توزیع فضایی

The COVID-19 outbreak began in late 2019 and rapidly spread globally. The main objective of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of the coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city.

Methods and Material: 

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Spatial statistics methods in Arc GIS software were used to analyze the results. The data collection method was library-based, and the statistical population of the study consisted of individuals infected with coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city in 2020. Statistical methods including central mean, standard deviation ellipse, and nearest neighbor analysis were used to investigate disease distribution patterns.

The results show that the spatial distribution of coronavirus disease in different districts of Ardabil city was heterogeneous. In district one, the values are (z-score: 7.72) and (p-value: 0.000), and the distribution of patients was observed as dispersed and regular with a high concentration in the central part of the city. In district two, the values are (z-score: -4.96) and (p-value: 0.00001), showing a clustered pattern with the disease spreading from southwest to northeast. In district three, the values are (z-score: -0.52) and (p-value: 0.6013), and the distribution of patients was random in the northeast direction. In district four, the values are (z-score: -1.96) and (p-value: 0.094), with a clustered distribution of patients from south to north. In district five, the values are (z-score: -3.24) and (p-value: 0.0011), exhibiting a clustered pattern spreading from east to west.

Considering the critical importance of the response time of fire stations in reaching the incident scene and the necessity of examining the spatial distribution of these centers to identify areas lacking standard coverage, the main objective is to determine the spatial-temporal distribution of fire stations in Neyshabur and to designate uncovered areas so that the areas requiring the construction of these centers can be identified as a result.

The method is descriptive-analytical, and data collection was done through library and field sources. The data used in this study includes road data, fire stations, and the boundary of Neyshabur. Subsequently, the spatial-temporal distribution of fire stations along the roads was analyzed using the Network Analysis Extension in ArcGIS 10.8 software.

Research results indicate that the spatial-temporal distribution of fire stations in Neyshabur shows that reaching the incident location within the standard time (4 minutes) is only satisfactory in the city center. However, the western, northern, northwestern, southern, and southwestern outskirts of the city, covered by these centers, are not within the standard time range.

Approximately 25 square kilometers of the city's outskirts are within the inaccessible range of fire stations, while 14 square kilometers from the city center are within the accessible range. Therefore, the priority of constructing new fire stations on the outskirts of the city is well highlighted. It can be concluded that following the horizontal expansion of the city, establishing essential land-uses is of great importance.

Innovation:

 Spatial distribution analysis of fire stations using a Geographic Information System and assessing the accessibility level to the incident site considering constraints. The findings can assist urban managers in the study area in identifying and establishing more numerous and logical fire stations.

Today, not paying attention to the correct distribution of educational centers in cities has created many problems for citizens and students. For this reason, it is very important to identify the spatial distribution pattern of schools and the key factors affecting it. The research is correlation type and its purpose is to explain the significant impact of key variables affecting the distribution of schools in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city. OLS regression analysis and GWR have been used in ArcGIS software. The relationship between the spatial distribution of schools and the spatial distribution of the population in Ardabil city was carried out with OLS regression and according to the results, the key variables affecting the spatial distribution of schools were identified. The effect coefficient of each of the key variables was calculated with both types of regression and the maps obtained from the coefficients were analyzed with GIS analytical functions. The result shows that the distribution of schools in Ardabil city did not follow the population distribution, but cultural, religious and sports factors had more effects on this distribution. Thus, the variable of cultural and religious uses has had the greatest impact on the spatial distribution of schools in the old construction areas and its informal settlements, and the least in the newly built areas and towns. Also, the biggest disproportion between the population density and the distribution of schools is seen in the central areas of the city, which are mainly located in the geographical territory of a municipality.

The rural entrepreneurial ecosystem plays a pivotal role in stimulating entrepreneurship and employment in rural areas. By leveraging entrepreneurship in rural regions, it is possible to address the challenges faced by these areas and create dynamic and innovative economies. Despite favorable climatic, geographic, connectivity, and accessibility conditions, Alborz province has experienced inappropriate economic conditions in its rural areas in recent years, including rising unemployment rates, low economic participation rates, and income disparities between rural and urban households. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the status of the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem in Alborz province as a key economic indicator.

This research was conducted within a quantitative research methodology. Data collection was carried out through a combination of library research and field surveys, with questionnaires being the primary tool in the field. The statistical population comprised the villages of Alborz province, from which a sample of 33 villages was selected. Using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 380 individuals was determined for completing the questionnaires. For data analysis, statistical tests such as chi-square, one-sample t-test, ANOVA, Duncan’s post hoc test, and Kriging interpolation were employed.

The research findings indicate that the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem in Alborz province is in a suboptimal state. Out of the ten key indicator groups examined, including business indicators, financial indicators, educational indicators, human capital indicators, support indicators, market and customer indicators, social indicators, cultural indicators, infrastructure indicators, and innovation, research, and development indicators, only two groups were found to be in a favorable condition, while the remaining eight groups were in an unfavorable state. Additionally, the geographical distribution of the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem's status varies across the province.

The presence of hard infrastructure such as access to transportation networks and urban centers is insufficient on its own to foster the development of an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Concurrently, the development of soft infrastructure, including financial services, education, various support systems, human and social capital, and research and development, must also be prioritized.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of good urban governance with an emphasis on spatial justice in the five regions of Urmia. The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection is in the form of documents and field surveys. Data collection tools are in several forms: observation, questionnaire, interview. The statistical population of this study is the residents of 5 Regions of Urmia city. Using Cochran's formula, 384 numbers have been obtained which have been randomly distributed. To evaluate the status of good urban governance, the following indicators have been used: participation, efficiency, and effectiveness, transparency, justice and equality, accountability, responsibility, rule of law, and consensus. Data analysis was performed quantitatively using statistical methods such as one-sample t-test, Kruskal–Wallis and Spearman correlation, and SPSS and GIS software to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that based on the analysis of per capita status of service Land uses, Region 5 has gained the first rank and Region 3 has gained the last rank. According to the evaluation results of good urban governance indicators, regions one, four, and five had a higher level than the average, and regions two and three had a lower level than the average. The results of correlation evaluation between independent and dependent components indicate that there is a strong direct relationship between them. According to the ranking results of the Kruskal–Wallis test, region one has the first rank, and region two has the fifth rank. Finally, according to the results of the Spearman test, there is a direct relationship between the distribution of land uses and indicators of good urban governance.

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between the spatial distribution of socio-economic classes and environmental benefits and burdens in Tehran. The components of the independent variable include green space coverage, the number of clean days, and the environment's health. With equal Euclidean distance, 62866 random points are the basis for preparing data and creating information layers for each GIS index. Spatial analysis (Interpolation-IDW), Spatial Join, and Fuzzy Overlay functions in ArcGIS are employed to analyze the data. Findings show that the correlation between the distribution of social classes and the distribution of the number of days with clean air is direct, and it has an inverse relationship with green space coverage and environmental health. In general, there is an inverse relationship between the spatial distribution of economic classes and environmental factors in Tehran. Spatially, in the west of the city, the areas with the highest correlation are located next to the areas with the lowest correlation. Over time, the spatial relation between economic classes distribution and environmental benefits and burdens has been moderated.

 This research aims to investigate the spatial distribution of public services and measure the level of satisfaction of residents with the quality of access to them in Torbat Heydarieh.

Method and data: 

This research was done using a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the legal area of Tarbiat Heydarieh and the samples were selected using stratified probability sampling. The required data was collected using library and field methods. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

 The spatial analysis of the distribution and dispersion of public services based on Moran's index shows that educational services and green spaces are irregular and clustered, health and treatment services are regular, and administrative and commercial uses are scattered. The results of the mean comparison test showed that the overall level of satisfaction of the residents with the quality of public services is greater than the average. The correlation coefficient results between the variable of income level and satisfaction with access to services show a significant positive correlation between the two variables.

 The findings of this research underscore the importance of fair distribution of public services in enhancing the quality of life and residential satisfaction of the residents. Planning for equitable distribution, proportional to the number and density of the population in different areas of the city, with a special focus on the underserved areas, is of paramount importance for urban planners and policymakers.

Innovation: 

This research stands out from similar studies due to its comprehensive approach. In addition to measuring the level of satisfaction of residents by different neighborhoods and the type of services, it also measures and analyzes satisfaction based on income groups. This unique aspect provides a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between public service access and satisfaction, contributing to a more holistic approach to urban planning.

In line with city and population studies as well as population planning of people in cities, which has a long history, the city has been the main focus of human gathering, and for years, it has taken first place among human settlements in attracting the population, which has been able to make many changes. In order to create according to the attraction of the population in the cities, these developments can manifest themselves in the form of physical, social, economic, and managerial developments. These developments lead the city towards the current conditions and give the city a different identity from the settlements. Based on this, social issues in the city are first in the ranking of urban studies because this is the main way of shaping all issues. In this regard, if the urban management group pays special attention to social relations from the beginning of planning in the city, maybe in the future, they will see fewer challenges, especially in urban worn-out textures. It will lead the city to social prosperity and the level of social participation, which will greatly expand among the localities so that the city can be considered a logical, healthy, and effective focal point by maintaining social identity for residents. With this assumption, social studies in line with successful urban management are essential and successful results of urban planning at the local level. It tries to show the strengthening of relations in the city from a social point of view and guide the city management towards sustainable urban control. However, the urban management complex may face different challenges in this regard because urban neighborhoods are one of the micro and concrete centers for forming cultural identities and social affiliations and strengthening neighborhood values and norms in the form of a sense of social belonging and neighborhood relations. Therefore, in the structure of urban neighborhoods, the role of social capital is as a set of norms, informal values, customary laws, and moral obligations that interact with each other and are always discussed and examined by researchers in urban studies and cause identification of people in groups, and facilitate social relations in cities. Based on this, due to the population density and various ethnic migrations in the neighborhoods of Bushehr, it has become essential that the level of trust of the residents of that area is less towards each other, and this issue has caused major concerns. In this regard, the present research has been scrutinized to evaluate social capital. It has shown that social capital directly affects the institutionalization of urban management and development. With this assumption, the present research has been aimed at answering whether the spatial distribution of social capital in different neighborhoods of Bushehr is distributed similarly or not..

Since the purpose and application will be different depending on the type of research subject, the present research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of method. Since articles, books, and other written sources were used in the present research and researchers were present at the research site and collected their data in this field, this research was of library and field type. The research's statistical population includes all Bushehr citizens, whose number is unlimited. The statistical sample was based on the well-known Cochran formula; 384 people were obtained. In order to obtain better information, the researcher collected 403 questionnaires. 

In the current research, which is a social issue, according to the statistical analysis, different results have been created; therefore, in order to obtain the scientific results of the research, Cronbach's alpha has been used first to check the reliability of the research variables, and then to check the dimensions of social capital in Kruskal-Wallis test has been exerted in different areas of Bushehr city. Also, data analysis has shown that the significance of topics such as social trust in this test (0.223), social participation (0.001), social cohesion (0.029), local institutions (0.046), social security (0.367), responsibility (0.048), normative orientation (0.418), satisfaction (0.032) and social interaction (0.041). In the continuation of the research findings, the results of the investigations have shown no significant difference in terms of social trust, social security, or normativity in different areas of Bushehr. However, there is a significant difference in terms of social participation, social cohesion, local institutions, social responsibility, satisfaction, and social interaction. Moreover, finally, according to the results of the research, it has been suggested to city officials that one of the components that city managers in Bushehr can trust more is the discussion of trust in local social institutions such as Basij, the mosque's board of trustees, etc. City managers can think about planning and strengthening their multiples among the urban neighborhoods of Bushehr.

City managers in Bushehr should strengthen the activities of mosques and mobilize neighborhoods in their agenda to increase people's trust in these groups, make citizens able to go to mosques with peace of mind and use the presence of elders in order to solve problems. In this regard, one of the strategies that Bushehr city managers and officials can effectively demonstrate is how to establish positive and constructive communication between citizens, the Islamic Council, and the neighborhood council. In such a way, people believe they can refer to their neighborhood council to resolve neighborhood issues with peace of mind.

One of the important and fundamental needs in order to develop the capabilities and capabilities of tourism in a region is the suitable climate for tourism. The use of tourism capabilities and capacities requires the recognition and evaluation of comfort climate using accepted scientific methods to systematically determine the effect of climatic elements on the activities of tourists. Based on this necessity, in the current research, the spatial-temporal distribution of tourism climate conditions in Mazandaran province has been investigated using the Beach Climate Index in the ArcGIS software environment. In order to implement this index and achieve the goals of the research, the daily time series data of the meteorological stations of Mazandaran province during the years 1980 to 2018 were used. According to the needs of the model and method used, climate elements (on average) including relative humidity, wind speed, sunny hours, monthly precipitation, average daily and monthly temperature, cloudiness and number of foggy days have been used. After calculating the values of the CPI index in the J environment. Oh you. S, interpolation methods were used to prepare tourism activity zoning maps with the least amount of error in interpolation. The results of the coastal tourism climate index at the level of Mazandaran province on a monthly scale indicate that between the coastal and mountainous areas Different patterns prevail in terms of tourism comfort index at different times of the year. In autumn and spring, in the coastal parts of the province, especially the parts of the eastern coast, the quality of beach rest is in a better condition. Meanwhile, in the same period, cold stress prevails in the mountainous parts and reduces the quality of the climatic comfort index compared to the coastal areas. But in the summer months, due to the rule of heat stress in the coasts, the mountainous areas have a more suitable climatic comfort quality according to the BCI index.

The development and expansion of urbanization and the subsequent increase in travel demand in recent years have made cities face problems such as traffic, lack of suitable and sufficient parking spaces, environmental issues, etc. At the same time, public transportation, especially Bus system, is of particular importance in the development of urban functions. Therefore, addressing the various aspects of this system to increase its efficiency will be a step towards solving the mentioned problems. The stations of the bus system are one of the important components of this system and if they are established in suitable places, it will increase the efficiency and performance of this system. Therefore, in this research, we tried to identify the effective parameters in the location and distribution of urban bus stations, and based on that, the spatial distribution of bus stations was analyzed and evaluated. In order to achieve this goal, by using different analytical functions in the GIS environment and using the AHP model, the location of the bus stations in the zoom 4 of Tabriz was analyzed and evaluated based on the selected criteria The results show that the bus stations do not fully cover the area of Tabriz 4 and their standard distance from each other is not respected. But in general, the final map obtained from the AHP model shows the desired pattern of the spatial distribution of bus stations.

Improper distribution of public services in cities causes the formation of social problems have become the foundation for inequalities and injustice in them. On the other hand, the irreversible impact on the structure, The nature and class separation of urban areas and finally management of the cities has faced serious challenges. Due to the importance of the topic in this research evaluation of the spatial distribution of public services in three components and twenty-one items in four cities of gotvand township has been discussed. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and based on survey method. The statistical population of the research was the residents of the cities under study. In order to check the normality of the distribution of the data from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and in order to check the status of the research variables, the sign test was used using Spss software. In the analysis of the findings, according to the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, is observed that the value of the significance level of the test is less than 0.05 in all cases. Therefore, the assumption of normality of the data is rejected. Also, the results of the sign test in the evaluation of the research variables in the cities under study show; Salehshahr city with a score of 3.02, Torkalaki city with a score of 2/69, Jannat makan city 2/61 and Somaleh city has been ranked 2.53. Therefore, due to the fact that the number 3 is chosen as the theoretical middle of the response of the variables, the level of satisfaction of citizens with public services, except for Salehshahr in other three cities, it does not have a good condition.

Considering the growth of diseases, the rising course of pollution and anomalies related to urbanization, medical services are among the most important services that managers and urban planners should consider according to the needs and population of cities. Based on this, this research measures the spatial inequality in the distribution of medical services in the neighbourhoods of Isfahan City. The purpose of the research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. A library method was used to collect the necessary data and information. Nearest neighbourhood analysis functions, local Moran's index, global Moran's index and hot spot analysis to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of medical services, fuzzy membership method to check the usefulness of the functional radius of these services and Moran's bivariate index in the Geo Da software environment, to analyze the spatial autocorrelation of the population variable In connection with the distribution and area of medical services at the level of neighbourhoods of Isfahan city, they were used. The findings of the research show that the distribution pattern of medical services is clustered. It also shows the severe lack of medical services in the neighbourhoods around the city. The evaluation of the impact of the spatial distribution pattern of these services on the desirability of the functional radius indicates the desirability of the operating radius of the central areas and the unfavourable of the peri-urban areas. Measuring the relationship between the distribution of medical services and the population size of the neighbourhoods also confirms the very weak relationship between these two variables. It shows the lack of attention to the population factor and the needs of citizens in terms of the distribution of medical services. As a result, there is a severe spatial inequality in the distribution of medical services at the level of the regions and neighbourhoods of Isfahan City.

The Managing and Protection of intangible cultural heritage is done through the process of “identifying, evaluating, documenting and recording, raising awareness, reviving, promoting and transmitting aspects of heritage in all its manifestations.” Considering the richness of Iran in terms of the existence of intangible heritage, the purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of the protection of intangible cultural heritage in Iran. By examining the relevant documents and extracting information from them, a database of geographical locations of intangible heritage in Iran was formed, and the spatial distribution of intangible heritage was analyzed through the GIS. Findings indicate that a total of 1065 intangible heritage has been registered in Iran and the highest number recorded was related to “skills in handicrafts and traditional arts” and the lowest was related to “traditions and oral manifestations including language (heritage media).” Also, Semnan province, with 66 registered heritages (7%), had the highest number, and Qom province, with 14 heritages (1.4%), had the lowest number of registrations. In addition, in the intangible heritage type of “knowledge and behaviors related to nature and the universe,” there are three provinces. In the heritage type of “traditions and oral manifestations including language (heritage media),” there are 12 provinces that have not registered any related heritage.It can be concluded that the spatial distribution of intangible heritage in Iran was unbalanced, so managing and protecting intangible heritage is not a priority for policymakers in this area, and their approach is passive. Finally, theoretical and practical suggestions were presented based on the findings and results

Increase in urban population has led to the uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of cities, which has led to an increase in energy consumption, including electricity. The aim of this study is to analyze the impacts of Karaj’s form on electricity consumption and the length of power network lines as carriers. The required data of this applied and descriptive-analytical study was collected through the library resources and going to organizations. The statistical population is 173 neighborhoods of Karaj city. The geographic weight regression (GWR) tool was used to determine the spatial variation between the independent and dependent variables. The results showed that the form of Karaj city highly compacts the neighborhoods of Regions 5, 1, 7, and 2, but the neighborhoods of Regions 3 and 4 have a spiral state due to the villas and the high infrastructure of the villa gardens in part of the city. Based on the results obtained from local weight regression, the population density index as one of the important indicators of city form has the highest impact on electricity consumption in Karaj (R2 equals 78). That is, the city form index, according to this index at the 95% confidence level, justifies 78% of electricity consumption. Moreover, the entropy index as one of the indicators of the independent variable (city form) with (R2=0.66) has the highest impact on the length of Karaj electricity network lines. Therefore, the results showed that the form of the city of Karaj has a spatial relationship of more than 0.50% on the electricity consumption and the length of the lines of the power grid of the city.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate and analyze the aging population of the coastal provinces of the country and its spatial distribution.The research method of the present study is a mixed method of descriptive-analytical, documentary and secondary analysis methods, and in terms of its objectives, this research is of an applied type. To analyze and evaluate the situation of the elderly in the coastal provinces of the country, the information and data of the census of 2015 have been used. Spatial analysis of the aging status of the studied area and its spatial distribution has been done using Arc GIS 10.8 software. The findings showed that according to the three-level index of the United Nations, Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan provinces are young, Gilan and Mazandaran provinces are old and 3 other coastal provinces of the country are adults. Among the 7 coastal provinces of the country, Gilan province with 36.43 has the lowest total dependency ratio among the coastal provinces of the country. According to the elderly dependency ratio index, Gilan province has the highest dependency ratio of the elderly among the 7 coastal provinces of the country with 12.14. Out of 7 coastal provinces of the country, Sistan and Baluchistan province is facing aging of men and 6 other coastal provinces are facing aging of women. In terms of the old age coefficient or old age index, the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan are young, Gilan and Mazandaran provinces are old and 3 other coastal provinces of the country are adults. The results showed that the aging process of the population in the coastal provinces of the country is not the same, and some coastal provinces of the country are faster and some are slower. In general, the situation and spatial distribution of aging in the coastal provinces of the country is such that the most problem is in the coastal provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, then in the coastal provinces of Golestan, Khuzestan and Bushehr, and in the last stage in the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan.

Parallel and appropriate spatial distribution of educational facilities and services is very important in urban planning. Because only if there is a balance in the distribution of services and uses, it will be possible for different strata to benefit from them. The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial distribution of schools in the neighborhoods of Region 2 of Ardabil Municipality. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on data and information extracted from Iran Statistics Center and Ardabil Municipality. In the analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of the techniques, central mean and standard deviation curve, nearest neighbor index, hot spots analysis, global Moran index and kernel density analysis to analyze how the spatial distribution pattern of educational use (schools), Thiessen polygons for the usefulness of the functional radius These services were used in the geographic information system. The findings of the research show that the distribution pattern of schools in the 2nd district of Ardabil city is distributed in clusters. The evaluation of the impact of the spatial distribution pattern of these services on the amount of functional radius indicates the undesiredness of the peripheral neighborhoods in the 2nd district of Ardabil city from the educational use (schools). which shows the inappropriate distribution of schools and their accumulation in the center of the region and the lack of attention to the needs of citizens in terms of the distribution of schools. In total, the results of the research indicate social inequalities and the lack of spatial justice in the distribution of educational services (schools at different levels) at the level of neighborhoods in the 2nd district of Ardabil city

Sustainable quality of rivers water has become one of the main concerns in developing countries, so monitoring the water quality of these resources for various uses is essential to formulate a public health and environmental management policy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the water quality of Karun and Dez river systems in Khuzestan province and to analyze the suitability of their water quality for drinking and agricultural purposes. To this end, various techniques, indicators and statistical analyzes are used to evaluate spatio-temporal changes in the interpretation of large and complex datasets of 12 water quality parameters collected from the Karun and Dez river basins over a period of 17 years (2003-2019).Evaluation of the trend of water quality changes in the study period also showed that according to WQI, the water quality of Karun and Dez rivers from 2003 to 2007 are in the category of "very poor"and "poor", and from 2008 to 2018 in the "unsuitable" and "very poor"category, respectively. Regarding irrigation parameters, the lack of a clear trend in their values can indicate the lack of effect of river water quality from natural factors and their obedience with human factors. Overall, this study highlights the importance of using water quality indicators that provide a simple interpretation of monitoring data to help improve water quality, because based on these indicators and PCA, it can be concluded that related human activities along the banks of the Karun and Dez rivers, especially in recent years, affect their water quality.

Achieving environmental quality criteria is not possible without considering the pattern of physical development. The quality of the place is one of the effective causes in the occurrence of various diseases, however, regarding specific diseases such as cancer, the studies conducted are in the first steps. The present study tries to measure the spatial patterns of cancer deaths in Mashhad and show that 1) What is the pattern of deaths? And 2) to what extent is it related to the quality characteristics of the environment? The study is descriptive-analytical and the study variables include 1) characteristics related to the deceased and 2) characteristics related to the quality of the environment (including air pollution and green space per capita). For this purpose, after developing a conceptual research model, by receiving information related to the deceased and the quality of the environment, a spatial database was created in the ArcGIS software environment. In the next step, using classical statistical models (correlation and t-test) and spatial statistics (spatial autocorrelation, orientation and spatial regression) data were analyzed. The results showed that the spatial pattern of the deceased did not follow the pattern of population distribution and the difference in the spatial pattern of the deceased according to gender and their average age at the neighborhood level. The use of spatial autocorrelation models showed two hot cores in the north and southwest of Mashhad and a cold core around the holy shrine. Which shows the need to pay attention to spatial differences. The results of correlation and spatial regression test indicated that the frequency of deaths in the neighborhoods is related to the average level of air pollution and green space per capita. However, the need for further studies at various intervals is suggested to confirm the findings.

Location of health care uses in urban areas, especially pharmacies, should be such that everyone has easy access to them, because on the one hand, proper access to health services has played an important role in promoting health, safety and peace of mind in the community. On the other hand, it is an important indicator for the realization of social justice. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to locate pharmacies and its optimal spatial distribution in the city of Sirjan in order to provide optimal access to citizens. Descriptive-analytical research method was used to conduct this study. The method of collecting documentary information has been library and field. ArcGIS analyzer software and AHP hierarchical method have been used to locate pharmacies and its optimal spatial distribution in Sirjan in order to provide optimal access to citizens. The results of this study showed that according to the standards and population of Sirjan city, 25 daily pharmacies are needed in Sirjan city and 9 new daily pharmacies should be built in suitable proposed places. In this regard, the results of zoning Suitable places for the construction of a pharmacy in the city of Sirjan showed that about 10% of the area of ​​the city of Sirjan has a very good potential and about 30% has a good potential for the construction of a pharmacy in the city, which offers 1 place in the first and 8 proposed places in the two urban areas of Sirjan were addressed according to the required criteria and shortcomings.