جدایی گزینی

In developing countries, due to the extreme socio-economic differences, inequality and lack of balance in urban services, the spatial difference between cities has intensified and spatial separation has emerged in the city. Different levels of this phenomenon appear in rural-urban areas during the process of horizontal development and integration of villages in the city. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analyze the separation and selection in rural-urban areas with emphasis on the development of Mian Afza in Ardabil city. The current research method is descriptive-exploratory. The statistical population of the research is the experts and specialists (familiar with the topics of urban segregation) of Ardabil city, due to the unknown number of them and the ambiguity of their familiarity with the topics of urban segregation (especially the indicators of segregation in the fields of Rostashahri), experts were identified using the snowball method. In this regard, the number of expert samples continued until obtaining better knowledge and theoretical saturation in the answers received (closeness and repetition of answers), and finally reached 10 people. In this regard, after the selection indicators in rural and urban areas were extracted through library studies, the aforementioned experts were interviewed and after summarizing the indicators, the content validity of the challenges was obtained. Finally, the specialized questionnaire of the effectiveness and effectiveness of the indicators was again evaluated by the same 10 relevant expert.

Urban studies have often investigated phenomena through quantitative approaches. They have just studied the urban phenomena solely, and their relationships with the subjects have been discounted. That is while urban, and its phenomena usually have different layers which cannot be understood only through quantitative approaches. Because, quantitative researchers who play the most prominent role in these studies, have not experienced and understood the phenomenon and their results are often restricted to their statistical and quantitative analysis. While the deep understanding of urban phenomena and their consequences is only possible through understanding the experiences of those who have experienced and understood those phenomena for many years. The philosophical and methodological literature of understanding these experiences which is called phenomenography and the way it can be used in urban studies are the aims of the current study.

Thus, to understand the philosophical, epistemological and methodological principles of phenomenography library research and documentary analysis has been used and for the application of phenomenography in urban studies a field study has been conducted. To do this, at first, one of the segregated neighbourhoods (Razavieh) of Tehran as the capital of Iran has been selected, and then through a phenomenographic paradigm, it has been tried to understand how residents in that neighbourhood experience segregation and how segregation has affected their quality of life. Consequently, an unstructured interview has been done by 23 of residents through a snowballing and purposeful sampling. Interviews have been recorded, and then they have been typed and finally through the phenomenographic strategy which has got seven different steps, the manuscripts have been analysed.

The documentary analysis’s results indicate that qualitative research methodology and phenomenography can be considered as an indispensable methodology in urban studies because phenomenography aims to explore and describe phenomena with an emphasis on individuals’ lived experiences. With regarding the fact that phenomenographer should make friend with interviewee he/she would be able to get the sheer feeling of residents about a specific phenomenon which can help experts avoid from skin-deep decision making and face them with the reality what is usually hindered from them through quantitative methodologies. It should be taken into account that a phenomenographer usually reflects individuals’ feelings and they usually try not to make interventions while they are analysing the manuscripts.
Results which have been gathered through field study indicate that consequences which are imagined for living in a segregated neighbourhood and are usually extracted from quantitative analysis, are far beyond that we may imagine. Segregation’s consequences affect individuals’ lives through managerial, economic, social, physical and functional dimensions. In case of functional consequences, results indicate that residents’ lives are accompanied by a feeling of inequality. In case of physical features, negative consequences could be considered in three main groups which are the neighbourhood's distance from city centre, the quality of neighbourhood's landscape and urban fabrics. Social negative consequences could be divided into four main categories which are related to the impacts that living in a segregated neighbourhood has on demographics, society, households, and Individuals. In case of economic, residents’ job opportunities are affected, and it usually leads to their inability for affording their lives. Moreover, managerial consequences usually increase the distance between residents and managers which corruption and the lack of sense of belonging to the neighbourhood and its people are among the most significant ones.

 In general, it can be declared that reaching to a pure understanding of urban phenomena especially those which are more complex, needs investigating of residents’ lived experiences what has been considered less in recent studies not only in Iranian contexts but also in all over the world. Phenomenography which makes understanding individuals’ lives possible is one of the qualitative ways which here is suggested. It can be used for those phenomena which are complicated and are dealing with individuals. Since it studies the relationships between the phenomenon and individuals, it can provide sheer results of what is going on. It should be taken into consideration that phenomenography is different from phenomenology which is more famous among scholars. With regarding these features which were counted for phenomenography and with considering the fact that urban phenomena are thoroughly in contact with individuals; it can be understood that phenomenography could be really helpful because it considers the relationship between the phenomenon and the subject rather considering the phenomenon solely. Through using phenomenography for investigating the negative consequences of living in a segregated neighbourhood not only it has been revealed that consequences are way more than those which are extracted through quantitative analysis, but it has been understood that residents consider managerial and economic consequences as the main ones and they believe that these consequences give rise to other ones. Moreover, based on the lived experiences it has been revealed that social consequences of segregation are more profound than the rest.

The goal of this project is to explain and analyze the factors such as social-demographic, economic and physical in the spatial imbalance, concentration and the segregation of the city of Mahabad. The represented research has been done in the year of 2015 and its checking methodology is based on the descriptive-analytical method. In order to gather data, the field and documentary method have been utilized. The documentary data are extracted from the statistics center of Iran’s detailed reports (2012), comprehensive (2012) and detailed plans (2014) of the city of Mahabad. Also to measure the monthly average of the families’ income of the various areas, the field model and survey distribution are utilized in this affair. First using the SAW model, the urban areas of the city of Mahabad ate rated and leveled the gap between the areas in the studied indicators is evaluated and measured using the Friedman test. Continually, the segregation indicators are used in the Geo-Segregation Analyzer software to measure and evaluate the spatial concentration and segregation. Ultimately, to measure every effect of each one of the social-demographic, economic and physical indicators on the spatial imbalance, the path analysis model is used. Results and conclusions firstly show an unfavorable development of the city of Mahabad. Also the results from the Friedman test, results from the segregation indicators, results from the path analysis model, guide us altogether that the issuing, care-needed and prioritized factor in the spatial structure of the city of Mahabad which has been the cause of the existence of gap, segregation and spatial concentration and also has the most effect on the spatial imbalance of the city of Mahabad is the physical factor and urban services and facilities in the top of them which requires a more attention to the urban management and urban planning in the affair of physical organizing.

Any kind of form is formed within the geographical perspectives associated with social processes . Ecological and spatial segregation within the cities have different reasons, including social, racial and economic specifications. symbolic consumerism which is a kind of lifestyle , makes the people with similar tastes to gather in affluent areas of the cities and thereby creates a specific characteristic to their own living place which prevents the entry of people with different life styles in to their neighborhoods. This study aims to investigate the relationship between symbolic consumerism and ecological segregation in Tabriz city in two separate neighborhoods of Kooye Ferdovs and Valiasr. The main research question is that "whether there is a relationship between the symbolic consumerism and ecological segregation ? The present research from the nature point of view is of quantitative research type with analytical- descriptive method which surveying method was used for finding proper answers to the questions. For statistical analysis, Pearson correlation test and for independence test of two samples, Mann-Whitney U test has been used.
Due to the nature of the research is a quantitative research is descriptive and analytical method which has been used to find answers to questions. For statistical analysis, Pearson correlation test and Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the independence of two apart. The number of the selected sample for Kooye Valiasr was 350 people and for Kooye Ferdovs was 150 people. The results relevant with correlation test shows that there exists a positive correlation with coefficient 0.623 between the symbolic consumerism and ecological segregation. The obtained results of regression analysis shows that 39% of the cause of segregation can be found in consumerism. The obtained results of the two independent samples show that although these two societies have no difference from the view point of brand loyalty and willingness to segregation but the tendency to luxury oriented and use of luxury goods and social reasons and their views and approaches toward each other is different and the same has caused that a group select Valiasr neighborhood and the other one select Ferdovs neighborhood as the brand for segregation.

Urban Segregation is one the most important factors which has caused social and physical inequalities in cities. This phenomenon caused the high amounts of concentration of special groups in a certain place. The concentration of the poor or the rich can make them segregated from other parts of the city. Mashhad due to its high amount of migration is formed by different groups from different socioeconomic base. These groups due to their characteristics choose some especial places for living. Housing units can significantly help to identify the spatial pattern of city with regarding the fact that these places are a physical view of household's socioeconomic characteristics. Therefore this paper is going to study the occurrence of urban segregation phenomenon and its spatial patterns with the use of residential features and also identifying the most effective factor in occurrence of this phenomenon in Mashhad. For this purpose six residential variables like the size of family, the area of houses, the number of rooms in a house, the quality of houses and the ownership states of the house which are extracted from census of population and housing 1385, are studied in order to evaluate the segregation of various social groups in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytical approach and for analyzing the data tow-group, multi-group, standard deviational ellipse and Arc Gis software are used. The results suggest that segregation has occurred between the eastern and western parts of Mashhad and the quality of Mashhad's houses in comparison with the other variables, has the higher multi-group segregation index and heterogeneous. Moreover, it is suggested that with increasing the area of houses and their rooms, the family size has decreased because disadvantage groups are not able to live in affluent parts of the city so since they want to have bigger areas with less price so they choose to live in eastern areas because these areas in comparison with western areas have smaller divided and cheaper lands. These things together cause this significant distinction between western and eastern parts of Mashhad that is a sign of segregation.

An analysis of rural communities show segregation patterns in villages as the result of tribal and language relationships as well as the pattern of dependence in the past decades in Iran. This case study reveals that dependence of every person on his/her tribe had determined the location of his / her house in the village. Nowadays, segregation pattern has been changing drastically in villages due to change of rural – urban linkage, expand of cities. The impacts of these cities on villages are more visible in peripheral villages.The results of this case study showed that segregation pattern has changed noticeably due to the changing relationship between Nour Abad and peripheral villages, the entrance of the migrants and the impact of city capitals. The segregation pattern that was observed to have had occurred for tribal and language dependence in the past, now, is changing for economic dependence and the types of relationships. It was found that the location of every house in the village is decided based on economic status not for tribal and language status.