 census had a population of 15084 people and 4629 households, using the Cochran's formula, 306 rural households were selected as a sample. Then, SMART PLS 3 software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the most important economic effect of the establishment of Shahid Salimi industrial town in the surrounding villages was the creation of added value of agricultural products with an average of 0.366.

Urban places often contain a wide range of attractions, accommodation centers, and other tourist facilities, which form an essential part of the urban tourism foundation. Among these accommodation centers, we can mention the boutique hotels. Due to the popularity of these hotels and the impact they have on the destination community, they can play an influential role in the development of urban tourism. For example, Hanna and Nezamiyeh boutique hotels located in the historical part of districts 11 and 12 of Tehran have great potential in the development of urban tourism due to their historical value. This research investigates the role of these two boutique hotels in three dimensions of urban tourism development .This research is descriptive-analytical, and data is collected through library studies and field studies such as questionnaire distribution. the Chi-square test results show that from the point of view of the local community, managers and staff, these two boutique hotels affect all three dimensions of tourism development in Tehran. However, from the point of view of tourists, these boutique hotels only affect the socio-cultural dimension. Given that the present study was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic,. This tourists’ impression was likely due to the pandemic conditions.

The economy of rural households and also increasing their income level is considered as one of the most important strategies for sustainable economic development of rural settlements around the world. One of the important factors of rural migration to urban areas in Iran is lack of job opportunities and low income in these areas. Is. The purpose of this study is to investigate the socio-economic effects of the construction of Fajr gas refinery in Jam city on the sustainable development of rural areas. This research is of descriptive-analytical type using survey method and library. The statistical population of the study is the villages of Jam city in Bushehr province, which according to the 2016 census, was equal to 8793 people. Cochran's formula was used in the study population and the sample size of 369 was selected. In order to obtain residents' views on the components of the research, one-sample t-tests were used. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the study of socio-economic effects of the construction of Fajr gas refinery in the city of Jam on the sustainable development of rural areas and the components of economic and social dimensions of the study. The most effects of the construction of Fajr gas refinery on economic components, the component of change in improving the level of income and among the components of the social dimension, the component of reducing the migration process have the highest average. Therefore, in the economic dimension, the relationship between the general level of welfare and improving the income situation has been the most effective, and in the social dimension, the relationship between improving the level of health and reducing migration has been effective.

Saeedabad Shahryar sub-district has witnessed rural industrial development (Golgun town) during the last two decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Tehran sprawl on economic indicators from the perspective of rural industrial development. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and follows a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes residents of the old texture of Saeedabad village and its surroundings who have experienced the effects of urban sprawl and industry development. The impact of industry development in the region was measured based on two indicators of increasing the local labor market and increasing the added value of industrial products to the region in the form of 6 items. Using the sample estimation method in the regression technique (thumb rule) N≥8k + 50, the sample size of 98 people was determined. The samples were selected by random sampling method and saturated with 85 samples and the completed questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS software. The results showed that the business boom is mainly for the specialized group in Golgun town and to some extent for the villagers and the durability of the population. The industrial development of the village has not had a significant effect on reducing the unemployment rate of the villagers and has only increased the non-native population. The present study proposes strategies for conservation and protection of natural resources, implementation of optimal land use model and support of human resources to balance the effects of rural development from the perspective of industry.

The main implementation of the government in the field of rural construction is the preparation and implementation of a rural constituent plan. Although policymakers are pursuing all-round effectiveness from the implementation of this plan, today it is of major importance to economic effectiveness. Measuring the effectiveness of conducting a conductor plan with an emphasis on economic dimension in the city of Robatkarim, Tehran, which is the main objective of this research, not only provides the areas for better understanding of needs, increasing responsiveness and enhancing the capabilities of the executives, but also provides a suitable basis for decision. Making and making logical and scientific decisions. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes all villages spent more than a decade after the completion of the conducting plan. Accordingly, 13 villages have been studied. According to the number of households in them, using the Cochran formula, 240 heads of household were determined as household samples. A one-sample T-test was used to analyze the data in SPSS software. The findings of the research confirm that, the highest impact of this project has been on the employment component, and in other components, income and investment have not been achieved much in rural environments. In the general test, the economic effects of conducting a conductor plan have not been remarkable, and this plan has failed to provide a framework for economic change in the dimensions of the lives of villagers.

Surveys conducted over the last century indicate that one of the slowdowns in development in Iran has been the weakness of local and regional planning. Rural development is one of the fundamental areas of national development. Due to the importance of rural development, almost early in the 21st century, rural development programs became the focus of planners. One of the most important plans of the government in the field of rural development is the preparation and implementation of a rural conductor plan, which emphasizes that by improving the quality level of the physical structure, the social and economic structure of the rural areas of the country will also be changed and thus provided for rural development. Although policymakers pursue the all-encompassing effectiveness of this project, it is of major importance today in economic effectiveness. Rural Development Plan is one of the rural development projects that aims at rural welfare and with the purpose of creating a context of rural development according to cultural, economic and social conditions; equitable provision of social, productive and welfare facilities; guiding the physical condition of the village. Provision and implementation of facilities to improve rural housing and environmental and public services. Considering the importance of the conductor plan at the country level and considering that since the beginning of its activities in 1989 until the end of June 2019, 38246 conductors have been prepared and implemented in 18656 villages. In the economic aspect, it is important.

Since more than a decade has passed since the implementation of the Hadi project in some villages of Robat Karim city, the present study seeks to clarify the hidden angles of its implementation and analyze its effects on the rural community of Robat Karim city in the southwestern district of Tehran province. It intends to evaluate the economic impacts of implementation of the rural conductor plan using the one-sample T-test from the viewpoint of 13 target villages of Rabat-Karim. To evaluate the effects of the conductor plan on the economic dimension, three components have been investigated by a group of items in the Likert spectrum. Using Cochran's formula, 240 households were selected as the sample size using simple random sampling method and were questioned.

According to the survey, of the 240 respondents, 32% were female and 68% male. Survey of the educational status of the respondents shows that the highest number of the respondents was 42%. After that, people with a diploma with 14%, illiterate with 38% and those with a diploma degree and above with 6%. According to the results, the highest age of the respondents was 58% between 30-54 years old. In order to evaluate and evaluate the economic effects of the implementation of the conductor plan on rural life three indicators of employment, income and investment with 12 components were used. In the "employment" variable, the components of new job opportunities with a mean of 3.40 and the tendency to start and expand a business with a mean of 2.96 had the highest and the lowest mean respectively. In the “income” variable, the implementation of the conductor plan improved the income situation by an average of 3.32 but did not have a significant effect on reducing the economic inequality variable. In the "investment" variable, the implementation of the conductor plan motivated investment in the service sector with a mean of 3.05. Investments in the agricultural and industrial sectors have been less, and the rural investment incentives have an average of 2.29. The results show that except the employment component with a mean of 3.12, in terms of income and investment, the effects of the conductor plan on rural economic development were lower than the theoretical average. Summarizing the findings of the present study, it shows that the overall effect of conductor design on the components related to economic dimension is lower than the theoretical average and this confirms the functional weakness of conductor design in the studied villages. Thus, the implementation of the rural conductor project has not been economically successful in the villages.

Rural conductor plan has taken an important step in the spatial organization of rural areas of the country and despite the shortcomings, it is considered to be an effective action in directing and physical development of villages and given that physical improvement of villages is a priority in conductor design. Therefore, one of the most important measures of this plan is the elimination of rural physical deficiencies and is considered as an important tool in organizing the physical structure of the villages. Although rural conductor schemes are mainly of a physical nature, however, rural development and development must take into account all aspects, including the economic conditions of the villages. Consideration of other goals such as equipping facilities by creating productive facilities, creating an appropriate working environment, creating a rational fit between population and various functions, especially the production needs of the village, also illustrates the particular focus of the conductor plan on the economic and productive issues of the villages. One of the important measures that can help to strengthen and sustain the effects of the conductor plan is their monitoring and evaluation, which form part of the present research vision. Evaluation of these projects will inform executives and stakeholders about the strengths and weaknesses of this project and rural development plans. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the economic impacts of conducting the plan in rural settlements of Rabat-Karim city. In order to achieve this goal, the information obtained from the completed rural questionnaires was analyzed. One-sample T-test was used to examine the partial impact of the effects of the conductor plan on each of the economic components considered in the research (employment, income, and investment). In this regard, number 3 was used as the theoretical mean of evaluating the economic effects of the plan on these components. , Was considered. The results show that except the employment component with a mean of 3.12, in terms of income and investment, the effects of the conductor plan on rural economic development were lower than the theoretical average. Summarizing the findings of the present study, it shows that the overall effect of conductor design on the components related to economic dimension is lower than the theoretical average and this confirms the functional weakness of conductor design in the studied villages.

Nowadays, impacts of developmental measures on social, economic, environmental and physical dimensions is one of the important factors in the success or failure of developmental measures and development patterns. In this regard comprehensive assessments of impacts is essential. In other words, a comprehensive assessment of the effects of developmental measures and development patterns will allow us to fully assess the effects and achieve the model of the impact of industrial-mineral facilities. In this regard, the present study is based on a comprehensive impact assessment approach and a review of the impacts of the Chadermulu mine on the city of Bahabad in the search for a model of the impact of mineral-industrial centers on the settlements in the central regions of Iran. From the perspective of the nature of this research, it is a descriptive-analytical method that by collecting documentation, library and survey methods, collecting the information needed for research and then using T-test and path analyses to analysis the information has taken place. The results of the research show that the negative effects were higher in socio-cultural indicators and then the environmental indicators, and in the economic and physical indicators of the Chadormalloo complex there were more positive effects. The experience of mineral-industrial development in Central Iran, and especially in Bahabad, shows that although this model is relatively successful from the economic point of view and at the provincial and national levels, but from the perspective of the local economy, the environment as well as the socio-cultural areas with many negative impacts And has been challenging the issue of sustainable development at local scale. On the local scale, in contrast to what has been lost, there is no real and desirable results that can be described as "the sustainable and important role of mineral-industrial development in the process of developing central Iran", and unfortunately it should be considered as "legacy" Indemnified Mineral-Industrial Development on the Process of Destruction of Central Iranian Settlements.

Industrial tourism, whose development requires knowledge and adequate knowledge of the factors affecting economic, social and cultural factors. Without the knowledge of the facilities available in each region, there will be no possibility of planning and scientific prediction. In fact, the recognition of natural, economic, social, etc. power in each region, allows planners to identify, based on the status quo, and the capabilities of the region, its development and direction. Therefore, in order to investigate the effects Economic tourism on the development of the region, the views of citizens on the development of tourism activities in the living conditions and life of the citizens of Deylam, has been surveyed. The research method is descriptive-analytic in this survey. The statistical population of this research is the population of 25730 people in Bandar Deylam. By computing the Cochran formula, 378 individuals were selected as sample and randomly. By deducing and analyzing the findings of the questionnaire , The relationships between variables through descriptive statistics (such as descriptive tables, etc.) and inferential statistics (T test), have been evaluated and analyzed using SPSS software capabilities. The results of the research show that the existence of coastal tourism related activities and its related activities with the economic development of the region has a significant relationship at the level of 0.05 and a significant level of p =0/000. This relationship is significant to the extent that most citizens consider the role of tourism, and in particular coastal tourism, in effective economic development and sustainable development.

Today the importance of developing agriculture in terms of providing food security as a substructure of rural development is a serious issue for economic planners. This matter largely depends on environmental powers such as soil water resources and consumption efficiency in arid and semi-arid areas. Watershed plans by supplying water and protecting soil play a special role in development of agricultural sector in countries (like Iran) facing water shortage and soil erosion. This research is prepared to study the economic effects of watershed projects in Iran, Fars province where one of the greatest dams, Salman Farsi has been implemented. This research is based on descriptive-analytic method. In this study 584 households are selected from villages with more than 20 households in each village that affected by Salman Farsi project and lives in Qir&karzin County. The study is based on probability sampling, in the step of completing the questionnaire and choosing the space sample; the simple random sample is determined by 95 Kokaran formula with the list of beneficial people and at the end 120 questionnaire are completed (for more accuracy). For analytical statistics SPSS software, non-parametric - binomial tests and Wilcoxon test have been used. In order to truly accounting total revenue of beneficiaries in the base year (1387), their annual income has been converted to the year 2015 on the basis of central bank from inflation rate and then compared. The results show that in the study area the effect of implementation of Salman Farsi dam on economic indicators are positive. It is also found that changes in "area of bagh- galamestan, orbit of water circulation, agricultural products, the number of workers outside the household, the numbers of household labor, the number of small livestock, the number of gardens, and the last the number of proprietary or leased machines in implant, grow and harvest steps" are positive and significant after building the dam.

Today, the role and impact of the tourism industry in human societies can not be ignored. In some communities positive effects of tourism are pronounced while in others, the negative effects are more pronounced. Mazandaran Province ranked first in attracting tourist arrivals in the country, but it is poor in the enjoyment of the benefits of the tourism industry. There are various reasons in this regards, perhaps one of the reasons is lack of managers’ and planners’ knowlegeand even residents’ about economic and social issues of tourism in the province and lack of information and knowledge of the public and potential investors about benefits of tourism industry in the province. In this study, first, tourism situation in Noor city has been analysed. Then, by analyzing the supply and demand sides of tourism in the city and by using MGM model, the industry's economic impacts on host community were analyzed.

Community-based tourism, has different positive and negative effects on local communities that host tourist. These effects include a wide range of economic, social and environmental Due to the extent that they need to be considered in tourism studies. The present study investigates the perception of village residents ChmASman (Lenjan city, Isfahan) the effects of community-based tourism. To answer these questions, and to collect views residents of the local community, questionnaire include Likert range was used. After collecting data using SPSS software, phi, Kramer and Pearson tests, was used to analyze data. The results show that resident's perceptions of tourism impacts on local communities in order to raise awareness of local residents, increase revenue, enhance quality of life, and increased cultural interaction among residents and tourists, higher than average. And resident's perceptions of tourism impacts on local communities receive the same benefit, it is undesirable.