ثبات سیاسی

Tourism is not only one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy but also plays a critical role in strengthening gross domestic product, employment and income distribution. Tourism helps establish world peace and contributes to mutual understanding among nations. Governments have striven to achieve this human ideal and directed many efforts at materializing world peace and security while making policies to develop tourism as the most dynamic economic, political, ad cultural activity of the present age, which leverages its soft and fluid power to help establish peace and security and link nations together. This research investigates the political effects of tourism. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. Data are gathered by documentary and library methods. Research findings suggest that tourism strengthens peace and security, increases national pride, national coherence and public diplomacy, establishes political stability among nations and provides a positive image of the host nation.

The historical evidence shows that animportant port of political –spacial units stability and instrbility comes from the analysis of its geopolitical situation wich plays a significant rolein its political culture and foreign policy meanwhile Iraq has suffered from instability of geopolitical situation and inefficiency of people - government building process and other nondemocratic political systems and this has had a huge impact on its military strategy and political agression . This fact shows the vulnerability of Iraq regarding having access to the sea as its biggest geographical challenge on the past 5 decades which has caused Iraq to define its borders with iran and kowait over and over again to solve this problem but at some point in history it has resulted in war or tension with its neighbors . evidence suggests that as long as this does not solve the geopolitical challanges instability and stress fields in Iraq Will continue. thus this article assumes that the political instability in Iraq is affected by its geopolitical location and inefficiency of people – goverment building process and non democratic political systems and the methodology of that is based on logical inherent and the research method of thte is qualitative and the required analyctical data is collected through library reviews.

Interodaction: The uprising in the Arab countries, what is called Arab Spring, in 2011 is considered as one of most important political phenomenon in the Middle East during the last century. In fact, some expertise believes that the revolutionary evaluation in Arab countries such as Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Tunisia has changed the old political order and as a result a new order is under constructing. In spite of the fact that Saudi Arabia has a monarch political system, it could interestingly preserve its political stability during uprising. Understanding the reason and instrument which were used by the Kingdom, what that is considered to be analyzed here, would be of high account for political students and even political elites.
With a descriptive-analytical method we would use second hand sources such as books, articles, bulletins and reports which are in English, Persian and Arabic in order to analyze the details of the research program.
Findings : The findings of the research are discussed under the following themes:The analysis of the Saudi Arabia political structure in order to understanding the political process in the country.
Saudi Arabia has a monarch political structure in which Ale- Saud has been always the omnipotent class. The political structure of the Kingdom is a combination of the Al-Saud and Ale-Shaykh; however, it is the Ale-Saud that has the upper hand and it is the king that would assign the religious official in the country. So, these two pills of power cooperate together so that preserves their power in the country.
The history of the authoritarianism in the Kingdom.
Saudi Arabia officials have a long history of suppressing dissents. In fact, they do not tolerate any opposition in the country. But the new round of opposition and suppression by the government has started since the 1990 when government and its security forces crack downed demonstrations in the country’s universities. This pattern has been continued even at the beginning of the new century when the broaden objection with the political situation by what so called Sahwa Movement has accorded in the 2003-4.
The Saudi government and the Arab Spring.
What is called Arab Spring was against the Kingdom interest; hence, King Abdullah condemned the revolutionary movement in the neighboring countries. Besides, at the time when some eastern cities of Saudi Arabia have been destabilized and some political activist tried to use the situation and asked the government to reform the political structure in order to have some kind of constitutionalism, Saudi official used their power instruments so as to deal with the concerning situation they were face with. Firstly, government approved a bill by which a 110 $ package was considered to improve the social welfare in the country. Secondly, religious officials used their social influences so as to support the King and the political structure of the country. They announced the movement and protestation as a movement against god and Holly Quran. The last but not the least, security forces take to the streets and suppressed any protestation in the eastern areas.
In most of the Middle East countries as a whole and especially in Saudi Arabia pluralism does not make a sense. As a result, Liberal groups, Shia people, women and even those religious but moderate groups all are under pressure. Such a policy has been always dictated by the government during the lifespan of the Kingdom. In fact, even during King Abdullah’s reign who is considered as a reformist king, that policy has been adopted? That was why political; security official together condemned and suppressed the oppositions in 2011.
In the Saudi Arabia resemblance to other countries in the region discontent rate is high, as some movement and protestation shown in 2011; however, the government could preserve the political stability by offering financial incentive, religious leaders and security crackdown. As a result, as Gramsci says, the historical block controlled and managed the situation and preserved the political stability in the country. In fact, it is of high account to consider that the Saudi Arabia society as a Wahhabis’ society is much more conservative than the Saudi Government, as a result even limited reform by the government related to the women or Shia people would be opposed by the Wahhabis’ leaders and Sheikh.

Undoubtedly, one of the key and most fundamental issues in political atmosphere of the world is the political systems’ instability and stability. Political stability is essential for a political system to achieve its goals. This is why achieving sustainable stability and security is the most important concern of each government and political system. Political stability means that nature of political system remains stable in spite of some fluctuations and transitions. Meanwhile, every dynamic political system having interaction with its internal and external environment is necessarily involved in some tensions and crises and if it cannot settle them, the political system would become instable and will be treated by various threats. Hence, governments are usually seeking to design and perform long- term policies which help their sustainability. Investigation and recognition of variables affecting political system’s instability are among important methods which can contribute to control and handle them. The research is basic in terms of its goal and is descriptive- analytic in terms of nature and method. Data gathering procedure is based on library and field finding. The field study is a questionnaire type, and statistical sample will include experts. Data analysis will be done using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, and conclusion will be done using the two methods. A review on literatures regarding political system instability reveals that evaluation of the concept is difficult. In fact, evaluation of political instability like assessment of national power is also entangled with such fundamental challenges like: power is a multidimensional concept; variables are multiple and divers; variables have different values; there are some qualitative variables etc. Political instability stems from different origins which as a whole application they make the political system instable. Primary factors causing instability are resulted from different so-called political, economic, social and cultural and such other factors which exist in quantitative and qualitative forms. In other words, each of these variables could hold qualitative or quantitative aspects. Since geo-politicians, political scientists, scholars in international relations and politicians are interested in political instability they have tried to provide a list of those factors affecting political instability. In the research we made effort to recognize the most important variables affecting political system’s instability using investigation scholars’ theories, and then to evaluate the degree of importance of each of these variables. Accordingly, the most important and effective variables respectively were such factors like: political factors including revolutions, coup detat, civil wars, declining the regimes’ legitimacy, repression of people by governing regimes, ethnic-racial riots, and political despotism and dictatorship; socio-cultural factors including urban chaos, social inequity, administrative corruption, lack of civil liberties and extreme ethnic-religious conflicts; and finally economic factor including high rate of unemployment, financial corruption in administrative – political system (bribery, embezzlement, money laundering, etc.), increase in poverty and deprivation and high rate of inflation were the most significant and effective variables.