احساس امنیت

Today, safety in public spaces, particularly in urban parks, has become a critical issue. Urban environment quality, as a measure of living conditions in residential areas, significantly influences residents' satisfaction. Factors such as the level of social services, land-use distribution, social security, accessibility to public spaces, geographical location of facilities, environmental conditions, the performance of different urban sectors, activities in urban spaces, and attention to local identity and culture are among the elements affecting the quality of life. This study evaluates variables and indicators related to safety and quality of life in Alghadir Park in Gonbad-e Kavus city. This research is descriptive-analytical and practical in nature, with data collected through questionnaires distributed among 300 participants as the study sample. Data analysis was conducted using one-sample T-tests.
The results indicate that the average safety level in the studied park is 2.95, which is close to the moderate level. Various indicators such as physical accessibility, clear design, lighting, physical security, sense of safety, and environmental comfort have mean scores of 3.41, 3.07, 2.89, 2.85, 2.83, and 2.64, respectively (considering the normal mean of 3), falling in the moderate to below-average range. Based on the findings, recommendations are provided, including improving park lighting for nighttime use, protecting existing facilities, enhancing restroom conditions, and implementing measures to prevent entry by socially vulnerable individuals into the park.

The close relationship between security and tourism development in areas with natural and historical attractions is an undeniable category. Ilam province has a bright future for the development of tourism due to its natural attractions and the dense forests of Western Zagros and the presence of abundant water resources, as well as the favorable tourism climate and the presence of many historical attractions such as castles, temples, fire temples and towers. Despite the abundance of such attractions in that region, it seems that the feeling of lack of necessary security among tourists has caused a lack of chance to choose it as a travel destination. The present developmental-applied research with a descriptive-analytical method aims at answering the main question "Why is not the desire of tourists to choose Ilam as a travel destination due to the abundance of its attractions, despite the existence of many tourist attractions and relatively sufficient security?" In order to test the validity of the hypothesis "the existence of socio-political factors leading to a feeling of insecurity, prevents the drawing of a clear picture of Ilam, and has caused this province to be removed from the choice of tourists", data has been collected in the form of documents and libraries. This research proves that attention to identifying and eliminating political, social and environmental risks in this border province will improve the mental image of tourists and their willingness to choose Ilam as a travel destination, and as a result, the tourism industry of the region will flourish in the future.

Women, as half of the urban population, have more specific sensitivities than men about perceptions of crime areas. Therefore, by examining their perspectives on identifying crime potentials at the level of urban spaces, it is possible to achieve the characteristics of a safe urban space from the perspective of the totality of an urban society. Accordingly, addressing the issue of what characteristics of urban open spaces from the perspective of women make them safe or prone to crime, is the main purpose of this study. Also, among the various urban spaces, parks are of special importance as a public place for the daily presence of women, and this factor led to the selection of Shiraz Freedom Park as a case study. The research strategy in this study includes a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and information was collected through questionnaires, interviews, observation and mental imaging. The results showed that the set of factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in women in urban parks can be classified under four physical, functional, social and perceptual-visual indicators. In these cases, following factors are very important in creating a safe space in urban parks from the perspective of women: vegetation density, the presence of sub-spaces and outcrops, territorial segregation, the presence of signs and symbols, the circadian nature of land uses, proper location of entrances and exits, the possibility of proper navigation in space, artificial care, reputation or a notoriety) a space, gender dominance in parts of the park, visual communication with different parts of the park, proper lighting at night and the brightness and clarity of the space.

 Governance is in fact a process based on the interaction between the official organizations and institutions of the city administration on the one hand and non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations on the other hand. The optimal urban governance system is based on seven principles: participation, legitimacy, accountability, consensus building, efficiency and effectiveness, transparency and justice.

This research is a survey type with a descriptive-analytical approach with the aim of practical adjustment and information in the field using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population is the citizens of the Ghir city and the sample size is estimated 384 people based on Cochran's formula. One-way ANOVA and one-sample t-test were used for analysis. For this purpose، in this study، we have tried to examine indicators such as participation, responsibility, effectiveness, rule of law، transparency, central justice, consensus orientation and accountability. To measure each of the variables in the questionnaire, a 5-point Likert scale was used.

It shows that the average of all indicators of good governance from the perspective of citizens with a value of 2.66 out of 3 is in an unfavorable situation, which indicates the ineffective method of managers in the urban area and therefore to increase citizen participation in management Is that city officials provide the ground for citizen participation.

Indicates the dissatisfaction of citizens that in this regar, city officials should provide the basis for increasing satisfaction with life in the city by using the opinions of people in the field of management and policies.

The purpose of the current research is to evaluate the impact of social capital on the development of health tourism with the mediating role of the feeling of public safety. The current research is of applied type. The research method is descriptive -analytical. The statistical population of the study includes specialists and experts in the field of health tourism in Lorestan province in the number of 62 people, and the sample number was determined by the total census method. The research tool consists of a 55 -question questionnaire, which consists of 15, 15 and 25 questions in three main parts: sense of security, social capital and health tourism. The validity of the questionnaire was based on form and content, and the reliability of the whole questionnaire was confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha of 0.81. The collected data were analyzed based on structural equation analysis in PLS software. The results indicated that, in general, social capital had an effect on the development of health tourism with the mediating role of public safety feeling, and according to this, social capital had an effect on health tourism, social capital had an effect on public safety feeling, and public safety feeling had an effect on health tourism. Based on this, taking advantage of the participation of local people in the development of health tourism in Lorestan province, while creating public trust, becomes the basis for increasing social capital and ultimately security.

Security is one of the most important basic human needs, and in current cities, due to the increase in population and the complexity of urban issues, the way to achieve sustainable security is facing a challenge. In order to solve complex urban problems, the smartness of the urban space, which is based on information and communication technology, is a suitable strategy. In this regard, the purpose of this research was the need to pay attention to the smart city as a strategy to improve the sense of security in the public spaces of Karaj city. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Data collection was done through a researcher-made questionnaire (375 people) at the level of Karaj city. For the analysis, one-by-one statistical analysis and regression have been used. The results of the research show that the average dimensions of physical-spatial (2.97), behavioral and social dimensions (2.77) are lower than 3 and they do not have favorable conditions. The average of the monitoring components (3.5) and access (3.63) is higher and they are in favorable conditions. The regression analysis shows that the components of intelligence have an impact on the components of security, so that the dimensions of smart life with a beta of 0.423 and smart citizenship with a beta of 0.332 have had the greatest impact in increasing security in the public spaces of Karaj according to the respondents.

Worn tissues are highly prone to crime due to their social, economic, cultural and physical-environmental characteristics. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is Influential components prioritization on inhabitants security of urban worn textures in Central area of Tehran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population includes the worn tissues residents in the 11th and 12th districts of Tehran.The sample size is estimated at 400 based on the Cochran's formula. Various methods have been used for analysis for the safety assesment of residents such as confirmatory factor analysis, Bartlett, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test, correlation coefficient matrix and path analysis. LISREL8.8 software is used for data analysis. The results of Kiser / Meyer / Alkin (KMO) sampling adequacy tests are equal to 0.66. As a result, the adequacy of the number of samples is confirmed. Based on Bartlett significance test (P <0.001; df = 105; X2 = 040/740), is rejected the hypothesis of no correlation between variablesThe research findings has indicate that based on the results of Kalmogorov-Smirnov test, the distribution of all relationships is normal in the components and variables of the research. The amount of T-statistics for research variables including feeling of security, lighting, passages, pattern of activities and uses, quality of residential areas, form of space, citizen identity, population density, social monitoring, employment and housing are equal to 10.52, 8/29 , 5/18, 9/62, 8/79, 9/88, 10/29, 7/11, 4/56, 9/61 and 8/69 respectively. These variables have a significant effect on the security of worn textures residents in the central area of Tehran, considering the value of T-statistics and their appropriate level of significance (0.001). According to the route analysis model, the component of feeling safe had the most effect with a coefficient of 0.20. Then, components have had the greatest impact such as Lighting(with a coefficient of 0.15), passages(0.14), pattern of activities and uses(0.10), quality of residential areas(0.09), form of space(0.07), identity of citizens(0.06), population density(0.05), social monitoring(0.03) and finally employment(0.04).

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the physical and social space of the city on the feeling of security among the citizens of Qazvini. In order to achieve this goal, first, the theoretical framework of the research was determined according to the appropriateness of the subject under investigation, and then the main hypothesis of the research was extracted from it. The research method in this research is a survey and the data collection tool are a researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability. The statistical population of the research is the citizens of Qazvin city. And the sample size of 321 people was obtained by multi-stage cluster method, then using SPSS and Amos software, it was used for hypothesis testing and data analysis. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the physical and social space of the city and the sense of security. In the regression analysis to explain the dependent variable, among the independent variables, the variable of the residence area had the most effect, and the variable of the physical space of the city, gender, age, social space of the city, number of years of residence and socio-economic base were the most influential. Also, according to the indicators obtained from the Amos software, the collected data supports the proposed theoretical framework.

The tourism industry, as one of the top developing industries, has a special place in the economy of countries today, and with its effects, it plays an active and effective role in improving the economic, social-cultural and environmental structure of societies. One of the effective factors in promoting and growing tourism development is the development of a sense of social security. In this regard, the current research aims to analyze the sense of security of tourists in Ilam city and the performance of the police in the direction of the sustainable development of tourism by using the IPA technique. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population of this research is the residents of Ilam city, 300 people were selected as the sample size using Cochran's method and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by alpha.The findings of the research, based on the Pearson correlation test analysis, which was carried out to investigate the relationship between tourists' sense of security and tourists' loyalty in Ilam city, show that the relationship between tourists' sense of security and their loyalty is significant with a significance level of less than 0.01 at the 0.99 level. and with a correlation coefficient of 0.468, this relationship is direct, that is, with the increase in tourists' sense of security, their loyalty to tourism in Ilam city will also increase.

Security is a concept that finds meaning in urban societies. Without a sense of security, no urban space will be a place for the presence and social interactions of citizens. The purpose of this research is to compare the factors affecting the feeling of security in the informal settlements of Karaj metropolis. In this research, after examining the related theoretical bases, the components of "life security, dignity security, financial security" were obtained as indicators affecting the sense of security in the informal settlements of Karaj metropolis. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The data collection tool in this research was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. whose validity was done by formal method and its reliability was done by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of the research was the citizens of the informal settlements of Karaj metropolis, and the sample size was considered to be 384 people using Cochran's formula. Kalak has the lowest sense of life security and Islamabad neighborhood has the highest level of security and sense of life security. It should be noted that the highest average rating of the feeling of financial security is related to the neighborhood of Islamabad and the lowest is related to the neighborhood of Kalak. The investigated neighborhoods have significant differences in terms of the importance of life. The highest sense of life safety is related to Islamabad and the lowest is related to Qazalhasar neighborhood.

In this regard, the aim of the present study is to Examining the relationship between social capital and sense of security of Afghan immigrant(Case study:Mashhad city)This research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative and survey in terms of the nature and method of research. The data needed for the research was collected by the document-questionnaire method.To measure the sense of security and social capital, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, The statistical population of the present study is all Afghan immigrants in the city of Mashhad(400 thousand)and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula with the maximum error rate (P and Q) equal to 0.5, 372 people. SPSS and SmartPLS softwares were used for statistical calculations for structural equations and variables.The structural dimension of social capital with a factor load of(0.581)shows the greatest effect on the sense of security of immigrants, and social capital in their case has been able to explain(0.459)of the variance of the sense of security.Also the results showed that the communication network was able to be significant with a factor load(0.582)in relation to the sense of security of Afghan citizens, and social participation was not significant in this regard.Finally the relationship dimension of social capital(social trust;social commitment)and the security of Afghan immigrants wasnot confirmed due to low impact.The amount of social capital and sense of security in the case of Afghan immigrants is higher than the expected average, and the share of capital has exceeded the amount of security.

In urban Peripheral spaces, the existence of social issues and challenges is one of the important and significant realities that planning should be done to solve it with obsession and priority. Women, as a part of the human population of any settlement, especially in the suburban area, often have the largest share of challenges and social anomalies. Some of these issues have to do with the performance of security forces in space, such as the police. also, in recent years, the police have been trying to improve their role in their communities and their relationships with the people of the community. The positive attitude of the police is the result of many factors that have been given more attention during the years. The present study is based on the localization principle, which studied 291 female students of different universities of the city of Isfahan through simple random sampling method. The data were analyzed by SPSS and PLS software. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis and in order to recognize the fitness of the model, the fitting indices of the model presented by PLS were used. The results showed that fear of crime, victim of crime and media significantly determines the attitude of female students towards police. the results of path analysis indicated that victims of crime and student crime had a negative impact on their attitude toward the police But media has a positive effect on students' attitudes. It was also found that students under the age of 20 years had a more positive attitude toward the police and PhD students are more afraid of more crime than other students of the academic level.

Today, one of the main components that improves security and makes society healthy,peaceful and desirable is social capital.Therefore, knowing the amount of social capital of the members of a society and its role in explaining the level of feeling of social security and its components is of special importance.In this regard, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between social capital and the sense of security of Afghan immigrants in the Metropolitan peripheral Spaces of Mashhad.This research is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of research method.The data required for the research has been collected by documentary-field method.The statistical population of the present study is the number of Afghan immigrants in the city of Mashhad in2020-2021(400 thousand ),which was selected as a sample size of 372people using the Cochran formula.SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the data. The results of the examination of the fit of the measurement models in the amount of Cronbach's alpha coefficients and combined reliability for all variables (social capital and sense of security of Afghan immigrants) are more than0.7and the amount of extracted variance is more than0.5and it is acceptable and in the test of divergent validity, they have good divergent validity in all variables.The results of the structural models according to the values obtained from the coefficient of determination (structural capital with the highest value of 0.559 and cognitive capital with the lowest value of 0.209)show moderate direct relationships among the indicators.Other results showed that all weights of the combined external model are significant at the99%confidence level, except for the case of(intellectual security from the sense of security variable).Finally, in the analysis of the graphic path ofthe sense of security based on the dimensions of social capital(cognitive,communicative and structural),the structural dimension(0.581)shows the greatest effect.

Feelings of security is one of the most important needs of citizens and one of the indicators of urban quality of life that is influenced by several factors. One of these factors is sense of community.In this research, the relationship between the sense of community and the security feeling of the citizens of Ashkhaneh is considered. In this research ,sense of community includes 4 components of membership (belonging), fulfillment of needs, shared emotional connection and sense of influence, and the sense of security is people's evaluation of the security of their neighborhood.This research is a survey research and a questionnaire was used to collect data.. The statistical population is citizens over 15 years of age in Ashkhaneh city . The sample size is 377 people and the sampling method is random simple.The data analysis method is one-sample t-test , Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis.According to the findings of this research, the mean of feeling of security and sense of community in the neighborhoods of Ashkhaneh city are 3.7 and 3.52, respectively, that are higher than the average.Also, according to the correlation coefficient of 0.45 at a significance level of P-value<0.1 it can be said that there is a significant and positive relationship between the sense of community and the sense of security of the residents of Ashkhaneh city, and the intensity of the correlation is moderate.The results of multiple regression also show that among the indicators of community sense, the two indicators of fulfillment of needs and shared emotional connection, respectively, have the greatest impact on citizens' sense of security.

Security is the prerequisite for a healthy society and the feeling of security is the basis for the development of human societies, and the prosperity of a community in the group of maintaining and maintaining security and the feeling of security resulting from it; Therefore, establishing security in the urban structure and citizens' sense of security is of increasing importance. There are some urban spaces that provide the ground for disturbing order and security. Space and mass are closely related; Therefore, human behavior in space and different places in relation to the sense of security with a specific shape and geometry, as well as with the function embedded in it, is different and in many cases, space; Human motivation in the occurrence of certain behaviors is essential to create security in that place and space. Creating quiet spaces away from social unrest with a sense of security to the people and also increasing the quality of urban spaces by paying attention to the basic needs of urban life is considered as one of the benefits of urban space. In many cases, the type of physical space design, the role that a particular place takes on, and the social dimensions of an area lead to spaces becoming safe or, conversely, unsafe. In other words, urban spaces with their characteristics are somehow a trigger for the crime. Apart from the social and cultural effects of planning and design, safe urban environments on patterns of citizenship behavior and improving the environmental quality of urban spaces, reducing urban crime and crime are independent and important issues.

The purpose of this study is to determine the causal relationship between the independent variable of feeling of security and the dependent variable of the quality of urban spaces.The research method in this research is correlational and within the framework of analytical methods.The method of data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire.Indicators and factors evaluated in the research were extracted with an emphasis on measurability and measurability by reviewing the relevant texts.For this purpose,the number of extracted factors and indicators were documented in accordance with the study area.Pearson correlation test and linear regression were performed to investigate the relationship between the feeling of security and the quality of urban spaces in the area of the central sidewalk.And with SmartPLS software,the model fits the calculation model and the structural analytical model in the research on the variables was presented.To calculate the reliability and validity (mean of extracted variance of AVE),the factors of the questionnaires were performed among 365 people referring to the central pedestrian urban spaces studied and urban planning and social science experts.The sample population was selected as a cluster between experts and citizens and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.899.This area is located in the center of the city,which has become a central sidewalk in recent years.In this regard,research was conducted to determine whether citizens and visitors feel safe in this urban space or feel safe.In their opinion,it depends on what factors.This stage of sampling is measured in one step.The indicators and dimensions used in the research have a multidimensional structure.

Walking alone at night,women traveling alone at night,traveling in their own cars on the streets around the square,sending children to school for long distances are acceptable to residents and staff.Social disorder sense of security with correlation coefficient P=0.74;From the point of view of the visitors to the square and the merchant,acknowledging that since the study complex has become a sidewalk,the rate of burglary,the rate of extortion and extortion of citizens in this place,the rate of harassment of people in this space,the rate of drug use And the public presence of addicts,car theft in the square itself has been eliminated and has been reduced in the surrounding areas.Therefore,according to the components analyzed the sense of security, it can be said that the greater the sense of security P=0/871 and the degree of correlation of its indicators The rate of conversion of urban spaces into urban spaces with a sense of security, including; Holding religious and cultural activities and ceremonies, entertainment and service activities, the level of communication between people, how women and children are present in this space, access to various types of public transportation, distribution of bus and taxi stations, access for pedestrians and cyclists, etc. It also increases in proportion to the feeling of security in this urban space.

In general, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the feeling of security and the quality of urban spaces. Therefore, it can be concluded that urban spaces according to the existing social conditions; That is, the formation of spaces, the function of spaces, can affect the level of security. Creating calm spaces away from social unrest and also increasing the quality of the environment by paying attention to the basic needs of urban life is considered as the desirability of urban space. The results show that the more people are present in the form of social support and monitoring in urban spaces, the more citizens feel safe. Considering the effect of citizens 'presence on the feeling of security, it can be concluded that maintaining the security of the city is the main task of urban spaces and open and public (public) areas of a city in case of citizens' traffic and supervision on the central sidewalk. Descriptive findings related to independent variables indicate that respondents rated the risk of trust and social disorder at a high level. In relation to the social support variable; Most respondents had no hope of helping others in an emergency and considered their help and assistance in the community to be low. Respondents also assess the incidence of delinquency in the central sidewalk environment at a low level.Keywords: the feeling of security, trust, urban space, central sidewalk, Hamedan, SEM.

Today,in geographical spaces, security and the tourism industry interact with each other. In fact, understanding the factors affecting the security of tourism destinations, especially religious tourism, is very important for the development of appropriate strategies in this area. The present study was conducted in this direction with the aim of investigating the level of pilgrims' sense of security in the geographical space of the holy city of Qom and its effects on the development of religious tourism in the city.The research method was mixed and with a descriptive approach was survey. The required data were obtained by two methods library (with the help of books, articles, Internet, etc.) and field (with the help of a questionnaire).The statistical population consists of all Iranian pilgrims in Qom on Nowruz 1398 and with a sample size of 265 people,a questionnaire has been distributed.The method of data analysis is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Findings and finally the results of the research have shown that the highest average between the dimensions of tourists' sense of security belongs to moral security and the main insecurity that pilgrims feel in Qom is financial insecurity. Other results of this study are the inverse effect of direct and indirect insecurity experiences on tourist confidence and also the direct relationship between travel insecurity experience on trust and also the relationship between trust and religious tourists' sense of security. Finally, the inverse relationship between the feeling of security and environmental disorder has been confirmed by the authors of this article

Urban spaces are one of the most influential factors in guiding the patterns of individual and social behavior of individuals. All human behaviors are formed in certain spaces that are considered the bedrock of behavior. On the other hand, with the growth of urbanization in many parts of Iran, the problems and inadequacies of urban life have increased, including the increase in crime in urban peripheral areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to Evaluation of the use of crime prevention components in environmental design and its impact on the sense of security of residents of Urban Peripheral Areas (Case study: Bonjar city). This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of nature and research method. The data required for the research were collected by documentary-field method (questionnaire and observation). SPSS software and FANP and FARAS models were used to analyze the data. T-test results, according to the mean value obtained in all components, Indicates the lack of environmental design components in crime prevention in the urban peripheral areas of Bonjar. The results of regression and path analysis tests showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between crime prevention components in the design urban peripheral areas of Bonjar and residents 'sense of security and has a direct effect on increasing residents' sense of security in all components. Finally, the results of ranking the components of environmental design in crime prevention and sense of security of residents of the urban peripheral areas of Bonjar using FARAS and FANP models, showed that the component of supporting social activities with the value of k obtained (0.490) Is in the first priority.