توسعه

The tourism industry in Syria, like many countries involved in the crisis, has suffered heavy damages that must be repaired. This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the current situation of tourism in Damascus, Syria after the end of the civil war and identifying its comprehensive development solutions. The results of this study, based on the opinions of experts using a descriptive-analytical method and using SWOT analysis, show that the city of Damascus, despite having natural resources, cultural heritage and a lot of tourism potential, has problems such as lack of infrastructure, lack of local awareness, weakness Investment, marketing and security challenges are faced. With the final analysis and using the QSPM technique, 19 suitable strategies were prioritized. The findings of this section also show that the development of cultural tours and the strengthening of historical attractions are the most attractive, while attracting people's participation in resource protection was ranked lower. . Therefore, it is recommended that for the comprehensive development of tourism in Damascus, Syria should focus on formulating a comprehensive plan, strengthening the infrastructure, using more information technology, increasing international interactions, ending the war and creating tourism security so that it can use tourism as a tool for economic growth and Reconstruction after the crisis, more optimal operation.

The development of the Mackoran coast is of significant economic and political importance and has the potential to expand the international economy in Iran, the Eurasian region, Europe, and the coastal countries of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. This optimization includes port infrastructure, transportation, and land, rail, and air communications, which will facilitate trade, transit, and smooth energy transfer to many parts of the world. The main objective of this article is to examine the factors affecting the development of the Mackoran coast with an emphasis on security and defense challenges in the east of the country. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection was carried out through library studies. In this study, the geographical, social, and political characteristics of the Mackoran coast, existing economic capacities, regionalism potential, membership and formation of regional organizations, and the realization of interests and ideals based on the priorities of related countries, border challenges, threats from neighboring countries and major powers, and the necessity of strengthening defense, military, and security capabilities have been examined. The Research findings indicate the requirements for attracting domestic and foreign investment, transparent policymaking to take advantage of the special location of these coasts with the aim of creating employment, generating income, and developing social and national security, utilizing active diplomacy and international understanding as a bridge between ECO countries, ASEAN, and other countries of the world for the exchange of goods, participating in North-South corridor projects, paying attention to the unique attractiveness and potential of tourism

Heritage concepts with an emphasis on identity reflect the material and non-material lives of societies. Therefore, expanding the scope of tourism, as a field of study, reflects an increasing role in the protection of heritage in parallel with the documentation of museums. In the meantime, the tourism industry's development in the heritage field and economic growth are concerned with protecting cultural resources.

Thus, investigating the synergy of the tourism industry and intangible heritage will prevent the orientation of passive criteria. Therefore, the present study, to answer the question "What is the synergy effect of intangible heritage and tourism industry on sustainable development?", extracted the development criteria in the House of Museums of the World Heritage Protected Area of Tabriz Historical Bazaar, to explain the insights in acknowledging the relationship between these two articles, from library studies and historical documents approved by experts and specialists of the Cultural Heritage Organization of West Azerbaijan Province. Also, in terms of answering the question "How important are the tourists' experiences of the Tabriz Museum House in the development of tourism?", to measure the visitors' satisfaction with the quality of the infrastructure and resources available in the 8 houses of the museum in the historical area of the case study, structured questionnaires were distributed among 78 tourists on a five-point Likert scale.

In the integration of the extracted components and analysis of SPSS software with T-test, it was found that if the managers and stakeholders in the field of cultural heritage have a combined attitude towards the synergistic categories of tourism industry and intangible heritage, the procedure of conservation and transfer of intangible cultural heritage in the houses of museums in the study area will be improved.

Cultural-heritage tourism is important in representing the identity of its society as a distinctive aspect of the culture of any society. Visitors' dissatisfaction with the infrastructure disrupts the nature of the heritage. Therefore, paying attention to the category of tourism infrastructure to promote awareness, provides one of the effective grounds for the development of cultural-heritage tourism. The Takht-e-Soleiman World Heritage Complex welcomes domestic and foreign tourists every year due to its luxurious capital located in the city of Takab in West Azerbaijan province, but it is centralized in terms of the quality of tourism infrastructure.

The present study seeks to answer the question "What are the indicators of the quality of infrastructure in the field of heritage cultural tourism?" It deals with the role of infrastructure. Also, the answer to the question "From the tourists' point of view, what is the quality status of each of the cultural-heritage tourism infrastructures in the Takht-e-Soleiman World Heritage Area?" was investigated in explaining the achievement of the principles of tourism development in this valuable complex. The research method was analyzed as a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) applied type using structured questions in a five-point Likert format in SPSS software and 57 internal and external variables of 7 levels were identified to investigate the problems in the quality of infrastructure.

The results showed that most of the points of collision and interference happened in the marginal parking area of ​​commercial-service uses and with the area of ​​influence from the whole city that has not even provided the minimum parking area specified in the approved detailed plan of this city. Therefore, for any request for creation, development, or change of land use, its traffic impacts must be checked in addition to complying with the established principles and criteria.

In the present era, land planning has become a suitable method for planning and development in countries. In this regard, one of its main goals is wise management for the optimal use of land capacities in order to improve the level of development and construction. Therefore, considering the goals of land development, it is important to pay attention to deprived areas that have potential. In the present study, with the participation of managers, officials and academic experts, key factors affecting the development of Khuzestan Province were identified and finally scenarios affecting the future development of the province were developed. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The method of collecting data and information was library, documentary and survey. The statistical population of the research is a group of experts and specialists in the field of urban and regional planning who were selected through purposive sampling. In order to analyze the information obtained, cross-effects analysis was used in Micmac software. The results of this research indicate that technology, global oil prices, foreign policy, and the pattern of international interactions have been identified as key factors with high importance and uncertainty, and 8 scenarios indicating the future development of the province have been identified.

Cities, as centers of wealth, energy, and technology accumulation, play a key role in the process of sustainable development. Since cities are the focal points of economic, cultural, and social activities, proper planning and optimal use of resources can lead to sustainable growth and enhance the quality of life at the national level. In this regard, development strategies for cities should be designed in a way that aligns with both today's needs and future visions. The goal of regional development strategy is to improve the economic, social, cultural, and environmental conditions of various regions within a country. This strategy is designed to reduce regional disparities, improve living conditions in less developed areas, and optimize the use of local resources and competitive advantages of different regions. The objective of this research is an analytical study of the future of regional development in Makran. The research method, in terms of purpose, is applied, and in terms of type,  is descriptive-analytical, based on future studies models with documentary and survey synthesis. The future of regional development in Makran can fall into three scenarios, depending on how resources are managed, governance, and cooperation between different sectors. Optimistic scenarios can lead to sustainable growth and development in the region, but in intermediate and pessimistic scenarios, serious challenges may slow down or even halt the development process. To achieve a positive and sustainable future, attention to integrated governance, investment in infrastructure, and effective management of natural resources is of great importance.

considering the current conditions of the country and the weakness of urban development plans in not paying attention to the Garden city system and the loss of high-quality agricultural lands called Garden city, and the expansion of constructions in these lands, currently the cities of the country do not have favorable conditions in terms of sustainability. Therefore, with the pathology of urban development plans in Zanjan city, it can be claimed that urban development plans with this form and conditions do not have the ability to transform cities into sustainable cities. Therefore, in the context of identifying the causes of inefficiency of urban development plans, a mixed approach was used, which is a combination of two quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were also obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources were collected using questionnaires, structured and semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion (FGD) and observation. And secondary data was collected from books and internet sources such as articles, theses, etc. The selection of the studied samples (30 people) has been purposefully (non-randomly) selected from the informants and experts of the subject under discussion by snowball (chain) method. And finally, the findings are presented in the form of a grounded theory. Therefore, in total, from the obtained results, the category of lack of realism in planning and presenting illogical proposals - lack of attention to economic, political and social factors in planning had the highest percentage. It can be concluded that the content and purpose of urban development plans do not lead the city towards the formation of a "sustainable city" in an optimal way. In other words, the content of urban development plans is not optimally and fully targeted and efficient. Therefore, a basic attitude and a serious revision in the preparation and implementation of urban development plans are suggested

Due to the expansion of the process of industrialization and technological progress, which takes into account the quantitative aspect of human life, as well as neglecting the qualitative aspects of human life, attention to the concept of quality of life has increased in Western countries over the past few decades. . Today, the quality of life is an issue that concerns all governments and most international organizations, and there is a general agreement among researchers, policymakers, and development planners regarding the need to study the quality of life. The research findings show that the quality of life has many different dimensions, fields and indicators, which in most cases are directly related to economic development. In this research, the quality of life in the dimensions of satisfaction and happiness (subjective dimensions) and environment, security and income (objective dimensions) have been considered, and then the relationship between the quality of urban life and economic development has been investigated. The statistical population of this research is all people over 18 years of age in Lahijan city, using Cochran's formula and using simple random sampling method, 412 samples were selected and information was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of the research show that the dimension of security is above the average level and the dimensions of satisfaction, income and also the quality of the environment are below the average level.

The purpose of the current research is to recognize the obstacles encountered in the advancement of urban tourism within the regions of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The ongoing investigation is grounded on a qualitative approach alongside content scrutiny. The demographic under scrutiny comprises professionals hailing from the academic and organizational sectors. A series of semi-structured, open-ended interviews were carried out with a total of 12 individuals. The gathered interviews underwent a thorough review and assessment in order to delineate open codes, revise and remove codes that were alike, and designate categories pertaining to tourism challenges. Based on the findings derived from the qualitative analysis of 12 interviews, a total of 135 primary codes were identified. Through the process of merging and consolidating similar codes, over 117 primary concepts were extracted. Consequently, these codes gave rise to 29 dimensions. The difficulties associated with the advancement of urban tourism encompass a range of challenges, including inadequate transportation and communication networks, reliance on non-specialized personnel, scarcity of human resources, ineffective advertising strategies, deficient tourism infrastructure, insufficient investment, absence of a strategic plan, inadequate needs assessment protocols, lack of engagement from diverse sectors, failure to leverage successful practices, inadequate allocation of essential funds, inappropriate approach towards the region, inadequate security measures, seasonality of tourism, lack of information resources, inadequate training opportunities, cultural deficits, limited hospitality ethos, oversight of tourist attractions, subpar management practices, dearth of innovative approaches, unsatisfactory services, limited knowledge and understanding of tourism principles, underutilization of emerging technologies, marginalized role of tour guides, deficient comprehensive tourism strategies, disregard for environmental concerns, absence of a distinct tourism identity, and scarcity of tourism-related events.

The nomadic community faces several challenges, including economic, cultural, and social constraints, which impact their social development. This research aimed to investigate the development of local communities within nomadic societies, with an emphasis on social and cultural components. The statistical population of this study comprised the nomads of the Province. Utilizing the Cochran formula, a statistical sample of 264 individuals was selected. To enhance accuracy, 300 heads of nomadic households were ultimately interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. the results of the correlation test indicated a significant relationship between the individual, family, and economic characteristics of the respondents and various dimensions of local community development within the nomadic community. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated that social and cultural factors accounted for 50.2 percent of the variations in local community development within the nomadic community of the province. Among the social factors, interactions, cohesion, and solidarity, social participation and social trust had a positive and significant impact on the development of the local community within the nomadic population. Cultural factors, including patriarchy as well as traditional beliefs and customs, have had a negative and significant impact on the development of the local nomadic. The results indicated that cultural dimensions, such as native/local affiliation and education, have a positive and significant impact on the development of the local community within the nomadic population of the province.

One of the basic objectives of development is reducing inequality and the prerequisite for any action to reduce inequality is to identify the components affecting development. In Iran, Yazd is a province with spatial inequality. Hence, this study aimed at future studies of the factors affecting the development of Yazd province. This research was a survey descriptive-analytical study. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed through content validity and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. The statistical population included 280 senior and executive managers related to the development affairs of the province; business elites, entrepreneurs and employers aware of the development issues of Yazd province; students and graduates of development majors, 163 of whom were selected as a sample based on Krejcie and Morgan table. Data were analysed using SPSS software. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between the current and desired conditions of components affecting the development of Yazd province. The largest and smallest gap was in the scientific and technological and social components, respectively. The findings indicated that the most important economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological, administrative and managerial components affecting the development of Yazd province include unemployment, immigration rate, the influence of foreign nationals on the work culture over a long time, the preparation of skilled workforce and discouragement of skilled workforce, respectively. Furthermore, the model of the most important components affecting the development of Yazd province was presented. Ultimately, these results can pave the way for the provincial policymakers in taking steps towards achieving the development of Yazd province.

During the construction of the Karun-3 dam, all or most of the 70 villages along the dam were flooded, and their residents were forced to relocate. The destination of a large number of these immigrants was Izeh city and its surrounding villages. This research examined the changes made in the lives of the villagers on the edge of the Karun-3 Dam. The approach used in conducting qualitative research was phenomenology. The research sample of 35 people and the research data were collected using semi-structured interviews, and research themes were extracted using the thematic analysis method. The findings of the research showed that after the relocation of the villagers, all forms of previous economic, social, cultural, and political relations underwent fundamental changes. Forming relationships based on money, the new form of neighborhood, improving the living conditions of women and youth, changing the pattern of employment and the colorful presence of bureaucracy and power in life, and weakening the foundations of patriarchy were among the changes that occurred in the lives of these communities. Also, the findings showed that the weakness or lack of long-term institutional support led to spatial fragmentation, the deterioration of spiritual heritage, and the social marginalization of the residents of these villages.

Considering the existence of gender inequalities that are mainly seen against women in many societies, the discussion of their empowerment has gained special importance in recent years. In this context, many researchers have emphasized the effectiveness of the role of ecotourism in empowering local communities by attracting their participation in tourism activities. Western Alamut region, which is the study area of this research, as one of the rich regions in terms of ecotourism attractions, has suitable places for tourism-based planning. This area is very diverse and beautiful with geological, geographical, and biological places, works, and phenomena, if these attractions are located and identified and properly informed and security facilities are created, it can become one of the prominent ecotourism stations at the regional, national, and international levels. Creating a business based on ecotourism in this region needs to be investigated and identified due to its potential and rare characteristics. Because the western Alamut region is one of the rich regions in terms of ecotourism attractions, therefore, the present study investigates the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women in this region.

Considering this issue, the current research was conducted to investigate the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women in the western Alamut region using the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research is made up of rural women in the western Alamut district of Qazvin, which due to the dispersion of villages and their large number, 9 villages (3 villages from each village due to their being tourist-friendly) were selected as sample villages. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 283 people was obtained, which was increased to 290 people. Statistical methods such as one-sample T, Pearson, multiple regression, and binomial nonparametric tests were used in SPSS software to analyze the data.

The results showed that the effects of ecotourism development on the economic empowerment of women in the villages of the western Alamut region with an average of 3.47, social empowerment with an average of 3.42, and environmental empowerment with an average of 3.32 were high. Still, its effects on the psychological empowerment of rural women (average 3/18) are low. Also, the women of Joynek, Perrod, and Sefid Ab villages have the highest influence and the women of Belkan, Kaman, and Dastjard Sofeli villages have the least impact on ecotourism development in the region.

Recognizing women's abilities and believing in their role in society is a process that has gradually started in all developing countries. Because women, as half of the human population, are considered not only the subject and goal of any development program but also a factor in advancing rural society's economic and social development goals. Considering that the empowerment of rural women is possible in different ways; one of these ways to develop the empowerment of rural women is ecotourism and rural tourism, which can provide diverse opportunities for the empowerment of rural women. The empowerment of rural women is an effort to improve their economic, social, and cultural levels, because today, in the development discussions at the international level, the presence of the citizen is emphasized in the process of formulating policies and implementing them. However, citizens with the necessary capacity, ability, and capability can surely participate.

The effects of ecotourism development in the economic empowerment of rural women with a score of 954/85 are more than social empowerment with a score of 895/24, environmental empowerment with a score of 651/93, and psychological empowerment with a score of 580/09. According to the results in the field of economic empowerment, the women of Joynek village (score 194/25) had the highest influence, and the village of Dastjard Sefali (score 112/54) had the least influence from the development of ecotourism. In the field of social empowerment of women, Sefid Ab village (score 126/45) has the most influence and Belkan village (score 85/12) has the least influence, in the field of psychological empowerment of women, Sefid Ab village (score 126/45) has the most influence and Kaman village (score 16) 59/59) The least influence and in the field of environmental empowerment, the women of Belkan village (score 85.27) have the most influence and Fanfin village (score 48.89) have the least influence from the development of ecotourism in the region. In terms of the total score of the four dimensions, the women of Joynek, Parrod, and Sefid Ab villages have the highest influence, and the women of Belkan, Kaman, and Dastjerd villages have the least impact on the development of ecotourism.

The Pahlavi dynasty (1925-1979), made purposeful efforts to modernize Iran by government and social forces. Researches that have been usually done in this regard have mainly emphasized on the role of the government and oil revenues in the development process. Although the role of government institutions cannot be denied, developmental social forces also played an important positive role in this process. The relationship between the government and social forces, and the role of this relationship in advancing modernization in the Pahlavi era is the main question of this article.we believe Pahlavi as a strong developmental state could attract the cooperation of social forces that supported development, especially the intellectuals, the new middle class and bureaucrats.and could curb the social forces who were against development, and succeeded in advancing development . But at the end of Pahlavi's life, the gap between these social forces and the government led to the fall of the government and the halting of the development process.The theoretical framework of this article was formed by the critical look to Leftwich Developmental State theory. The article’s data have also been collected and analyzed in a documentary-library form.

The research method is developmental in terms of purpose and in terms of the type of qualitative data with an exploratory approach, which was used to analyze the theme of the interview. The statistical population included the managers and specialists of the rural area in the field of Dashti, which was 15 people using the purposeful sampling method and the principle of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis in "MAXQDA" software. The results of the research showed that in the analysis of the data obtained from the interview, they were examined in the form of 49 main categories, each of which included several dimensions and indicators, which, by specifying the conditional, interactive-process categories, resulted in basic dimensions for the formation of Initially, the conceptual framework of the research was determined. Among the most important identified cases are the conditional categories of rural social welfare and such process-interactive factors and strategies for the development of rural social welfare, and finally, its obstacles and consequences were identified. In the form of conclusion, it can be stated that in relation to the category of social welfare development in rural areas, various components can be identified such as identifying strengths and weaknesses, creating active and suitable fields for rural development, effective factors, consequences, strategies for the development of rural social welfare and obstacles. He mentioned the positive roles and functions of organizations in the social welfare of rural areas

The purpose of this article is to investigate and design the optimal governance model of social capital in the formation of sustainable development of Hormozgan province. The research method is developmental in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data type with an exploratory approach and theme analysis. The community of participants included university experts, policy makers, managers and planners of Hormozgan province, which was 11 people using the purposeful sampling method and the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using thematic analysis in "MAXQDA" software. In the analysis of the data obtained from the interview, it was found that in the field of causal factors, 28 open codes were classified into four central codes: "social participation, urban infrastructure facilities and equipment, social participation in creating social cohesion and social reorganization". In the field of contextual factors, 49 open codes were identified with key codes including the role of the government in sustainable development, the capacity of the province, the physical condition of the province and the role of urban service organizations such as the municipality and the city council. Identified leaders include social solidarity, avoiding holding various economic sectors, entrusting relevant activities to public institutions to attract their participation in activities, encouraging and strengthening the formation of civil institutions and its consequences also include improving the index of human development and intergenerational justice, good governance of The basis of social commitment, comprehensive growth and development of the province and facilitating the accumulation and attraction of financial and social capital were coded. Key factors including good governance, comprehensive sustainable development and social capital were introduced.

 Literary tourism, as a branch of cultural tourism, combines the tourism industry with artistic and literary heritage, which originates from attractions related to literature. This type of tourism, which is carried out with the motivation of visiting places and works related to the lives of poets, writers, etc., while realizing cultural-literary synergy and preserving historical and cultural heritage, can be a stimulus and a tool for achieving sustainable urban development in It has different dimensions and provides opportunities for the growth and development of societies. In this regard, a case study of the tomb of Sheikh Shahabuddin Ahri has been carried out to investigate the role of literary tourism in the development of urban spaces.

Materials: 

This research was conducted in the form of applied and descriptive-analytical research. After reviewing the theoretical concepts, the key and effective factors have been identified using experts' opinions, and the effects and types of variables have been measured using Micmac software.

The results obtained from the table of factors influencing literary tourism indicate that components such as identity enhancement, promotion of local traditions and culture, optimal utilization of literary and artistic capacities, revival of local handicraft industries, optimal conservation of literary works and historical structures, increased social participation and justice, and inclusivity of urban spaces for various segments of society can have the greatest impact on the development of urban spaces with an emphasis on literary tourism.

A proper definition of the concepts of literary tourism and attention to the revival and promotion of literary heritage and identity, along with the utilization of existing capacities, with a long-term and strategic perspective, can lead to the sustainability and perpetuation of national, historical, and literary values. This type of tourism can provide a foundation for preserving and revitalizing cultures and national identities, as well as fostering economic, social, and physical development of cities, and laying the groundwork for creating opportunities for growth and development in urban spaces.

Housing is not just a physical structure; it is a fundamental aspect of human well-being and social stability. In rural areas, housing conditions are closely linked to various socio-economic factors, including income levels, employment opportunities, access to services, and community cohesion. Housing is a cornerstone of sustainable development and a critical determinant of quality of life. In Iran, rural housing has been a focal point of rural development initiatives for several decades, particularly since the establishment of a centralized rural development system. These initiatives have been implemented through various rural executive plans. Despite these efforts, rural housing in Iran is undergoing significant changes and irregularities. In the other words, rural housing has been a critical component of national development policies, reflecting the government's commitment to improving living standards in rural areas. However, the effectiveness of these policies has been mixed, with many rural communities still facing significant challenges related to housing stability and quality. Understanding the factors contributing to housing instability is essential for developing a logical understanding and analysis of sustainable rural housing dynamics. This knowledge is invaluable for housing managers and planners to predict future trends and manage housing efficiently. Previous studies have not sufficiently explored the attitudes of local actors regarding the challenges of rural housing. This study aims to identify and analyze the underlying factors of housing instability in rural areas from the perspective of local experts and rural elites in the villages along the Zayandeh River in Flowerjan County. 

This research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The study's participants include local experts and rural elites from 20 villages in the Zayandeh River basin, within Flowerjan County in Isfahan province. Participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method, achieving theoretical saturation with 30 individuals. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, allowing for an in-depth exploration of the factors influencing housing instability. This approach ensured a comprehensive understanding of the various perspectives and experiences of the participants.The mixed-methods approach is particularly well-suited for this study because it allows for the triangulation of data, enhancing the validity and reliability of the findings. By combining quantitative and qualitative data, the research can capture the complexity of housing instability and provide a more nuanced understanding of the underlying factors. The semi-structured interviews were designed to elicit detailed responses from participants, enabling the researchers to explore the nuances of their experiences and perspectives.The collected data were meticulously refined and categorized, resulting in the identification of 37 key factors contributing to housing instability. These factors were prioritized using the Q method, a technique that allows for the systematic study of subjectivity. The data were then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and varimax rotation within the Q Methodology software. This analytical process helped to distill the complex data into clear, actionable insights. The Q method is particularly useful for this type of research because it allows for the identification of distinct viewpoints among participants. By prioritizing the factors contributing to housing instability, the researchers were able to identify common themes and patterns in the data. The use of PCA and varimax rotation further refined the analysis, ensuring that the findings were robust and reliable. 

The analysis revealed four distinct perspectives on the factors affecting rural housing instability:Academic Perspective: Predominantly held by faculty members, this group emphasized issues related to bureaucratic governance in accessing facilities and services, and the weak foundation for quality assurance in the construction industry. They highlighted the need for more robust regulatory frameworks and better enforcement of construction standards to ensure the durability and safety of rural housing. This perspective underscores the importance of institutional support and effective governance in addressing housing instability.Executive Experts' Perspective: Comprised mainly of educated individuals, this group highlighted the increasing costs of housing construction as a significant factor. They pointed out that inflation and rising material costs are making it increasingly difficult for rural residents to afford new housing or maintain existing structures. This perspective draws attention to the economic challenges faced by rural communities and the need for targeted interventions to address these issues.Local Community and Researchers' Perspective: This group, including diploma holders, stressed the excessive rise in housing construction costs. They also noted the impact of economic instability on housing affordability and the challenges faced by rural families in securing financing for housing projects. This perspective highlights the broader economic context in which housing instability occurs and the need for comprehensive economic policies to support rural development.Educated Local Community's Perspective: This group pointed to the prolonged service delivery times by trustees and the escalating costs of housing construction as critical issues. They emphasized the need for more efficient service delivery and better support systems to help rural residents navigate the complexities of housing construction and maintenance. This perspective underscores the importance of effective service delivery and the role of local institutions in supporting housing stability. 

The study concludes that the increasing cost of rural residence in the study area is the main challenge to rural housing stability, as highlighted by all local actors. To address this issue, the study recommends facilitating access to low-cost construction materials and improving access to rural housing services and infrastructure. These interventions are essential for improving rural housing conditions and supporting sustainable rural development. By addressing the economic and bureaucratic barriers to housing stability, policymakers can help ensure that rural communities have access to safe, affordable, and sustainable housing options.In conclusion, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to housing instability in rural Iran. By highlighting the perspectives of local experts and rural elites, the research underscores the importance of addressing both economic and institutional challenges to improve housing stability. The recommendations provided in this study can serve as a basis for developing targeted interventions to support rural housing development and enhance the quality of life for rural residents. Future research should continue to explore the dynamics of rural housing and the effectiveness of different policy interventions in promoting sustainable development.