استان ایلام

Energy, as one of the most important factors of production and also as one of the most essential final products, has significant economic effects. Iran, with its huge energy potential, is the second largest producer of energy in the world, while Iran has faced many economic problems, especially in recent decades. Ilam province, which has the highest fossil energy reserves in the country, is always considered as a deprived province with no human development. In this regard, one of the ways out of Ilam province from economic crises and lack of development is the management and use of fossil fuels in the cities of the province. In this regard, the present study uses descriptive-analytical and applied methods to analyze the effectiveness of using fossil energy in the development of cities in Ilam province using the topsis model, to evaluate the effects of using fossil energy in the development of cities in Ilam province. The results showed that in this field Malekshahi city with 16.17%, Dehloran city with 12.74%, Sirvan city with 11.03% and Ilam and Ivan cities with 10.80% each are among the cities and the results of SWOT table showed that the strategy The position of fossil energy in the development of Ilam cities is in a slightly competitive situation.

The plant and animal reserve of Zagros vegetation area has always been threatened and destroyed by fire in dry seasons. The lack of advanced surveying facilities has caused the location and extent of fire destruction to be recorded, as well as their impact on plant and animal species. Fire records are a good source of information in terms of reproducibility, fire-prone species, and the extent of restoration of damage caused by fires to be used in fire risk zoning and fire range expansion modeling. In this research, the methodology of discovering the traces of old fires has been discussed. This process has been done using Landsat 8 images. Various object-oriented algorithms and fuzzy membership functions have been used in image classification to detect fire damage. The accuracy of the classification is evaluated with the new QADI index. The introduction of the combined use of the near-infrared change percentage index and the NBRI47 burn index along with the use of Large, MS-Large fuzzy functions as the best classification method is one of the findings of this research. Kappa value in this method was calculated as 0.96, overall accuracy as 0.98, and Cadi value as 0.01. The area of the map resulting from the best classification showed the occurrence of a fire with an area of 62.75 hectares, which was confirmed by NASA fire detection systems and ground data. The methodology and results of this research, in addition to the possibility of being used in the scientific community of remote sensing, are also important for experts and planners of natural resources and the environment.

The phenomenon of dust is one of the most important environmental crises in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, which has harmful effects on human health and the environment. Dust or fine dust refers to very small and light particles of silt, clay or sand, which are moved and transported for a long distance in the earth's atmosphere as a result of wind erosion and desertification by the wind, and the horizontal visibility is between It is limited to 1 to 2 km or less. Due to being located in the dry and semi-arid belt of the world, Iran is exposed to numerous local and extra-regional dust systems. The dust storm in our country during the last few years has involved the provinces of the country as a serious crisis and has brought dangerous consequences for the residents of these areas in terms of environment, health and economy. Identifying the dust source area using remote sensing techniques is one of the most important methods in the world. The purpose of this research is to identify the centers of dust harvesting and its risk zoning using RF and MARS models. It is in Ilam province. 38 dust harvesting centers were identified in the study area. 70% of the identified foci were used for modeling and 30% for evaluation. Then 7 factors including soil, lithology, slope, vegetation cover index (NDVI), distance from the river, climatic units and land use were prepared as independent and effective variables on the center of dust collection. Then, using RF and MARS models, dust risk zoning maps were prepared.

The results of the identification of dust source area indicate that a total of 38 dust source area were identified in the entire region. The rule for detecting dust source in this research was based on the Gaussian plume diffusion model. In this way, when a dust emission cone is observed in a satellite image, the top of the cone represents the dust point. The results of the random forest model indicate that land use and soil science factors had the greatest role in the occurrence of dust. Using this model, the areas of sensitivity to dust extraction centers showed that about 18.1% of the studied area is in the category of very high sensitivity, and 63.2% of all dust source area are also in this range. Has taken. According to the results of MARS model, respectively, land use factors and climatic classes had the greatest effect on the creation of dust collection centers, and soil science had the least role. Examining the floor area of the dust sensitivity map using the MARS model showed that the area with high sensitivity has the lowest area (6.7) and the area of high, medium and low floors is 19, 42.8 and 31.5 respectively. It has been estimated. About 44.7% of collection centers are located in the area with very high sensitivity and there are 2.6% dust collection centers in the area with low sensitivity. The results of the random forest model showed that 16.6% of the area of Ilam province is in the area with low sensitivity, 42.3% in the area with medium sensitivity, 23% in the area with high sensitivity and 18.1% in the area with high sensitivity. It is located a lot. The results indicate that the highest concentration of dust collection (63.2%) is located in the area with high sensitivity. The results show that about 81.6% of the dust harvesting centers are located in the area with high and very high sensitivity. In both models, the highest percentage of dust collection centers is in the very high sensitivity class, which includes a small area of the region, especially in the MARS model.

The results of both models indicate that land use had the greatest impact on the creation of dust source area. Evaluation of the models using the ROC curve showed that in relation to the success rate, the RF and MARS models have accuracy of 0.91 and 0.86, respectively. Both models show a high correlation between sensitivity maps and distribution of dust centers. The results showed that the RF model has a higher accuracy in determining the areas sensitive to dust collection centers in the study area.

The quality of services as the main foundation and infrastructure of any organization plays a decisive role in the success or failure of the organization. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors on the successful implementation of the Arbaeen Hosseini mission in the Border Guard Command of Ilam province.

In terms of its objectives, the current study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature, it is a qualitative, and based on the method of data collection, it is descriptive research in the framework of theme analysis. The statistical population of the research includes 15 commanders and managers of the Border Guard Command of Ilam province, external experts and experts related and familiar with the subject and a number of Arbaeen Hosseini (PBUH) pilgrims who participated in the Arbaeen ceremony at least four times and are experts in the field of the research topic, which was done purposefully and up to the stage of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview with experts. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that 47 indicators in the form of 5 components (human, structural, interactional, systemic, technical and infrastructural) constitute the indicators of the effective factors in the successful implementation of the Arbaeen Hosseini mission in the Border Guard Command of Ilam Province.

Based on the findings of the research, the Ilam Province Border Guard Command has performed well in implementing the Arbaeen Hosseini mission compared to other similar provinces. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, human, structural, interactive, systemic, technical, and infrastructural components have been among the most important factors that played a role in this matter. Therefore, attention to these components has been emphasized in other provinces, and in order to carry out the above mission as best as possible, planning and taking measures to implement these components in other provinces is an essential need of the I.R.I Police Border Guard Command.

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems in the world, which has created many problems for human societies. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of erosion using experimental models for estimating erosion and sediment is one of the solutions through which soil erosion can be controlled to some extent and its amount can be minimized. The present study was conducted to compare EPM and RUSLE models in estimating erosion and sediment in Chamgardalan watershed of Ilam province. In this regard, the factors affecting erosion include rain erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, vegetation and soil conservation operations as well as observable erosion coefficients, rock and soil susceptibility to erosion, land use and average slope, used as a percentage used in the mentioned models and finally the amount of erosion and sediment produced was calculated according to the proposed models and compared with the amount observed in the sedimentation station of Chamgardalan watershed. The results show that the estimated sediment rate of RUSLE model was 16.37 tons per hectare per year and in the EPM method was 21.49 tons per hectare per year, which is closer to the estimated value of RUSLE. Observed sediment of 16.58 tons per hectare per year, the efficiency of RUSLE model in estimating sediment in the study area is higher. Finally, it is recommended to use the EPM model for the initial phases of justification, overview and identification studies and RUSLE method for detailed and more accurate studies of erosion and sedimentation of the watershed.

This research aims to measure and evaluate the social sustainability of the cities of Ilam province emphasizing the sustainability of small cities, using 51 social sustainability indicators, including 8 components: the literacy rate of city residents, the durability and strength of the family, the availability of suitable housing, the quality of population dynamics, access to Healthcare indicators, access to educational indicators, equal access to cultural spaces and access to green and recreational spaces in 21 cities of Ilam province. The main aim of this research is to improve the quality of life for the residents of these cities and to achieve equality and justice; both intra-generational and intergenerational to realize sustainable social development. The main question of this research is what levels of development are the cities of Ilam province in terms of social sustainability? And is there a relationship between the size of the population of cities and their level of social sustainability? In other words, do the small cities of this province have a better social sustainability than other middle cities in the province from the perspective of social indicators?

This research, in order to measure the social sustainability of 21 cities of Ilam province, based on the data of the 1395 census, 51 indicators related to social stability, including 4 indicators of literacy status, 4 indicators of family consolidation status, 11 indicators of access to health facilities and equipment - Medical, 7 indicators of access to educational facilities, 3 indicators of access to cultural-religious facilities, 22 indicators of access to social economic activity (access to suitable housing, employment and economic activity) were selected, then negative indicators were reversed and turned into positive indicators. It was evaluated and analyzed using SPSS software and the application of TOPSIS technique.Then, to determine the relationship between the size of the population of the cities and their sustainability rating, the cities of the province were ranked and classified using cluster analysis, and their results were displayed in the form of maps using Arc GIS. Then, using Spearman's correlation coefficient, the relationship between population rank and sustainability rank of cities was investigated and analyzed. Spearman’s correlation test is a non-parametric synonym of Pearson's correlation coefficient. Spearman's correlation coefficient shows how much the dependent variable changes with the increase or decrease of the independent variable?

The results of cluster analysis about the population of the cities of Ilam province show that Ilam city as a medium city with (166,760 people) at the first population level, four cities of Dehlran (30,385 people), Ivan (29,351 people), Abdanan (22,420 people) and Darreh Shahr (20,371) in the second population level, three cities of Mehran (14,309), Arqavaz Malekshahi (12,333) and Sarableh (10,869) in the third population level and thirteen urban points Asman Abad (5,886), Chavar (5,753), Badre (4,215), Pahle (4028), Murmori (3518), Zarne (3113), Lomar (2655), Mimeh (2628), Sarab Bagh (2557), Musian (2480), Delgosha (2201), Saleh Abad (1707) and Towheed (1475) They are at the fourth level of population.The results show; The only urban point of Towheed, on the first stable level, 4 cities of Mimeh, Lomar, Sarab Bagh and Badreh on the second or semi-stable level, 10 urban points; Sarablah, Musian, Saleh Abad, Delgosha, Chavar, Asman Abad, Murmuri, Pahle, Dareh Shahr and Zarneh are in the thirdor semi-unstable level and 6 urban points of Arquaz Malekshahi, Abdanan, Mehran, Ilam, Ivan and Dehlran are in the fourth or unstable level.The results of this research using the TOPSIS technique and cluster analysis to determine the level of social sustainability in 21 urban areas of Ilam province based on the statistics of 2015 using 51 social sustainability indicators show; The only urban point of Towheed, on the first or stable level, 4 cities of Mimeh, Lomar, Sarab Bagh and Badreh on the second or semi-stable level, 10 urban points; Sarablah, Musian, Saleh Abad, Delgosha, Chavar, Asman Abad, Murmuri, Pahle, Dareh Shahr and Zarneh are on the third or semi-unstable level, 6 urban points of Arquaz Malekshahi, Abdanan, Mehran, Ilam, Ivan and Dehlran are on the fourth or unstable level..Also, the analysis of the population of the cities of the province using cluster analysis in four levels shows that the city of Ilam is an intermediate city with (166,760 people) in the first population level, four cities of Dehlran (30,385 people), Ivan (29,351 people), Abdanan (22,420 people) ) and Dareh Shahr (20,371) at the second population level, three cities of Mehran (14,309), Arquaz Malekshahi (12,333) and Sarablah (10,869) at the third population level and thirteen urban points Asman Abad (5,886), Chavar (5,753), Badre (4215), Pahle (4028), Murmori (3518), Zarne (3113), Lomar (2655), Mimeh (2628), Sarab Bagh (2557), Musian (2480), Delgosha (2201), Saleh Abad (1707) and Tawhid (1475) are in the fourth demographic level.

The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient calculations to check the correlation between the population size and the sustainability of the cities of Ilam province by using the Spearman's coefficient show the value of -0.782, indicating the existence of a strong and inverse relationship between the city's population rank and the sustainability rank. it is them This situation shows that with the increase in the population of the cities, their stability decreases and on the contrary, and for this reason, small cities have more stability. In other words, cities with smaller (smaller) population size have higher social stability, which is a direct result of governments to create educational, health and medical services and other social indicators in these cities, and there is equality and proportionality between the population of cities with higher population and social stability indicators. is not observed; Therefore, any planning in the field of improving the social sustainability indicators of the cities of Ilam province must necessarily start from the cities with higher population such as Ilam, Dehlran, Abdanan, Mehran, Ivan, and Arquaz Malekshahi.

In the current situation, it becomes more necessary to pay attention to social and economic sustainability, taking into account the challenges and bottlenecks facing developing countries, and in the meantime, rural areas are facing many problems. A significant share of rural instabilities goes back to socio-economic instability, which, in addition to deteriorating employment, income, inequality of opportunity, access to services, basic needs, and the like, also has negative feedback on environmental sustainability. Due to these instabilities, rural areas are experiencing consequences such as urban-rural inequalities, population evacuation, migration, and environmental degradation. Economic sustainability and social sustainability are two inseparable components because individual welfare is not separate from the welfare of society, and the existence of social cohesion, empathy, and tolerance leads to the creation of space in which people feel more responsible and believe that a fairer distribution of resources plays a key role in the long-term survival of society.

The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Inferential statistical methods (one-sample t) and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of this research uses spatial analysis in GIS for sampling (Using the adjacent layers raster to the province's permanent rivers, settlement density, rural population density, distance from the road, distance from the nearest cities, the province's land layer, slope, and height and their overlap in the final raster and placing the whole province in 3 classes are high, middle, low. Out of 378 villages with more than 20 households, 37 villages were selected as a sample, and 250 questionnaires were calculated and randomly completed by the villagers in 2020-2021.

Numerical mean analysis obtained from the calculation of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in rural areas was obtained among the respondents using questionnaire data. To investigate this issue, a single-sample t-test was used, in which the component of social participation with an average of 3.1646 was higher than the average (3). Also, the analysis of research data with the structural equation modeling approach in PLS software includes the study of model fit in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model. Measurement models show the relationship between each hidden variable and its indicators. The reliability and validity of the variables are checked to evaluate the measurement models. After testing the measurement models, it is necessary to evaluate the structural model of the research that shows the relationships between the variables. For this purpose, are examined the coefficient of determination (R2) and the predictive power of Stone and Geiser (Q2). After evaluating the measurement and structural models of the research, the fit of the overall model is examined. The GOF criterion is used to evaluate the fit of the overall model. Finally, the results show that according to the results of t and the significance of path coefficients in PLS software, social stability has a more important role in creating overall stability than economic stability.

Structural analysis of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in order to identify, strengthen, and develop socio-economic factors affecting sustainability in the study area was the main purpose of this study. In terms of components and factors affecting the socio-economic stability of the study area, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that the component of social capital (social participation factor) has the greatest impact on social sustainability in the study area and in terms of economic stability except for the rural investment factor, other factors are in a weak position. The results obtained from estimating the structural equation modeling of fit indices have good validity and reliability. Also, the results of the structural equation modeling technique (in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model) showed that social capital has a greater impact on social stability than social welfare. Also, the economic justice component has the most significant impact on regional economic stability.

The rapid growth of urbanization in Third World countries is causing regional balances to collapse; in the meantime, the adoption of some economic policies attracts facilities into several limited areas and the backwardness of other One of the issues facing planners in different regions of the country is the risk of developing major cities in the face of the underdevelopment of small towns and rural areas. This article aims to study and compare the cities of Ilam province in terms of developmental indicators and their developmental extent by using TOPSIS and AHP method with emphasis on system attitude. The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant imbalance between Ilam and other counties of the province, and the city of Ilam is the only city with other provinces in the province. Thus, it can be said that the total number of Counties in the province of Ilam is only 14.3% and 85.7% of them are deprived.

The truth of livability considering that it refers to the degree of providing the necessities of a society based on the needs and capacity of the people of that society for the growth and development of rural settlements, or in other words, livability promotes quality of life and development of the concepts of the quality of people's living environment so that it provided the best ways of life for them. The present study was conducted to identify and explain the factors affecting the livability of rural settlements using the method of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficient as a survey method. In this research, 6543 heads of rural households in the city of Ilam were surveyed to identify and explain factors contributing to rural settlements' livability. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 363 people, and the sample was selected randomly and the quota sampling method. In this study, a questionnaire was exerted, experts confirmed content validity, and reliability was verified by a pre-test and Cronbach's alpha of 0.864 percent.The results show that the social dimension with a correlation coefficient of 780/. and the explanation coefficient of 66.73%, the economic dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.593 and the explanation coefficient of 73.66%, the physical dimension with a correlation coefficient of 587. and the explanatory factor of 68.12% and the environmental dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.585 and an explanatory factor of 23.23% affect the livability of rural settlements in Ilam Township. The results also show that the most important factors affecting livability in the social dimension are working groups with 0.782, in the economic dimension the existence of savings and the appropriateness of living expenses in the village with 0.897 and 0.854, in the physical dimension access to service uses at the regional level with 821. 0 and in the environmental aspect, the lack of houses in the flood path is 0.794.

The study of the plans shows that many development plans have failed due to one-dimensional thinking and not considering the relationship between the city and the countryside and the lack of integrated management. Not taking into account the relationship between the city and the countryside and the lack of interaction between urban and rural managers has been an obstacle to the formation of integrated management, and the result has been the polarization of development, regional imbalance, rural emigration, rapid and unplanned growth of cities. In this regard, the current research has been conducted to present an integrated rural-urban governance model for the cities of the northern area of Ilam province. For this purpose, 9 indicators of coherence and synthesis, spatial coherence, interaction and the link between urban management and rural management, seeking participation, consensus orientation, accountability, accountability, justice and equality and transparency were evaluated with appropriate indicators. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is city managers and city and village councils, among which 322 people were selected as a statistical sample. Data have been analyzed using the structural equation model and pls software. Examining the coefficients of the path shows that the interaction and link between rural and urban management (synergy) have the highest score with a coefficient of 0.854, and the index of spatial cohesion is ranked second with a coefficient of 0.839. The synthesis Cohesion Index with a coefficient of 0.791 has the third degree of influence on the formation of integrated rural-urban governance and the participation index with 0.770, the consensus index with 0.728, the accountability index of 0.696, the accountability index with 0.678, the transparency index with 0.637 and the justice and equality index with 0.604 are placed in the fourth to ninth place respectively in the degree of influence on the establishment of integrated rural-urban governance.

The formation of balanced pattern of urban network based on the small cities is a basic step for suitable distribution of facilities and services and leads to a spatially arranged distribution of the population and human settlements on the national scale, as well as, with the forming of such cities, the chain of big cities, towns and villages will be completed. The purpose of this research is to investigate and spatial analyzing the status of the urban spatial system of Ilam province in the periods from 1355 to 1395 by using the evaluation models of urban system analysis such as; Ziff's rank- size law, adjusted rank- size model, entropy coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient, two-city index, Mehta index, first city concentration index, Herfindahl concentration index, Henderson centralization index. The method of collecting information and data was done using the non-field method; a library based on the necessary data from Statistical Centre of Iran between 1355 to 1395 years. The results of the research shows that the spatial system of the cities of Ilam province has an unbalanced pattern; the low role and position of small cities in the urban hierarchical system of the Ilam province despite low population and high numbers of small cities, the superior political-administrative position of Ilam city are the most important characteristics of urban network of ilam province. These factors cause to move of population from small towns to Ilam city to access the few facilities and services available in Ilam city, therefore this factor has exacerbated the gap in the hierarchical system of Ilam province between small-towns and Ilam city. Interventional actions of the government in order to strengthen small towns through increasing provincial credits in order to strengthen small cities and develop educational, health-care, infrastructure, IT technologies, road infrastructure, creating job opportunities, housing development, decentralization Administrative and political orientation are the most important solutions in order to adjust the urban system of the province.

.Regional development as one of the types of development can play an important role in the sustainable development of regions and also have a great impact on the progress and all-round development of provinces. Ilam province has many economic, social and... However, this capacity has not been used so far. The purpose of this research is to formulate strategic and strategic policies for the regional development of Bangah in the future in Ilam province. Thus, the research method in this article is descriptive and analytical. And the required information was prepared by documentary and survey method (questionnaire). And based on the first step in the strategic planning process, Meta SWOT is used. This regional sustainable development strategy model was identified to determine the resources and capabilities of Ilam province to compare regional competitiveness with neighboring provinces, and finally, the following results were obtained through PESTSL analysis: among the major factors of private sector investment, trade despite the border location, increasing provincial budgets and credits, avoiding political views Regarding management issues, the macro management of the country has the highest influence on the regional development of Ilam province. Also, border transportation, industries and mines, border market, water resources and agricultural lands as the most important development capabilities of the region have the most strategic fit with macro factors. Therefore, in the final analysis of the obtained results, it can be said; In the competitive discussion, Ilam province has an equal position with the western provinces of the country for the development of the region, economically and socially, which should use this position according to the presented strategies and introduce itself as the pole of the region's development.

Sustainable tourism as an adoptive paradigm, which could be conducive to sustainable development, associated with the local communities’ prosperity and wellbeing is the outcome of local and strategic management of social, environmental and economic resources. Sustainability is achieved by harmonizing the specific values, attitudes and knowledge of each target community. Management of natural resources additionally requires recognizing and considering the views of stakeholders and attitude of beneficiaries as the key component of decision making process. A complex of subjectivities, attitudes, opinions, meanings and representations concerning the oak forests, tourism development and rural area must be identified to achieve comprehensive understanding and assessing of function and sustainably implement of tourism. In order to contextualization of this diversity at the local level, the Q methodology was used that showed be appropriate approach for interpretation and discrimination of existing discourses. Three distinct discourses were identified. The "sustainable rural ecotourism development discourse", is characterized by an unambiguously positive view of tourism and positive aspects of the economic effects of it at the local scale, without paying attention to its macro dimensions and negative effects. "Conservation discourse incompatible with tourism development" has a great emphasis on the dimensions of environmental protection and the possible negative effects of tourism development in natural areas, due to its focus on the protection of forest ecological areas, it does not agree with the development of forest-based tourism, and development of tourism beyond the regional concerns is pivotal in "trans-local mass tourism development discourse", with the aim of getting out from national economic crisis, were identified.

Sand and dust storms are the focus of much attention by governments and the international community because they affect health, agricultural land, infrastructure, and, generally, biological and economic resources. In this paper, critical sources of wind erosion, sand, and dust storms in Ilam province are identified, and environmental factors affecting their activating are determined. Also, the pattern of spatial and temporal changes in wind erosion, sand, and dust storms in this province has been studied according to national and international guidelines. Finally, the priority of critical sources of wind erosion, sand, and dust storm in Ilam province has been classified and determined.

Observed data from the synoptic station of Ilam province were used from 2002 to 2017 to investigate active dust sources in Ilam province. Optical Thickness Aerosol (AOD) At 550 nm, the MODIS sensor product, as a dimensionless parameter, is directly related to the concentration of airborne particles and is considered as an important criterion for detecting aerosols in the atmosphere. In addition, re-analyzed Era5 data are used to examine meteorological patterns. Dust Storm Index (DSI), wind Index, and drought index (SPEI) are calculated during the mentioned period. Then, using the GOCART model, the vertical dust flux was investigated monthly and annually, and the amount of dust emission was obtained from different sources in Ilam province. The HYSPLIT Lagrangian model also is used to determine the transmission path of dust particles through a case study that occurred on March 14 and 15, 2012.

A study of the monthly and seasonal pattern of AOD in Ilam province showed that in the warm season, dust formation is strengthened by north, and northwest winds and canalization of wind fields due to geological forcing, especially in the Mesopotamian region. Also, using observation data from synoptic stations in Ilam province dust storm index (DSI) and wind index were calculated and investigated. The results indicate that the trend of dust event changes in Ilam province has decreased over time. The highest wind index in this province was observed in the class of 0-5 m / s. In addition, in the wind class of 5-10 m / s, the maximum values are observed in the northern and western half of the province. The decrease in horizontal visibility due to dust events in the southern and southeastern of the province reaches between 1500-5000 meters. In spring and summer, the number of dusty days with the mentioned decreased visibility in these areas is more than in the other seasons. By calculating the drought index (SPEI) for Ilam province, it was observed that the drought situation had gradually intensified since 2008 when it was in a normal state so that in 2013, moderate drought prevailed in the province, and then with the continuation of this trend moderate to severe drought has been observed in this province from 2015 to 2017. Then, using the GOCART model, the vertical dust flux was investigated monthly and annually, and the amount of dust emission was obtained from different sources in Ilam province. The results showed that the highest amount of vertical dust flux occurs from Dehloran city in spring and Mehran city in summer, while the lowest amount of dust emission occurs in winter. In general, dust flux is observed in Ilam province in the southern half of Dehloran city and a small area located in the center of Mehran city. A comparison of friction velocity and dust flux quantities also showed that in the southern half of Dehloran city, dust flux values are very high despite very low friction velocity values.Finally, a case study of a dust storm on March 14 and 15, 2012, showed that during these days, the horizontal visibility at Abdanan station had reached less than 1000 meters, and at Darhshahr and Dehloran stations had reached less than 2500 meters. Establishment of the front in the southwestern regions of the country on March 14, 2012, at 12:00 UTC and in the western and southwestern regions on March 15, 2012, at 12:00 UTC, which was well observed with the change of direction and speed of the wind field in these areas, provided the conditions for dust emission in these areas so that a significant reduction in horizontal visibility occurred in many synoptic stations in the country and Ilam province on March 14 and 15, 2012. On the land surface, the establishment of a low-pressure center on the southwestern borders of the country and a high-pressure center on the southern half of the country provide the conditions for creating a strong pressure gradient in the southwestern regions of the country and strengthening the winds that finally, has caused the dust emission. The RGB image of the MSG satellite also shows the presence of dust mass on both days in the central regions of Iran.

Therefore, in Ilam province, two high and very high-intensity sources are located in the south (Mosian city) and southwest (Dehloran city) of this province. The prevailing wind direction in each season indicates the regions affected by each dust source. The dust source located in the south of Ilam, which has the highest intensity, is very active in all seasons. Due to the prevailing wind in spring, which is in the west, southwest, northeast, and northwest, Ilam and Khuzestan provinces are affected by this dust source. In summer, the prevailing wind is in the west, southwest, and northeast; this season, some areas of Ilam and Khuzestan provinces will be affected. Dominant northeasterly, westerly and easterly in autumn, and southwesterly winds in winter in this region cause Ilam and Khuzestan provinces to be affected by dust from this dust source. The second center, which is located in the southwest of Ilam province, is very active in spring, summer, and autumn. Due to the prevailing wind in spring and summer that blows from the west, southwest, northwest, and north, the provinces of Ilam, Khuzestan, and Lorestan are affected by this center. In autumn, northerly, northwesterly, northeasterly, easterly, and southwesterly prevail, and Ilam and Khuzestan provinces are affected by this center. Also, the annual review of the sources' activities showed that both had more intensity in 2013 than the other years.

Dust entrainment, transport, and deposition are important geomorphic surface processes that have adverse environmental effects and consequences. Various natural environments are resistant to wind erosion until they lose their stability, but when human activities change the stability of these geomorphic surfaces, areas prone to wind erosion increase and the potential for dust emission increases. In this study, we tried to evaluate the dust emission potential of geomorphology classes in Ilam province with emphasis on land use change. For this purpose, at first, the geomorphology map was produced based on the preferential dust sources geomorphic (PDS) classification scheme with a combination of remote sensing data and a number of thematic maps (lithology and soil). Then, using Landsat 7 (ETM +) and Landsat 8 (OLI) images, land use was extracted for 2000 and 2015, respectively, and by comparing them, a land use change map was produced. Finally, the land use change map was overlaid on the geomorphology map to determine the status of land use change in each geomorphology class. The results showed that in Ilam province there are 6 classes of geomorphology based on the preferential dust sources geomorphic (PDS) classification scheme. In most of these classes, the most important change of land use that has taken place has been the change of land use from rangeland to agriculture. Although geomorphology classes of 2a, 3c and 7 have little potential for dust emission, land use change not only in these three classes but also in other geomorphology classes has increased the dust emission potential of geomorphology classes.

In this study, the relationship between dieback of Persian oak trees and drought in Ilam province has been investigated. The main purpose of the research is to introduce a suitable model of relationship between oak dieback and drought. So from SPI and NDVI indicators and Moran index and statistical regression statistics and satellite images of Modis and Landsat have used to analyze the relationship between dieback of Ilam forests and happened drought in the region. The precipitation data of 93 rain gauge stations were analyzed during the statistical period and according to the dry coefficients of SPI index, drought zoning layers of Ilam province were prepared for two time series of 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2019. Greenery's raster layers were prepared from Modis satellite imagery for the mentioned time series. The results of analysis of Moran's statistical showed a significant correlation between the SPI index and the NDVI index in spatial dimensions. By a simple random method, 143 points of oak dieback with dimension of 30 m2, which each point was equivalent to a pixel-size, were recorded with a GPS device, and by simulating in satellite imagery, the droplet layer of oak dieback was extracted. Although linear regression between extracted oak dieback points with SPI and Moran statistical indicators was significant, but the relationship between NDVI index and Moran statistic has the effect of independent variable of drought trend in spatial and temporal dimensions on the dependent variable process of oak drought with spatial analysis. And nonlinear regression has a more appropriate and accurate statistical significance and explanation. So this method as desirable method has been introduced for analyzing of drought and oak dieback.

The developments in rural society over the past decades indicate instability and the existence of major socio-economic challenges in the process of sustainable development of rural areas. The neglect of diversity and continuous change in the socio-economic conditions of country rural communities and neglect of socio-economic infrastructure of rural society has added to the problems and challenges of rural development. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to socio-economic sustainability for planning and managing rural areas. The purpose of doing this study is to analyze the socio-economic stability of rural areas in Ilam province using GIS. For sampling, out of 378 villages with more than 20 households, 37 villages were selected as a sample and 250 questionnaires were completed by the villagers. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and for data collection two methods of field study and ‌ library study were used. Also, data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of a one-way analysis of variance show that there is a significant difference between economic and social sustainability indicators in different dimensions. Also, the results of factor analysis show that the number of indicators that indicate the factors affecting the sustainability of villagers are reduced to 12 special factors and the results of multiple regression analysis indicate that social components (0.217) have the greatest effect and economic components (0.042) have the least effect on the sustainability of villages in the study area.

Since there are not enough tools to measure flood, erosion and sediment in many watersheds of the country, it is necessary to use indirect methods such as fractal geometry to estimate them. There is very little accurate information about erosion in our country (Mohammadi et al. 2008). Understanding the sedimentation status and sedimentation of basins provides an accurate understanding of erosion and its consequences (Piri et al. 2005). Some parameters of watersheds have a special geometric shape that can be examined with fractal geometry. Mathematically, the basins that have the same fractal dimensions are equivalent to each other and are very similar in terms of geomorphological and hydrological characteristics (Adl and Mehrvand, 2004). The aim of this study is to obtain a significant relationship between fractal drainage network and erosion and sedimentation rates, and to generalize the results to unmeasured areas. 2. Introducing the studied area The studied area consists of 12 basins of Ilam province, which are in the western foothills of Zagros Mountain. Figure 1- The position of studied basins in the country and in the Ilam province Table 1- Specifications of basins and their stream gauging stations

These networks were provided based on 50DEM coordinates that in many cases, there isn’t enough accuracy and some channels are not displayed. Therefore, after transferring data to Google Earth, it was fully matched with the natural drainages and with a 5-meter accuracy, hydrographic network map was drawn and completed to reflect the full details of the network.Thence one cannot scale maps via “Fractalys”, fields with the same space of 25 kilometers on similar formations in different areas were accidentally chosen via “Fish Net” –in Arc GIS, to fix this problem. For each study formation, three 25sq.km. Fields were chosen and by the accuracy of 5 meters. These maps that had the same drawing accuracy and space, were drawn in the same scales via GIS on an A4 page in .bmp” and then were brought to Fractalys and finally, their fractal dimensions were calculated and extracted by the geometric method of counting boxes.

Figure 2- Hydrographic network and fractal dimension of the nazarabad watersheds before hydrographic network modification Table 2- Fractal dimension of watersheds before and after hydrographic networks modification In the following figures, the calculated fractal dimensions are observed for several samples of 25 km units before and after the hydrographic network modification. After the modification before the modification Amiran Aghajari 1.134 1.481 1.149 1.435 Figure 3- Fractal dimension of a hydrographic network of Aghajari and Amiran formations before and after hydrographic network modification. Quaternery Gachsaran Figure 4- Hydrographic network modification in the 25km unit on Google Earth Figures (3) to (4) show that after hydrographic network modification, the density of the hydrographic network and consequently the fractal dimension are increased in units of 25 km. Also, hydrographic network density changes in more sensitive formations are more than resistant formations, so their fractal dimension changes are also higher.Figure 5- Investigating the correlation of fractal dimension with hydrological indexes of Ilam watersheds the R2 value that is representing the correlation value is 0.0905. Therefore there is no significant relationship between the specific flood discharge of watershed and its fractal number. Table (3) Correlation test of specific flooddischarge data (Qw) in terms of (m3/s/ Km2) and fractal number (Fr) of the basins after modification of 25km units In Table 3, the specified number (-.240) indicates the correlation value of the data. Due to the obtained value, there is no correlation between the specific flood discharge and the fractal number of the basin.Figure 6- Correlation line chart of specific flood discharge data and fractal number of basins after modification of 25km un its Figure 7- Investigating the correlation of fractal dimension with the sedimentation index of Ilam watersheds In Figure 8, Due to the R2 value (0.939), it can be also concluded that there is a significant and direct correlation between the specific sediment discharge value and fractal dimension of the watershed. The following tables show the results of the calculations performed in SPSS software. Table 4- Correlation test of specific sediment discharge data (Qs) and fractal number (Fr) of basins after modification of 25km units The results of SPSS in Table (4) show that there is a high correlation between the specific sediment discharge data and fractal number. Because the number of 0.996 equals the correlation value between the two variables of the specific sediment discharge and the fractal dimension of the basins. The dispersion of data in the figure represents a high correlation in the data. Because the data are not scattered.

The fractal dimension gives more accurate results by the box-counting method than the magnification and radial methods..The results of the research show that there is a significant and inverse relationship between the fractal dimension of the formations and their resistance to erosion.As the strength of the formation increases, its fractal dimension decreases and therefore the density of the hydrographic network is lower.There is no regular trend between the hydrographic network density and the fractal dimension of the basin with the specific flood discharge of basins.Also, there is no significant relationship between this index and the fractal dimension of the basin.There is a significant and direct relationship between the fractal number and the specific sediment discharge (at a level of 5%), which indicates the erosion and roughness rate in the basin The highest value of fractal dimension can be observed in areas that are very sensitive, including Doiraj basin to 1.49.The least value of fractal dimension can be observed in areas that are resistant to semi-resistant in terms of geological formations, such as Kolm and Chamagaz equal to 1.14 and 1.11, respectively.

Sedimentation is one of the most important issues in the watershed. Due to the problems caused by sediment, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between hydrogeomorphic variables affecting sediment production and suspended sediment load in the watershed. The purpose of this study is to model the relationship between suspended sediment loads with hydrogeomorphic variables of the basin and to extract geomorphic features and their relationship with sedimentation in the watershed. By simple random method, two cows and conifers, which include 8 specific sub-basins and are equipped with hydrometric stations, were selected. Statistical multivariate regression method was used to analyze the relationship between geomorphic variables with sedimentation of each sub-basin. The results of the study of the relationship between geomorphic characteristics and sedimentation of sub-basins showed that the amount of sediment produced was positively correlated with slope index, roundness, drainage texture, rainfall, unevenness and basin area and was significant at the level of 0.001. In order to influence the variables on the sedimentation rate of the sub-basins, the principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods were used. The results showed that the three factors of roundness coefficient, slope coefficient and drainage texture coefficient of the basin explain 44.62, 25.22 and 16.74% of the variance of all research variables, respectively. In total, the three final extracted factors were able to explain 87% of the variance of all research variables.