اردبیل

The COVID-19 outbreak began in late 2019 and rapidly spread globally. The main objective of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of the coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city.

Methods and Material: 

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Spatial statistics methods in Arc GIS software were used to analyze the results. The data collection method was library-based, and the statistical population of the study consisted of individuals infected with coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city in 2020. Statistical methods including central mean, standard deviation ellipse, and nearest neighbor analysis were used to investigate disease distribution patterns.

The results show that the spatial distribution of coronavirus disease in different districts of Ardabil city was heterogeneous. In district one, the values are (z-score: 7.72) and (p-value: 0.000), and the distribution of patients was observed as dispersed and regular with a high concentration in the central part of the city. In district two, the values are (z-score: -4.96) and (p-value: 0.00001), showing a clustered pattern with the disease spreading from southwest to northeast. In district three, the values are (z-score: -0.52) and (p-value: 0.6013), and the distribution of patients was random in the northeast direction. In district four, the values are (z-score: -1.96) and (p-value: 0.094), with a clustered distribution of patients from south to north. In district five, the values are (z-score: -3.24) and (p-value: 0.0011), exhibiting a clustered pattern spreading from east to west.

In bureaucratic systems the political re-construction of the space and the role of the government in this field play a prominent role in development, and this role is more evident in the case of cities that their political and administrative status are upgraded. This analytical-descriptive research aimed to analyze the effects of upgrading the city of Ardabil from a Township center to a province center in the development of the city since 1993.The data is extracted from sources such as statistical yearbooks or received from the relative offices. We use descriptive statistics models in SPSS software and calculation, drawing and analytical tools of the GIS to analyze the data as well. Shannon's entropy model is also used to determine the form of the city growth. Findings showed that after upgrading the administrative-political status of the city to a province center, the figures of the indicators of social and cultural dimension of development including the number of financial, cultural, educational, medical, and judicial centers, the number of government agencies, government employees and service sector jobs increased rapidly. It also changed urban land using in favor of administrative, commercial, educational and policing activities. Also, the city population increased and it extended physically in a more scattered growth form. To avoid the negative consequences of the re-construction of the space where the administrative-political status of cities enhanced, the research suggests that smart city procedures being implied, more authority to local managers being given, and national and regional re-arrangement plans being taken.

Energy is one of the most important and vital socio-economic inputs of development (Keyhani et al., 2010). Expansion of industries, ever-increasing population and limitation of non-renewable resources have intensified the tendency to study renewable energies especially wind energy. Feasibility study is the first step on the establishment of wind farms.The world's wind energy production capacity reached to 435 Gigawatts in 2015, but still it is only around 7% of the potential energy production capacity of this huge clean energy source. At present, China, United states, Germany, India and Spain are the leading countries in the use of wind energy in the world. China alone obtains about 50% of her energy from wind powers. Meanwhile, in 2015, Iran produced only 117 megawatts which is about 0.03% of total energy obtained from wind in the world (World Energy Council, 2016: 57). Iran's vast area with relevant climate variability has a higher potential capacity than what is now being exploited. Therefore, a correct understanding of the temporal-spatial pattern of wind speed and its annual and intra-annual variability is the first step to focus on the areas prone to wind power generation in the country. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and feasibility of winter wind energy in Ardabil.

In the present study, 3-hourly data of Ardabil synoptic station were used in the period of 1995 to 2004. In order to determine potential wind energy, wind velocity and wind direction data as well as temperature in winter in the hour 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18 and 21 were gathered. Usually, wind velocity and direction are recorded at a height of 10 meters above the ground. Then, its wind rose and wind energy were drawn using WRPLOT version 7.0. In order to determine long-term changes of the average wind velocity, linear regression method has been used. International Renewable Energy Agency in collaboration with the Technical University Denmark (DTU) have presented the world's most complete wind atlas. In this research, information and maps of the World Wind Atlas were used. The latest atlas uses ERA5 dataset of European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the simulations in period 2008-2017. In the present research, data gathered in 6 points including Ardabil's synoptic station and 5 other points (in the windy areas in the county) have been analyzed using the information of this atlas.

In December and January, wind velocity at 12:00 UTC in Ardabil synoptic station during the studied period, was greater than or equal to 4 m/s on 82% of the days while it is the same on all days (100%) in six months of the year. Meanwhile at 15:00 UTC more than 60% of the days and at 9:00 UTC more than 65% of the days during the year the status was like the same too. In other words, in three months of the year, it is possible to extract Potential energy in a great number of the hours during days and nights in this station. In other months, the feasibilty remains in one third of the hours of the day and night. Results shows that in all months, there have been significant changes in the trend of wind velocity in Ardabil station. Also, using the Global Wind Atlas (GWA), average wind velocity was extracted at 10 and 50 meters in the area around Ardabil. The area of Ardabil can be divided into two halves, north-west and south-east. the south-east part of the city have a more significant wind velocity. It is due to the fact that some areas of the city have had high average annual wind velocity (2008-2017). It must be noted that in the two studied parts, 6 areas were selected in the city and analysis were done. The average power density for 10% of the selected areas had the highest values (e.g., in Heer village, Dojagh village and Foladloy were 896 w/m2, 720 w/m2 and 611 w/m2 respectively. While average value of power density for Ardabil, Balghou and Kalkhoran were 348, 357 and 331 w/m2, respectively.

In December, January and February, energy is possible to expolite in the most hours day and night at this station, while in other months, only durind a third of the hours of days and nights it is available. In the most months of the year, there have been significant positive changes in trend of wind velocity in Ardabil synoptic station. The biggest changes were in January, which is increased more than 4 m/s comparing to the average wind velocities in a 36-year duration of the analyzed data. Based on the results extracted from Global Wind Atlas in the 6 studied points in the windy areas around Ardabil, differences in wind velocity, prevailing wind direction, peak hours of wind and the behavior of these variables in the different months of the year were determined. The lowest wind velocity and potential energy density is in Ardabil (near synoptic station) and the highest is in an area in Heer village in the southeast of Ardabil. According to the classification of wind based on International Electronic Commission, Heer district can be categorized in the second class, while the other two stations are put in the third class. Since the minimum velocity required for installing commercial turbines is 6 meters per second and for starting small turbines is about 4 meters per second, it is suggested to start turbines in Ardabil, Balgho district and Kalkhoran. Feasibility studies should be carried out on small farms in Heer, Dojagh, and Foladloy to set up commercial farms. Keywords: feasibility, Ardabil, Global Wind Atlas, trend.

A beautiful city is one of the main concerns of combining aesthetic and practical elements in urban planning, and making the city beautiful is a solution to beautify its residents. Since urban space is the result of citizens' interaction, the greatest pleasure of urban beauty can be found in good design and amenities. In addition to addressing the category of beauty, this article has tried to answer the question that to what extent the urban areas of Ardabil have been able to implement the indicators of urban beauty? The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population was the citizens of the urban areas of Ardabil, and using the Cochran sampling formula, the number of 383 people was determined as the statistical sample size by stratified random sampling. Sampling was done from five urban areas of Ardabil according to the population share of each urban area. The data was collected by two documentary and field methods, and finally, by using Excel software and through Vicor's analytical model, the data was analyzed, and in the research findings, it was determined that each of the urban areas of Ardabil in terms of The implementation of urban beauty indicators had different ratios and the average position of Ardabil city in terms of the degree of urban beauty indicators was estimated with Q 0.545, slightly lower than the average.

One of the most important effective factors in better efficiency in providing timely and reliable firefighting services in cities is the issue of locating stations to reduce the time to reach the scene of the accident. In this research, first, the layering of the road network of Ardabil city was downloaded from the OSM database, and the topology of the layer was created using topology rules in the ArcGIS software environment. Then, to identify urban cores deprived of fire services in Ardabil city, network analysis in the context of geographic information system has been used in terms of distance and also driving time. The service area of each of the stations was determined by analyzing the service area, and for this purpose, the distance of two kilometers from Manhattan and the time of three minutes to reach the accident site were used. To perform the analysis, the information fields of the maximum speed of vehicles on roads, the length of roads, the time taken by vehicles to travel the road, and the operating speed in the road network layer of Ardabil city have been used. The result also shows that 79% of the city is within the service range of fire stations, and areas such as Azadi and Azadeghan in the center of the city, Kalkhoran and Seyedabad neighborhoods in the north of the city, Niyar in the east, and the newly built settlements in the south of the city lack service coverage. In order to provide more coverage and increase safety in areas outside the service area, three new locations have been proposed for the construction of fire stations.

Several factors contribute to the development of tourism in a region, among which climate is one of the most significant. Climate acts as a key driver or deterrent for tourism in any given area. This study aims to compare the results of two models, TCI (Tourism Climate Index) and UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index), and to provide a climate zoning analysis for comfort and discomfort in various locations across the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan on a monthly and seasonal scale.

Methods and Material: 

In this research, based on the thermal thresholds of the TCI and UTCI indices, a bioclimatic atlas for the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan was developed on a monthly and seasonal basis, and the results were compared. The UTCI index was calculated using RayMan and Bioklima software. The data were interpolated using the Kriging method in ArcGIS, and the corresponding maps were created.

According to the results of the TCI index, the months of May, June, July, August, and September generally show favorable conditions across all stations, except for Parsabad in September, Mianeh and Khoy in August and July, Kaleybar in May, and Jolfa in June, which exhibit less favorable conditions. The seasonal analysis indicates that most stations in spring and summer are suitable, except for Parsabad in summer, Kaleybar in spring, and Jolfa and Khoy in summer, where conditions are less favorable. The results of the UTCI index reveal that, during May, June, July, August, and September, all stations exhibit favorable conditions except Parsabad and Sahand in May, which display less favorable conditions. In the seasonal analysis, all stations show suitable conditions in spring and summer, except for Sahand in spring. Based on the results, due to the mountainous nature of the studied provinces and the presence of snow and winter conditions conducive to winter tourism, planning can be undertaken to promote winter tourism, considering the months with more favorable numerical index values.

Over the past few decades, discussions related to human development and its impact on economic growth have been of particular importance. The Human Development Index is a combination of three key components: life expectancy, per capita income, and literacy level, and is used to measure the level of development, analyze spatial justice, and regional inequality at the national and regional levels. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the economic factors affecting the improvement of the Human Development Index in Ardabil province. The type of research is descriptive-analytical.

The method of this study is based on quantitative-spatial approaches. The research method used in this study is a combination of documentary-library methods. In the analytical section, by considering the indicators and considerations of human development in the form of 13 target indicators, the economic factors affecting the improvement of the Human Development Index in Ardabil province have been examined on a case-by-case basis. To collect the required information, the main reliance was on the documents of the National Statistics Center, and the Morris model, GIS software, and Spss were used to analyze the collected data.

The results show that in terms of human development index, the three counties of Ardabil, Parsabad, and Meshginshahr are in the highest ranks, and the three counties of Kowsar, Namin, and Sarein are in the lowest ranks. Also, the spatial distribution of the human development index among the counties of the province shows that the central and northern counties of the province have relatively better conditions than the southern counties. Regarding the factors affecting the human development index, the results of the article showed that the indicators of rural percentage, household size, unemployment rate, dependency burden, actual dependency burden, theoretical dependency burden, and percentage of industrial sector employees, with correlation coefficients of 0.726, 0.768, 0.245, 0.512, 0.512, and 0.598, respectively, had a statistically significant negative relationship with the human development index, and the indicators of urbanization percentage, employment rate, economic participation rate, women's economic participation rate, percentage of agricultural sector employees, and percentage of service sector employees, with correlation coefficients of 0.726, 0.245, 0.395, 0.101, and 0.435, respectively, had a statistically significant positive relationship with the human development index.

Today, not paying attention to the correct distribution of educational centers in cities has created many problems for citizens and students. For this reason, it is very important to identify the spatial distribution pattern of schools and the key factors affecting it. The research is correlation type and its purpose is to explain the significant impact of key variables affecting the distribution of schools in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city. OLS regression analysis and GWR have been used in ArcGIS software. The relationship between the spatial distribution of schools and the spatial distribution of the population in Ardabil city was carried out with OLS regression and according to the results, the key variables affecting the spatial distribution of schools were identified. The effect coefficient of each of the key variables was calculated with both types of regression and the maps obtained from the coefficients were analyzed with GIS analytical functions. The result shows that the distribution of schools in Ardabil city did not follow the population distribution, but cultural, religious and sports factors had more effects on this distribution. Thus, the variable of cultural and religious uses has had the greatest impact on the spatial distribution of schools in the old construction areas and its informal settlements, and the least in the newly built areas and towns. Also, the biggest disproportion between the population density and the distribution of schools is seen in the central areas of the city, which are mainly located in the geographical territory of a municipality.

The patterns of spatial changes in peri-urban areas are an intertwined relationship between two relatively different areas of socio-economic structures (forces and mechanisms) and spatial structure (historical-geographic context). The discovery of this relationship enables a better understanding of the process and mechanisms related to the formation of peri-urban areas and their spatial changes in the context of the rentier economy. In explaining the problem of peri-urban areas, a major part of the analysis follows the urban political economy literature common in the 1960s and 1970s, due to the existence of the capitalist and global system, and its consequences such as the destruction and destruction of agriculture and villages and of course Recession and migration to cities have been mentioned. The study area of the current research is Ardabil city. The emergence of the first urban phenomenon in Ardabil province and the unbridled expansion of Ardabil city (especially after it became a province in 1372) based on the demands and needs of the urban society, led to wide-ranging transformations and transformations in various areas of the life of some villages in the region. has had its influence. The rapid growth of the population of Ardabil and the consequent increase in the demand for housing and more constructions has caused the physical expansion of the city. Responding to this demand has generally been done through changing the use of agricultural lands around the city and even nearby villages, in other words, digesting the villages and converting rural lands into residential uses. What we are witnessing here is the unplanned and thoughtless growth of land use both within the official boundaries of the city and in the rural settlements of the sphere of influence. The increase in rural-urban migrations and the lack of proper control and supervision to these areas in the absence of comprehensive and upstream plans have led to the unbalanced physical development of the villages around the city of Ardabil. Therefore, the most important question of the current research is: 1- What are the most important drivers affecting the future of Ardabil's peri-urban areas in physical-spatial dimensions? 2- What are the most important possible scenarios for the future of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil?

The current research is of an applied type and in terms of its method, it is descriptive-analytical, in line with the basics of future studies, with an exploratory approach (viewing the past and present, in order to know the future) and analyzing the state of physical-spatial developments in the peri-urban areas of Ardabil. . In this regard, data collection was based on the Delphi technique in a documentary and survey manner. Mic Mac and Scenario Wizard software were used for data analysis.

In the current research, considering that the aim is to identify the most important determining and influencing factors in the physical-spatial developments of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil, among the influential variables (because they are the most influential factors), risk variables (because they have a high potential to be among system influencing variables) and regulatory variables (which can be converted into risk variables and secondary goals) are used as the most important determining factors, which total 16 key factors. After identifying the most important factors, various situations (probable situations related to key factors) about the physical-spatial developments of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil with a political economy approach are included. The number of these situations is designed according to the conditions of each factor. In fact, these situations related to each of the factors as a perspective of the physical-spatial situation of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil should be raised and likely to occur. Finally, 36 possible situations for the future of the physical-spatial developments of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil were drawn with the economic-political approach of space, of which 15 possible situations are favorable; 8 possible situations are static and 13 possible situations are critical.

According to the obtained results, it shows the instability of the system, it is better to take the initial measures in order to solve the critical situations according to the key drivers, so that the system moves towards stability and balance, and to extract possible future scenarios of the physical-spatial developments of peri-urban areas. Ardabil 16 key factors were extracted. These 16 factors include key variables (4 items); There are risk variables (7 items) and regulatory variables (5 items), and basically, out of 53 variables, 16 variables were found to be the most important driver variables affecting the future of Ardabil's peri-urban areas in physical-spatial dimensions. 5 scenarios with high compatibility were obtained, the first scenario shows the trend of positive influence and the fifth scenario shows the trend of negative influence, and these two scenarios had a high compatibility score among the other 5 scenarios. Looking at and establishing productive activities and increasing productivity in various areas in peri-urban areas, strengthening public institutions and facilitating private sector investment, directing capital towards economic and job-creating activities, bottom-up planning is among the highest values of adaptability. Related to the key factors in the future are physical-spatial changes in the peri-urban areas of Ardabil.

Rapid physical and population development and growth in recent decades has caused many problems in cities, and Ardabil city has not been exempted from this due to its historical antiquity and high population and physical growth. This research examines and evaluates the land suitability index per capita in Ardabil city using the overlap model and spatial analysis in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. The main purpose of this study is to determine the per capita suitability of land for different urban uses and provide solutions to improve planning and sustainable urban development. For this purpose, first, spatial and descriptive data related to urban land use were collected from different sources and then processed using spatial analysis tools in GIS. The research results show that the use of this model can help identify suitable areas for future developments and optimize existing uses. The findings of this research show that there is an inequality of compatibility among some urban uses such as residential areas with more than 42%, educational use with more than 35%, administrative use with 38%, medical use with 25% and sports use with 16%. They have neighboring uses. Tourist use with more than 80%, religious and cultural use with more than 75%, and commercial use with more than 70% are in completely compatible and relatively compatible conditions with their neighboring uses and have the least incompatibility with other uses. Therefore, urban planners and designers should pay special attention to the proper distribution of neighboring uses based on spatial-spatial components, while allocating the best space to the uses needed to solve the current shortage, in the programs related to future development. This study provides practical suggestions for improving urban planning policies and land management in Ardabil, which can be used as a model for other cities.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the status of social capital indicators from the perspective of citizens in the fourth district of Ardabil. The present research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population is residents over 15 years old in the four cities of Ardabil; Using Cochran's formula, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that includes four indicators; Social trust, social participation, social cohesion and social network and the degree of reliability obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS software (one-sample t-test, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests) was used to analyze the data. Innovation of the present study is the use of three statistical tests to determine the status of social capital; In the whole region, it is four and according to the indicators in the neighborhoods of region four. The results of comparing the average of social capital indicators from the citizens 'point of view in region four show that the status of social capital indicators is somewhat favorable and somewhat higher than the average, and that the ranking of indicators from the citizens' point of view is It means that citizens have different rankings of social capital indicators. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test also show; Neighborhoods in all indicators of social capital have a significant difference at the alpha level of 0.05 percent.

Traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of death and disability, causing an annual death of 1.23 million and tens of millions injured and injured worldwide. Meanwhile, a significant proportion of fatalities and injuries resulting from traffic accidents occur among urban accidents. According to the 2014 report of the Statistics Center of Iran, about 9% of accidents in the city lead to death and 60% lead to injuries. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, patterns of urban accidents in the city of Ardabil were investigated using the GIS. The present study is a quantitative-analytical study. The data required for the study were extracted from the Ardabil Traffic Police as well as the municipal database and the Statistics Center of Iran. The map of Ardabil city areas was used to show the distribution of events. Nearest Neighborhood, Local Moran and Global Moran indices were used to determine the pattern of incident distribution, Medium Center Test was used to focus events, Ellipse Deviation test was used for distribution, and Kernel Density Test was used to identify the focus of the incident. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and ARC-GIS software. The results showed that the central part, northern and eastern suburbs of Ardabil are the most vulnerable areas of Ardabil in terms of intra-city traffic accidents. Intersections, squares and boulevards are the site of most traffic accidents that lead to the formation of accident hotspots

Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces are among the provinces where a significant part of their population and economy are mixed with villages and villagers, and from this point of view, there are many similarities between their historical, socio-cultural, economic and environmental aspects. The rural areas of these provinces, despite their very high natural, economic, social and cultural capabilities, face widespread deprivation, cultural poverty and rural emigration. Meanwhile, the tourism sector has the necessary potential capacities for rural revitalization in the investigated provinces. It is worth pondering that the planning system governing tourism activities in these provinces lacks a specific approach. For this reason, the main problem of the upcoming research is to identify the place of rural tourism in the target villages of tourism in Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces in the life cycle of tourism and develop a suitable methodology for planning their development. The present research has been conducted as a comparative study and in a descriptive-analytical method. The area studied in this research includes the villages of Zenuzagh, Kandavan and Ashtabin in East Azarbaijan province and the villages of Gazaj, Alvars and Oonar in Ardabil province. To determine the sample size, Cochran was used first and the size of the sample population is estimated to be 175 households. The method of selecting data from the local community is systematic random and from tourists randomly.According to the results obtained from this model, the studied villages are in different stages of sustainability. The available information shows that the villages of the study area are at the average sustainability level from the point of view of tourism, and the ecosystem welfare index and the human welfare index are also at an average level.

Municipality is one of the necessities of the social system, which is necessarily represented by a structure that is possible only through the intervention of the people. Also, the performance of the municipality, as one of the institutions and perhaps the most important institution in the structure of urban management, has an essential role in citizens' quality of life. In order to measure the performance of the municipality, two major methods, objective and subjective, can be used. In the objective method, the municipality's performance is compared with a series of criteria and standards to determine how close its performance is to the standards, but in the subjective method. It investigates to what extent people are satisfied with the quality of urban services and performance as recipients of services and beneficiaries of plans and programs. Performance evaluation and management is one of the special topics of strategic human resource management and is considered a suitable tool for improving the performance of employees and organizations. Comprehensive and sustainable management of the city will be implemented when the citizens are satisfied with the performance of the municipal organization because citizens' satisfaction with the performance of organizations plays an essential role in improving urban management and increasing the efficiency of urban management. Ardebil city is a metropolis with rural and nomadic roots. It faces challenges in urban life, and we see citizens arguing about the lack of satisfaction with the performance of the municipal organization in providing social, technical, and civil services at the city level. Therefore, according to the statement of the problem, the most important question raised by this research:-How satisfied are the citizens with the performance of the Municipality of Ardabil Region 4?According to the question, the most important hypothesis is that it seems that the citizens of Ardabil are not satisfied with the performance of the municipality's duties in various civil-technical, service, and socio-cultural departments of the municipality.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, and field sampling (survey) has been used to collect the required information. Based on this method, questionnaires were prepared and completed in the target community (citizens living in Region 4 of Ardabil Municipality). In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha method was used so that the calculated Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.82. In this way, it can be said that the distributed questionnaire has high reliability. In addition, the methods of studying documents, books, and sources related to the research topic have been used. The statistical population of the research consists of all the residents of Region 4 of Ardabil municipality, equal to 237,292 people (according to the population and housing census of 2015).The sample size was estimated to be 384 people based on Cochran's formula, and to increase the confidence factor, the sample size was considered to be 400 people. The sampling used in this research is cluster sampling combined with simple random. The way of distributing the questionnaire was that a certain number of alleys were randomly selected in each neighborhood, and then the questionnaires were completed by the alley's residents. In order to analyze the collected data, descriptive-analytical and inferential statistical methods were used. Based on this method, the data collected in frequency distribution and statistical parameters were analyzed and then analyzed using statistical methods of Kendall correlation, Kruskal Wallis, and t-test in SPSS software.

Based on the data collected from the total sample of 420 people, 65% of the respondents are men, and 35% are women. In terms of education level, 42.7% have a university education, 35% have a diploma education, and 22.3% have a school or sub-diploma education. According to these general and detailed indicators, the importance of each of the services provided by the municipality was questioned. Therefore, the Kruskal Wallis test was used to test the hypothesis (the citizens of Ardabil city are not satisfied with the performance of municipal duties in various civil-technical, service, and socio-cultural departments of the municipality) and the importance of each of the municipal duties. According to the obtained results related to the service activities of the municipalities, the activity of timely garbage collection and handling and cleaning of the green space is the most important from the citizens' point of view. According to the municipality's duties in civil and technical activities, the construction and reconstruction of parks are the most important, such as asphalting roads and streets, making predictions, and protecting the region from accidents and natural disasters. They are in the following ranks. Based on the duties and activities that municipalities perform in cultural and social fields, from the citizens' point of view, holding various recreational programs (such as the Nishat system) is the most important, which shows that citizens are changing the structure of municipality only as an organization providing urban services. The results indicate that the level of satisfaction of the citizens with the quality of services and the way of informing the municipality is lower than the limit, but the level of satisfaction with the treatment of officials and employees is average.

The general results indicate a significant difference between the civil-technical, service, and socio-cultural duties of municipalities from the point of view of the citizens of the study area in terms of their importance, so the service duties of the municipality are the most important. This is because citizens are involved with these services daily, and the deficiency of each of them, such as garbage collection, makes their lives difficult. Socio-cultural duties are placed in the next rank, which shows that the citizens do not expect the city management and municipality only to deal with the civil, physical, and service situation but also to provide the basis for social life, citizen relations, and organizing affairs; they require the creation of public spaces and spending leisure time, etc. According to the results, which shows the greatest dissatisfaction of the citizens in the service sector, it is suggested that the responsibility of urban affairs, including the mayors of different areas of Ardabil and the city council, monitor more in this field, both in terms of quantity and quality of services such as Hama. Regarding the socio-cultural duties of the citizens, who did not expect much from the municipality, but since one of the municipality's duties is to meet these needs, it is suggested that the municipality take pragmatic steps in providing leisure facilities, including the development of recreational centers, holding art festivals, etc. In general, to overcome this problem, it is suggested that the municipality take appropriate and coordinated executive measures or city councils, including equipping the mechanized facilities of urban services in the technical, emergency, and general sectors in order to satisfy the citizens in all dimensions for all groups of citizens provide housing for every age, gender, and texture.

Given the available tools, including management laws and sciences, it seems that the modern rural management system has not been able to achieve the expected progress and desirable development. However, some believe that the trend of change and evolution has been acceptable, and there is hope for the continuity of the new approach. But the reality is that the existence of some civil and economic problems has prevented the efficiency of modern rural management from being as prominent as it should be.Today, it is rare to find a society that does not show a tendency for progress and development, so community managers make every effort to achieve this goal. However, each community has its own unique structure, and a fixed model cannot be considered for all societies. In this regard, attention to modern rural management can bring multiple positive consequences for the rural community, provided that the rules of rural management are not based on the taste of decision-makers, and decisions are made based on scientific and experimental support.Ardabil province, due to its geographical location and some characteristics such as suitable agricultural climate, topography, angle of light incidence, and air currents, has the potential for progress and development in rural areas. However, by examining the structural condition of the villages, it can be concluded that, due to various factors, the villages have not been able to fully follow the path of rural development. Considering the above, the aim of this study is to identify the driving and inhibiting factors of modern rural management in the central villages of Ardabil city and to provide appropriate solutions for the growth and development of modern rural management.

This research is theoretical in nature and quantitative-qualitative in its descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected using both library and field methods. The statistical population of this study consists of two groups: the first group is the local residents of the villages in the central part of Ardabil city, numbering 48,250, and the second group is 40 rural management experts. The sample villages were determined based on the criteria of having a population of more than 20 households and having a management institution (council/village head). According to the available statistics (2016), there are 86 villages in the central part of Ardabil city, so a multi-stage stratified sampling method was used. The sample size is 360 households, and the questionnaires were distributed among the households proportional to the population and number of households in the studied villages. The questionnaire items are closed-ended and based on a five-point Likert scale.For data analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the frequency, mean, and standard deviation of the data. In the inferential statistics, the structural equation modeling method in the LISREL software was used. In the present study, four indicators were used to examine the driving and inhibiting factors of modern rural management: management factors, economic factors, social factors, and environmental factors.

All the driving and inhibiting elements of rural management in the central villages, from the perspective of villagers and experts, consist of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors, which are considered as the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages. From the villagers' perspective, the effect size of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors on the driving elements is 0.83, 0.87, 0.97, and 0.85 respectively, and on the inhibiting elements is 0.83, 0.79, 0.76, and 0.75 respectively. From the experts' perspective, the effect size of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors on the driving elements is 0.74, 0.94, 0.72, and 0.98 respectively, and on the inhibiting elements is 0.97, 0.94, 0.96, and 0.97 respectively.Based on this, it can be concluded that all the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, from the perspective of villagers and experts, are part of the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages. If the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified from the perspective of villagers and experts, are optimized, this effect will be stronger, and if the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified from the perspective of villagers and experts, are reduced, this relationship will certainly be weaker.

Based on these findings, it can be said that all the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified in this research, are part of the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in these villages. If the driving factors of rural management in the central villages are improved and the inhibiting factors are controlled, the rural management in these areas will be enhanced.The results of this study are consistent with the findings of Mahdavi and Karimipour (2012), Naderi Mahdi (2015), and Ataei et al. (2020), which have emphasized the importance of increased cooperation between villagers and the village administration for improving rural management.

This research tries to evaluate the tourism destinations of Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces from the perspective of the quality of ecosystem welfare and human welfare as two basic pillars of sustainable tourism.

This review is of the type of applied studies and the analysis of information has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, and Alen Butller's tourism life cycle (TLC) model has been used for their analysisThe statistical population of this research consists of the villages of Zenuzagh, Kandavan and Ashtabin in East Azarbaijan province and the villages of Gazaj, Alvars and Onar in Ardabil province, with a total of 465 households and a population of 1876 people. The size of the sample population in this research is 176 households, which was estimated by Cochran's method. The required information has been collected by the field method and using the questionnaire tool. The selection of the host community for questioning is by systematic random method and the selection of the tourist and visitor community is simple by random method.

The results of this study show that ecosystem and human well-being in tourism destinations are often at a medium level of sustainability and still have a significant distance from the characteristics of stable and completely sustainable destinations, and the emphasis on economic results and incomes causes neglect of natural and Human tourism activities in the studied destinations.

The results of the surveys show that the index of visiting tourist destinations over time can improve the state of ecosystem well-being and human well-being in the destinations, if the village of Kandavan is in a better state of well-being in both the human and natural ecosystem due to the high number of visitors. . Naturally, secondary factors such as improving the level of social awareness and cultural exchange between the host community and the tourist community and social education can be effective in this situation, as in destinations with fewer visits and a lower position of these indicators, it shows another different situation.

Spatial analysis of tourist attractions is one of the most important measures that are carried out in order to investigate and explore tourism capacity. The purpose of this research is the spatial analysis of the tourist attractions of Ardabil city, which investigates and analyzes this category using the Moran's model. The current research is of applied type and its method is survey. Related data and information have been collected through library studies and document analysis, in parallel with that, using a questionnaire, 32 experts in the field of tourism and geography expressed their opinions regarding the indicators. Probability sampling method is stratified sampling. According to the research findings, Moran's value for the tourist attractions of Ardabil city is about 0.276639 and while all the coefficients in the spatial delay model, spatial error model, ordinary least squares are significant, the natural attractions of Ardabil city have the highest values. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out that in the context of the city under study, the relationship between cultural, historical and natural tourism attractions with the flow of tourists is positive and significant, and all relevant models confirm this positive relationship and it is necessary According to the priority of the attractions, basic and relevant measures can be taken.

Despite the recent advances in the analysis of seismic performance of a variety of building structures, structural reinforcement strategies are still one of the most technically challenging topics. The aim of this study is to close this study gap by providing a simple methodology for assessing the seismic vulnerability of buildings located in the dilapidated structures of Ardabil. The proposed method is a qualitative method based on field studies of 1440 different buildings. Damage index for all buildings is calculated and their average in earthquakes with magnitudes 7 to 9 on MSK scale, in terms of intensity for different types of buildings are plotted in bar charts and PGA in linearly. Has been. According to the results, approximately 30% of steel buildings are less than 20 years old and due to the revision of Standard 2800 compared to the time of their construction against earthquakes with Intensity 8 has a high probability of damage and in intensity 9 there is a possibility of collapse and destruction of the building. The results show that this structural system is in a better condition than buildings with building materials. Buildings with concrete structures that are less than 15 years old are prone to moderate damage with a magnitude of 8 and high probability of damage at a magnitude of 9. Finally, concrete structures performed better than steel and masonry systems. In general, the results show that most of the buildings in dilapidated and historic structures are exposed to an earthquake with a magnitude of 8 in the row of high damage and a magnitude of 9 total damage and destruction. Highly vulnerable buildings are mostly located in central parts of the city (especially Zone One).

Today, fires represent a significant hazard stemming from both natural occurrences and human activities, presenting multifaceted challenges across urban settings. Fire stations emerge as pivotal service hubs within cities, necessitating strategic placement to ensure timely and dependable response, unimpeded by urban constraints. This study endeavors to devise a suitable model for the establishment and distribution of fire stations in Ardabil city. The research methodology is predominantly descriptive-analytical, employing a combination of documentary studies, library research, and field surveys for data collection. The Moran index is utilized to assess the distribution pattern of existing fire stations, while the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method, facilitated by Super Decisions software, is employed to weigh 16 criteria determining optimal station locations. Subsequently, the Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS) model, within the ArcGIS software framework, is utilized to identify suitable zones for new fire station placement. Findings reveal gaps in coverage by existing stations concerning functional radius and population density, indicating a need for 11 additional stations to adequately serve Ardabil's population of 516,277. The Moran index underscores the randomness of the current station distribution pattern. Ultimately, the study delineates suitable areas for new station deployment across five distinct levels on a map. This research serves as a valuable resource for crisis management in Ardabil, offering insights into the current state and distribution pattern of fire stations, as well as delineating areas for new station establishment.     

At present and in the future, ensuring safety in life is essential for human beings. Fire stations are one of the most important and vital centers for providing security in the city in critical situations. Fire stations can provide their services in a timely and safe manner if they are located in suitable places and can reach the accident site in the shortest time and without facing obstacles and limitations of the urban environment. The most important problem in servicing these centers is the lack of proper distribution of stations and the limited operating radius of existing stations. This has also been true of locating fire stations in the city of Ardabil; and every year, many people lose their lives and property due to various accidents, including fires. It is involved in the spatial distribution of municipal services, including fire stations. As 7 fire stations in the city are not able to serve the whole city. Therefore, in this research, spatial distribution and suitable zones for locating fire stations in Ardabil city are done using Fuzzy Topsis model in GIS software.

Stations in Ardabil by the end of 1399 were extracted from the official statistics of the fire department and transferred to the GIS environment and the necessary analyzes were performed using spatial statistical techniques. By determining the status of existing stations and research objectives, we have identified suitable areas for locating fire stations. In general, the location selection process in this research can be expressed in four general parts: 1. determining the study area, 2. Determining the evaluation or decision criteria, 3. determining the weight of the criteria, and 4. Weight and overlapping criteria maps. Accordingly, after selecting the study area, the criteria affecting the location of fire stations were selected from different sources and in the next step, the criteria were weighted based on the opinions of experts using the network analysis method in Super Design software. After determining the weight of the selected criteria, using the Fuzzy Topsis model in the GIS software environment, the criteria were evaluated and finally, a combination map of the criteria that showed the best place to build a fire station was extracted.

This study achieved its main goal, which was to determine the appropriate locations for the location of new fire stations. However, in order to complete the issue in the next step, based on the appropriate zones for locating fire stations, suggested sites for constructing new fire stations have been proposed. According to the population of Ardabil and the standard of one fire station for every thousand people, 4 fire stations are required for the city. In this research, in order of priority and based on the set of research criteria, stations in the priority of location selection are marked with numbers. There is no certainty in choosing the location of new stations and it depends on economic conditions, managerial decision making, traffic conditions, budget and facilities of municipalities and other dynamic and difficult conditions in terms of forecasting. In the proposal of new stations, attention has been paid to building density and highway network. The proposed stations cover the city well. The obtained results are in line with the findings of Nazari et al. (2015), based on the need of the city to create new stations. It also confirms the results of Warsi et al. (2015) that the number of available stations is not enough to cover the entire city. Moreover, the results of this study are consistent with the findings of Noheghar et al. Except for these cases, the results of the paper are based on Murray (2013) findings that the existing stations are located in an inappropriate position. And is consistent with the results of Janek (2013) on the need to use new methods and especially the new scientific and executive approach to the problems of fire stations in the city.

One of the most important factors influencing the construction of fire stations is the location, and determining the optimal location maximizes the efficiency of fire stations and provides better services to users. With this in mind, fire stations should be properly located throughout the city. In this research, in the first step, the status and distribution pattern of existing fire stations in Ardebil city were analyzed using spatial analysis techniques in GIS environment. The results showed that fire stations do not completely cover all areas of the city and only cover part of the city of Ardabil and part of the east and west and the suburbs of the city are outside this radius of operation. In the second step, the pattern of distribution of existing stations was analyzed and the results showed that the pattern of distribution of stations in the city is random. Due to the need of the city for new stations or their spatial rearrangement, in the third step, suitable locations for the location of new fire stations were identified using the main criteria affecting the location

Today, several urban development plans are prepared and implemented in order to overcome the problems and achieve the development and sustainability of cities. Projects that seem to have many problems in content and implementation and it is necessary to provide realistic, flexible and executable plans by quantitative-qualitative evaluation and identifying the weaknesses of these plans.Goal: The present study is the evaluation of the detailed plan of Ardabil city based on the integrated method.

The present research is of user type and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study is 10 experts and managers of Ardabil urban areas as well as members of the city council who have been selected using the snowball method. The main method of this research is the combination of "process preparation and implementation process" and "plan / process / results" in which PLS, SSIM and PESTLE models have been used.Geographical area of research: The geographical area of this research is the city of Ardabil.

Findings show that in the criterion of adaptation of managerial weakness, lack of proper organization and lack of adequate budget allocation by the government are the reasons for the lack of per capita land use. The horizontal growth of the city has the least impact. In terms of relationship, the twenty goals of the plan are more in line with demographic and social goals, and part of it is related to mismanagement. In terms of external cohesion, according to the researches, most of the proposed densities have not been achieved. The criterion of financial and human resources has not been successful due to the unstable economic conditions of Ardabil Municipality. The failure of the criterion for participation in the implementation of the plan and planning is due to the belief of some experts that people do not interfere in the plan due to lack of scientific expertise and skills. Regarding the criteria for using the program, it can be said that this criterion has not been met at all and the problems of Ardabil TV and urban landscape have been one of its consequences.