دیپلماسی

Given the important role and influence that the Islamic Republic of Iran has in the developments in the West Asian region, the use of deterrence policy and defense diplomacy to repel threats is considered a strategic issue. This type of deterrence policy is influenced by the doctrine of Ayatollah Khamenei, who believes that in the field of defense and deterrence, all governments and nations need security and should play a role in designing a public security model and protecting it. The question raised in this article is what components does Iran's deterrence policy in the West Asian region contain based on the Supreme Leader's defense diplomacy strategies? The results and findings of the article show that in the Islamic Republic of Iran, defense cooperation stems from the country's foreign policy framework. In such a case, the goals of defense diplomacy are subordinate to the general goals of foreign policy, and defense diplomacy is a subset of foreign policy. Accordingly, the country's defense diplomacy stems from the principles and teachings of Ayatollah Khamenei. Defense diplomacy in the leadership's thinking is based on three principles: brotherly relations with Islamic countries, dealing with enemies, and peaceful relations with friendly countries. The pillars of Iran's defense diplomacy and fruitfulness from the leadership's perspective are: "fighting the system of domination", "military and defense cooperation", and "strengthening military alliances in the Islamic world".

Geopolitics is one of the factors affecting the foreign policy of countries. The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has also been affected by geopolitical factors. The main goal of this article is to investigate the position of geopolitics in directing the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question has been raised as to what effect geopolitics has had on the direction of Iran's foreign policy after the Islamic Revolution. It has been hypothesized that geopolitics, by explaining or measuring the impact of each of the factors affecting the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, will help the diplomatic apparatus in designing and implementing a realistic foreign policy and make it easier to achieve national interests and national security. The results of the article show that the practical and theoretical view over the past years in Iran's foreign policy, the lack of attention to the strategy of looking to the East and unilaterally looking to the West, has caused neglect of other centers and sources of global power and wealth, especially near the borders. but in recent years, the strategy of looking to the east has turned into a regionalist strategy by the Islamic Republic of Iran in the geopolitical and geographical perspective, because Iran is one of the countries that has a geostrategic advantage in terms of its geographical and political location. , geoeconomics and geopolitics are beneficial. Based on this, the strategy of looking to the east, which has scientific

Tourism has a significant impact on the economic, social, and political dimensions of a country; it creates employment and stimulates economic capital. Many experts believe that the growth or recession of this industry in any country is largely due to the domestic and foreign policies of the government. With this introduction, the present research aims to improve the process of attracting tourists to Iran in the1404  vision, with an emphasis on the role of foreign policy. This research is applied and was conducted using qualitative and quantitative methods. The data collection method in this research is based on library and field studies (questionnaires). The research population consists of experts in the field of tourism and foreign policy, and a sample size of 50 people was estimated. Data analysis was performed using the average test and one-sample t-test method in SPSS software and the numerical taxonomy model in MATLAB software. The results of the research show that cultural, political, and development policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran's 1404vision in the field of tourism are less effective, and economic policies have no significant impact on the success of tourism.

In international law, one of the topics that has been used to resolve disputes between actors of the international system is negotiation and constructive interactions between countries. One of the negotiation approaches among the aforementioned units is conducting border diplomacy in the form of negotiations between representatives of neighboring countries to resolve issues and problems related to border areas and stabilize peace and establish security in these areas. According to this issue, in the present study, the position of border diplomacy in international law was analyzed. In this article, by using the descriptive-analytical method and examining the valid documents and documents related to the research topic, to the question that; What is the position of border diplomacy in international law? Answered. The findings showed that negotiation is one of the most important resources provided in international law to resolve disputes between countries, and due to the existence of numerous issues and problems in border areas, it has the most efficiency and application among the units of the system. has had an international Border diplomacy in the form of negotiation is one of the most important approaches of international law to resolve border disputes and has a very important place in establishing peace and establishing security in relations between countries. Carrying out border interactions and preventing any formation of insecurity in the border areas between countries is a matter that takes place through border meetings in the form of border diplomacy on behalf of institutions related to border areas in countries. Considering this issue, the most favorable result that can be presented from the current research; Exploiting the resources of international law in the form of border diplomacy by countries with long borders and delegating authority to institutions related to border areas in order to protect and protect their borders and reduce tension and conflict between countries.

Tourism is not only one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy but also plays a critical role in strengthening gross domestic product, employment and income distribution. Tourism helps establish world peace and contributes to mutual understanding among nations. Governments have striven to achieve this human ideal and directed many efforts at materializing world peace and security while making policies to develop tourism as the most dynamic economic, political, ad cultural activity of the present age, which leverages its soft and fluid power to help establish peace and security and link nations together. This research investigates the political effects of tourism. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. Data are gathered by documentary and library methods. Research findings suggest that tourism strengthens peace and security, increases national pride, national coherence and public diplomacy, establishes political stability among nations and provides a positive image of the host nation.

With the expansion of the globalization process, the decline of centralism idea and the dimming of the nation-state’s role in international relations, the role of local government and cities in organizing and promoting diplomacy has become more prominent and urban diplomacy in order to provide the benefits and interest of the city and Citizens in various cultural, social, economic and ... areas have been expanded. Accordingly, it is an undeniable necessity to pay attention to the advancement of urban diplomacy in Iran in order to guarantee and provide urban and national interests through the growth and expansion of intercultural and economic exchanges. Considering the cultural, historical and geographical position of Mashhad as the second largest city in Iran, this study focused on identifying and classifying the problems of urban diplomacy in this city with the method of documentary studies and conducting qualitative interviews with urban diplomacy experts. The study of the data indicated that there is no creative and progressive diplomacy in Mashhad city to have a significant role in international interactions. Accordingly, for clarification of problems, the data has been organized and categorized in 15 themes by using thematic analysis and finally these themes have been classified in 4 main problems; “Lack of awareness of one's own and other's capacities and potentials”, “conservative centralist governance”, “the disorder of the political economy of the city” and “International restrictions”. These are the main problems that prevent city branding and creative and progressive urban diplomacy.

 In the previous studies on the subject of urban diplomacy, have been addressed subjects such as the compatibility of the increase in the number of sister cities of Tehran in connection with the foreign policy of the government in Iran, and the investigation of the role and function of cities as new actors in international relations. In none of them, the relationship between the role of urban diplomacy and the international relations of cities has not been investigated. The main difference between the present research and other research is that indicators regarding the success rate of the urban management system in urban diplomacy have been investigated. This research is of applied type and its purpose is to evaluate the level and role of Tehran Municipality as the most important and influential local executive institution in advancing this matter.

 The required information and data have been collected in two general ways under the headings of the library and field. First, in the indirect data collection method, the answers obtained through the questionnaire with SPSS software were entered from the sources to analyze the research data. Then, using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, a picture of the current situation in the studied communities is drawn. In the next step, with the method of collecting direct information through a questionnaire, the required data from the statistical population is adopted. In the present study, the statistical population includes people who work in the municipality of Tehran or have some connection with the Tehran municipality.

 Findings obtained from the first to third plans of Tehran Municipality have been such that the first plan promotes the role of city diplomacy at different levels and the second plan without considering and evaluating the upgrade and infrastructure and its development in the third plan to increase memberships and formation Discourses are discussed. According to the annual reports of Tehran Municipality regarding the performance of this institution, planning and consultations and holding more meetings with neighboring and underdeveloped countries have been done, and there is no special organization and committee in the municipality for urban diplomacy. Furthermore, according to the "one-sample t" test, the geopolitical isolation index has had the greatest impact on the failure of Tehran Municipality in influencing the role of urban diplomacy in international relations, and also our second index on the ability of urban management in the category Next and finally, the geopolitical weight index has had the least impact on the failure of Tehran Municipality in the mentioned field.

 The results obtained from Tehran Municipality's first to third programs in strengthening the indicators and developing the international infrastructure and discourse axes for membership and stabilization of international cooperation have not been successful. Also, the reports of this local executive body indicate that communication and consultations were mostly with neighboring and underdeveloped countries. The considered indicators each with the results obtained in the index (urban management ability) of lack of concern and sufficient expertise and lack of relevance of employees' field of study, for annual planning and goal setting, and the index (geopolitical weight) according to Measuring the national power of countries, shows that this institution still tends to communicate with cities that have a lower weight than Tehran, and the results obtained, respectively, indicators of geopolitical isolation, urban management capacity and geopolitical weight of the country are factors affecting municipal failure. Tehran is in the field of urban diplomacy.

The Paris Agreement is the result of multilateral diplomacy and long-term process of negotiation started in 2007 and released with the approval of the treaty in accordance with international law in Paris by 2015. Reducing the temperature below 2°C and convincing developing countries to accept emission reduction commitments was a major challenge to climate change. A fundamental revision on climate change regime happened in the Paris agreement and it moved from hard distinction approach on emission reduction commitments in the Kyoto Protocol towards a more global and comprehensive approach.
By a descriptive and analytical way as well as the study of papers and documents, the first section presents the process of formation of the Paris agreement and its framework and the principles governing it. The second section examines the main results that arise in the negotiating space and analyzes its achievements.
Discussion Framework:The Paris Agreement is the result of a compromise between, on the one hand, the Europe and several developing countries looking for a legally binding treaty, and on the other hand, the U.S. who was insistent to achieve an outcome that did not require the approval of the Senate, as well as China and India, who insisted no new commitments should be imposed on developing countries.
The “intended nationally determined contributions” (INDC) was introduced at COP19 held in Warsaw in November 2013. INDC and the use of the term "measures" instead of "commitment" had significant role in leading to the 2015 Paris Agreement.
The EU’s strict stance in support of 1.5°C temperature and separation the poorer developing countries from the large emerging economy countries motivated by negotiation tactics, resulted in changes in positions and reaching a consensus on below 2°C.
There are different types of commitments in this agreement and the scope of members’ obligations depend on their interpretation of terms in each article. INDCs are different with respect to the internal situation for each country. The agreement structure is continuous and long-term and nations shall gather every five years and represent their collective progress and reduction plans. They should update these measures, and the members have no right to reverse their previous actions.
It should be stressed on financial mechanism that in spite of reaching consensus on $100 billion annual aid from 2020 for developing nations to address climate change issues, in which was recognized in the Copenhagen Agreement (COP15), the text of the Paris agreement has not mentioned any assistance and what has finally been approved does not require any assistance. In this agreement, the concept of damage was identified and strengthened in the agreements, but with the efforts of the United States and other developed countries, it was forbidden to bring liability proceedings to compensate for it.
The Paris Agreement is the result of twenty-five years of global negotiations on combating climate change. Even though it establishes common commitments for all nations, it is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. In this agreement, although members are obliged to fulfill their commitments, these commitments are determined by varying domestic and internal circumstances. Although the purpose of this agreement is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, it will take longer time for developing countries.
The Paris Agreement is the result of 25 years of UN negotiations in the fight against climate change. Even though it establishes common commitments for all nations, it is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. In this agreement, however, nations are obliged to fulfill their commitments, but these commitments are determined in internal scale and with respect to different internal situations. Although the purpose of this agreement is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, it takes longer time for developing countries.

In a world of international communications and interactions, cities are studied as geographical regions within an atmosphere of streams built upon direct connections between cities (Najati Hosseini, 2011). In other words, cities play a significant role in the global politics, economy, and the restoration of global management. In the globalization age, cities can be introduced as key players within the frameworks of decentralization policies and interactive actions between cities and provide the means for increasing interactions in areas including information technology, economy, society, and culture (Acuto, 2012). Therefore, in today’s world, the development and progress of cities highly depend on communications and interactions between them at a transnational level. In fact, modern cities are regarded as spatial-geographical territories that enter transnational interactions and assume international roles. The subject of urban diplomacy is a tool used for studying the role of urban geographical regions in international interactions. Urban diplomacy can be defined as institutions and processes through which cities serve the purpose of demonstrating their capacities and interests in one another in relation with other actors as well as within international politics (Pluijm & Melissen, 2007). During the past few years, Mashhad metropolitan area has managed to take a bold step in the direction of growth and development at both national and international levels through progress in areas such as industry, science, tourism, etc. The backgrounds and requirements for Mashhad metropolitan area to play a role within the urban diplomacy framework is an important subject which is examined in the present study.

The present inquiry is an applied study conducted using the descriptive-analytical method. This study seeks to provide answers to the following question: How is the position of urban diplomacy in Mashhad metropolitan area with focus on transnational actions of municipality and universities? Data were collected using library studies and by referring to valid sources, along with field observations and gathering the comments of experts through interviews and questionnaires.

The analysis and examination of the findings show the active role of Mashhad municipality and universities in the context of urban diplomacy development. According to the results of SWOT model, the perceivable reality is that, given the high position of Mashhad metropolitan area in Iran and the Islamic world, the activities carried out under the present conditions with regards to urban diplomacy development of this city have not been acceptable and significant. There is a need for organized planning and more scientific actions, particularly in the municipality sector and universities. Based on the findings from the IE matrix (the internal-external factor assessment matrix) the urban diplomacy in Mashhad metropolitan area is currently at a conservative position (wo). The conservative position denotes that to develop the urban diplomacy in Mashhad metropolitan area, the internal weaknesses should be mitigated using external opportunities.

Considering its exceptional capacities in religious, historical, scientific, cultural, and geo-cultural areas, Mashhad metropolitan area can play an influential role in the context of urban diplomacy and particularly, religious and scientific diplomacies, both at regional and the Islamic world levels. However, the findings of the study point to a number of challenges faced by this city along this path. According to the results of SWOT model, despite the strengths (10 strengths) of Mashhad metropolitan area in the context of urban diplomacy development, there exist multiple weaknesses as well which are subject to systemic inadequacies. Moreover, regardless of the effective roles of universities and scientific centers in Mashhad in the field of international scientific interactions during the past few years, urban diplomacy development in this city requires making use of opportunities, esp. efficient planning and policymaking in the area of municipality and universities’ transnational interactions. As a result, Mashhad metropolitan area can rely on increasing the transnational interactions of municipality and universities and making use of external opportunities to mitigate its internal weaknesses in line with urban diplomacy development.

1.

Chrono Politics (geopolitics of time) is the concept of time management and the use of geopolitical opportunities. Since 1991, Iran and Turkey have been the bridge of the important areas of the world and this homogeneous geopolitical transformation has led to rivalry of the two countries. Because of the hostile policies of the West, Iran’s position in the region has not been based on the real capabilities. On the other hand, Turkish geopolitics was emerged based on the energy pipelines, and today, Turkey is an energy hub in the region. American hostilities, Iran’s failures in diplomacy and the approach of Turkish leaders, position this country in a distinguished position, despite the lack of energy resources.
East-West strategy (Western Europe, Republic of Azerbaijan, Turkey and the United States) is the Policy of everything without Iran. Because of the hostile policies of the United States and the West, the position of Iran in the region is not based on the real capabilities and Turkey has become the regional power.
2.

Theoretical Framework:
Geopolitical discourse is about space and time. Now, a shift from Political geography (space policy) to Chrono politics (politics of time) can be noticed. Chrono politics investigates the role of time control in national politics. Croon politic is one of the vital elements of political geography, because at first, policy passes through the time channel. Geopolitics and Chrono politics both meet each other in one point where applied dimensions of geopolitics and Chrono politics are emphasized in political decision-makings. Geopolitics is a combination of politics, power, and the earth, while the subject of Chrono politics is the relations between foreign policy and time.
Chrono politics, in fact, is how elites, intellectuals and officials create structures of power through controlling and distributing time and influencing foreign policy. Hence, Chrono politics in political sciences, especially in world scale, has overtaken geopolitics. Chrono politics is understanding the map of time. Time and space are not two separated phenomena, but they are interconnected. Political geography has to be used in time. Chrono politics is time management which means taking advantage of the geopolitical position and opportunity and not losing time. Cyber space is one of the Chrono politics factors. It does not depend on the territory and land. It considers governments are responsible for foreign and international policies and investigates politics in the form of time.
3.

This research is a fundamental-theoretical research. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Data is collected based on comparative methodology using the Internet and library sources.
4.

Findings and Discussion:

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, an intense competition between Iran and Turkey took place because both countries had the opportunity to play as the key political and economic actor in the region. The most fundamental divergent component between them is that Turkey is aligned with the West and the United States and is a member of NATO, and establishes the political, economic and military relations with Israel; hence, it is highly supported by the West while Iran opposes the U.S. and NATO’s policies in the region. Iran does not officially recognize Israel’s existence. Turkey benefits from the geopolitics of energy and Chrono politics of energy in various ways. It has strengthened its political influence in addition to economic exploitation through increasing the number of oil and gas pipelines. The new geopolitics of Turkey was defined after the Cold War and is based on the energy corridors. Europe geopolitical weakness is its dependence on turkey energy, which has reinforced Turkey’s geopolitical potential more than before.
Because of the fundamental difference between Iran’s policy and the geopolitics of America, Turkey does not allow Iran to grow in the area of energy transfer. Americans and Europeans have linked political and economic issues to use safer, easier and cheaper routes out of Iran territory. The weakness of Iran’s foreign policy causes it cannot benefit from its geostrategic position to become the main route of energy transmission between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf regions.
5.

Iran doesn’t benefit the Chrono politics of energy, although energy of Iran, both in terms of resources and transmissions, has a unique position compared to its rivals, in particular Turkey; it is the world’s first gas supplier and the third largest supplier of oil; it is located between the two major oil and gas depots in the world (the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea); it is immediate neighboring of Caspian Sea countries; it is Standing beside the world high seas and it is able to transfer simultaneously energy to the West and the East (EU-China and India),. Despite the lack of a common border between Turkey and the Caspian region, Turkey has benefited from this position, due to America’s opposition to energy transmission through Iran. Turkey is stronger than Iran to achieve its national interests and economic development through diplomacy in the region and interaction with the world, even as the Turkish authorities have branded their diplomacy as the diplomacy of pressured pipes.
Three solutions are proposed to solve Iran’s problem:- To transit the energy pipelines of Iran to Turkmenistan and Turkey.
- To identify common points of regional policy.
- To invest on industries jointly with regional unions, especially in the oil and gas industries.
Adopting passive policies in energy diplomacy can weaken national security and cause regional and global tensions against Iran.

Tourism could be used as a diplomacy tool to increase and improve peace, friendship, security, cooperation among nations and to increase economic growth and income. Nowdays physical borders of countries are dissolving and new forms of borders oure. shaped by our mind, emotions and experiences. Like other types of diplomacy such as formal diplomacy, public diplomacy and business diplomacy, Tourism can also play a vole in expanded of diplomatic relations, which is know as Tourism diplomacy and could be used as a tool for cooperation and convergence. Persian Golf region comprised of 8nation states has a unique geopolitical advantage in the world. These nations have more in common in terms of historical, cultural, religious and linguistic affairs compared to ethnical or racial differences. These common ground could foster cooperation and convergence among these countries. This descriptive – analytic study tries to investigate tourism diplomacy in the regime and the way that it could be used to regional convergence in the Persian Gulf.

Boundaries of each country reflects the strength or weakness of the sovereignty and national security; furthermore, every governments, which has the duty of establishing peace and calmness, must have secure borders; they need to deal with threats, as border is the most important factor in security and independence. What is more, borders are considered as significant factor in the political and economic demands with the neighbors and also a creator of social and political integrity in the country. Frontier guard as a diplomat on behalf of the government undertakes the government’s conduct of foreign policies in order to take proper actions with having border meeting under regulations and borders protocols that eventuate in solving borders problems. In fact, the on time actions of border guard would prevent the friendly relationship from being hostile relationship between the two neighbor countries. The purpose of this research, which has been proved with documentary and field research methods, is to find effective parameters such as borders consciousness, environmental conditions and diplomatic role in promoting a negotiation; thereby guards in their mission might be more successful.

Because of particular geopolitics and geo-economics status of Caspian Sea, it can meet noticeable part of energy needs for countries such as china, east of Asia, European Union, and south of Asia. Enclosed countries in the areas of Caspian in land and inaccessibility of to international canals for transferring their energy to the global markets lead to charge energy transferring to the global markets to an international and regional problem. the various ways have been proposed that it is affected by political circumstances rather than economic and technical situations. According to geopolitical and geo-economic status of Islamic republic of Iran, Iran is the most suitable alternative to transfer Caspian energy to the global markets, but in the implementation process of this project and in relation to international system structure, Iran faced with several challenges. Our hypothesis is that according to the new energy geopolitical, Caspian energy has a particular status in the global energy equations and implementation limitation of Caspian energy transferring from Iran path, are regional and meta – regional competition and also united states conflicts with Islamic republic of Iran. Research methodology in current study is analytical – descriptive and instrument is liberation and internet –based sources.