راهبرد

The development of green agriculture is considered a vital strategy for achieving economic, social, and environmental sustainability in rural areas. This approach integrates traditional farming methods with modern techniques, emphasizing principles such as sustainable resource management, organic farming, biodiversity, and social responsibility. Green agriculture not only enhances economic productivity but also provides significant environmental benefits, including pollution reduction, biodiversity conservation, and improved soil and water health. However, transitioning to this approach faces challenges such as economic, environmental, technological, and educational barriers. Case studies have demonstrated that green agriculture has yielded positive outcomes in terms of biodiversity, sustainability, and income growth, particularly in developing countries. To overcome these challenges, recommendations such as the integration of modern technologies, supportive policies, restructuring educational systems, and promoting community participation have been proposed. In conclusion, achieving green agriculture requires extensive collaboration among stakeholders, investment in green infrastructure, and fostering sustainable innovations. Green agriculture offers a vision of food security and economic sustainability while preserving ecosystems, making it essential for future generations.

Tabriz is located a short distance from the fault north of Tabriz, which is one of the areas with a very high relative risk in earthquake risk. The region of 2 municipalities of Tabriz, where many scientific and tourism centers are located, is at risk of earthquakes. In this study, according to the possibility of earthquake crisis, the level of urban resilience and the response capacity of the district 2 of Tabriz were evaluated against earthquakes.

At first, the effective indicators in resilience were prepared by interview and nominal group method and Delphi technique and were categorized into 12 criteria. Next, the indices were weighted by ANP, the layers (indices) were superimposed with the SUM fuzzy. The neighborhoods of the region 2were clustered by SVM, in terms of resilience and the spatial pattern of the clusters was analyzed by Moran's autocorrelation model; The relationship between the indicators and the level of resilience was analyzed by the GWR model. Finally, SWAT technique and QSPM matrix were used to develop operational strategies for poor neighborhoods.

The results showed that the indicators of access to urban open spaces, urban impermeability and quality are the most important in resilience with fuzzy membership degrees of 0.174, 0.137 and 0.137 respectively. Approximately 35% of the district 2 of Tabriz has weak resilience against earthquakes, but about 65% has moderate to almost adequate resilience. The weak neighborhoods are related to the north-western neighborhoods (Golbad, Halmeh, Qorkhaneh, Shahid Montazeri and Gol-Gasht) and the suitable neighborhoods are Tabriz University, Elahi Parast, Zafaranieh, Sari Zira, Abbas Mirza and Golshahr. Moran's model shows the confirmation of the urban resilience clustering model of the region against earthquakes. The coefficients of the GWR model indicate the validity and accuracy of the model for predicting the level of resilience. The results of the SWAT technique show that the studied factors are placed in the district 2 of Tabriz and in the fifth house (V) that the residents of the neighborhoods of district 2 of Tabriz in terms of being able to deal with the earthquake in the condition is medium to low. The strategies are also aggressive (SO) and its goal is to make maximum use of external opportunities with internal strengths and in this way maintain the external factors of the current conditions and grow and strengthen these conditions in the future.

The urban resilience evaluation framework and the preparation of spatial maps for resilience evaluation can be a practical guide to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a city against earthquakes. These results can help planners in spatial planning and urban environment. In addition, authorities can use the results to develop disaster risk reduction programs and policies. They can use the framework introduced in this study to identify areas of vulnerability that should be prioritized during resilience efforts.

Cultural tourism refers to a trip whose purpose is to experience and get to know the culture of a country or region. Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend. At least 40% of all tourists around the world can be considered cultural tourists. Cultural tourism can help preserve tangible (material) and intangible (non-material) heritage in society. Cultural tourists travel to enjoy the history and heritage, culture, lifestyle, traditions, art, music, literature, architecture and religion of the destination. Traditional cultural tourists are attracted by major cultural sites and attractions. Gilan province is one of the provinces that, according to the published statistics of the national tourist census, nearly 28 to 30 million people travel to this province every year. According to the field observations, these tourists travel to this province with the aim of using the natural features. This is despite the fact that Gilan province, as one of the coastal provinces, in addition to its natural features, has many cultural, historical and even commercial attractions for planning in the tourism sector, which has received less attention from tourists so far. Examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of urban tourism development with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province is the subject of this research. The research questions are; what are the development strategies of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province? What are the prioritizations of strategies in the development of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province?

Cultural tourism refers to a trip whose purpose is to experience and get to know the culture of a country or region. Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend. At least 40% of all tourists around the world can be considered cultural tourists. Cultural tourism can help preserve tangible (material) and intangible (non-material) heritage in society. Cultural tourists travel to enjoy the history and heritage, culture, lifestyle, traditions, art, music, literature, architecture and religion of the destination. Traditional cultural tourists are attracted by major cultural sites and attractions. Gilan province is one of the provinces that, according to the published statistics of the national tourist census, nearly 28 to 30 million people travel to this province every year. According to the field observations, these tourists travel to this province with the aim of using the natural features. This is despite the fact that Gilan province, as one of the coastal provinces, in addition to its natural features, has many cultural, historical and even commercial attractions for planning in the tourism sector, which has received less attention from tourists so far. Examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of urban tourism development with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province is the subject of this research. The research questions are; what are the development strategies of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province? What are the prioritizations of strategies in the development of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province?

The results obtained from the weighted average of the social items show that the item "the amount of tourists entering Gilan province" with the highest weighted average of 3.813 is in the first place, the item "the presence of security in the urban and rural areas of Gilan province" with the weighted average of 3.640 is in the second place and The item "Acquaintance of the native people of Gilan with cultural-historical monuments in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.360 is ranked third. The results obtained from the weighted average of the economic items show that the item "location of Anzali Free Zone in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.387 is in the first place, the item "low permanence of tourists in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.267 is in the second place and the item "existence of Businesses related to cultural-historical tourism" ranked third with a weighted average of 3.093. The results obtained from the weighted average of infrastructure-enjoyment items show that the item "prominence of natural features of the province with a weighted average of 4.20 is in the first place, and the item "Handicrafts of Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.987 is in the Second place, and "local music of Gilan province" were ranked third with a weighted average of 3.853. The results obtained from the weighted average of policy-institutional items show that the item "Negative advertisements in mass media against Iran" with a weighted average of 3.933 is in the first place, the item "Approval of practical and up-to-date training for tourism graduates of the country" and the item "Compilation of laws of Written in order to maintain the security of foreign tourists" equally with a weighted average of 3.307 ranked second and the item "unsettled situation in the Middle East countries" ranked third with a weighted average of 3.293. From the intersection of the coefficients of the internal and external factors obtained in a coordinate system, the position of the superior strategy in the studied area is identified. Based on this, the offensive strategy shows the state of tourism in Gilan more than other strategies and is considered as the most effective strategy in the development of the province's tourism industry.

Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend that can help preserve tangible and intangible heritage. As one of the coastal provinces, Gilan province, in addition to its natural features, has cultural and historical attractions for planning in the tourism sector. In this research, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing this type of tourism were analyzed with the SWOT model, and finally offensive strategies or SO were identified for the development of this type of tourism in Gilan province. When, according to the weighting and analysis by the SWOT model, the SO strategy is selected from among the 4 strategies, it means that in the phenomenon under investigation, there are so many strengths that one can easily take advantage of the previous opportunities by using them. The offensive strategies are: developing marketing and advertising programs (local, regional, national and international) for branding Gilan province as a cultural-historical provinceplanning to use the human resources of the host society (forming think rooms and using the ideas of tourism-hospitality graduates) in line with the development of cultural-historical tourism; Development of incentive schemes (tax exemptions - granting of facilities, etc.) to use local, regional and international investment opportunities; standardization of infrastructure as much as possible for the international registration of Gilan as a cultural-historical province; Developing joint training programs with leading countries in tourism education (to receive the most up-to-date practical training in the field of tourism and hospitality).

In the global system, the pattern of strategic planning has been formed in the majority of participation in planning and theory of systems in different countries, and this type of planning has arisen due to the neglect and inadequacy of comprehensive plans. In less developed countries, the lack of people participation in the process of preparing and implementing urban comprehensive plans and not paying attention to the facilities and conditions for the realization of urban comprehensive plans are considered to be the reasons for the need to review the urban planning system and the preparation of the mentioned plans. Therefore, strategic planning was created in response to the basic weaknesses of comprehensive plans in meeting the city's needs and guiding its future growth and development. There are various reasons for the non-fulfillment of urban development plans, some Iranian experts have stated the most important of them as the problems of comprehensive plans under the two headings of "plan implementation failures" and "plan review and approval process failures". Therefore, the current research aims to examine the factors affecting the realization of urban development plans on a global scale and to extract and formulate indicators and factors affecting the realization of these plans. 

The current research is considered as an applied research in terms of its purpose and as a descriptive analytical research in terms of its nature. The approach of the current research is quantitative and qualitative. First, using MAXQDA analytical software, sub-, central, and selective codes are extracted to identify factors affecting the realization of urban development plans. To determine the feasibility of urban development plans on a global scale, various sources such as books, articles, reports, and various urban development plans were first studied, then coding was done using MAXQDA software. In the following, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model has been used to prioritize and rank the factors affecting the realization of urban development plans. It has been used for ranking according to experts, including city managers, urban planning experts, consulting engineers, university professors, and other people who somehow have expertise and mastery of the subject. Therefore, sampling was carried out to the extent of scientific saturation and 20 people were identified as the sample population. 

The findings obtained for the investigation of urban development plans showed that the components of the realization of urban development plans are adaptability, coordination, communication and systematicity, flexibility, realism, decentralized and participatory planning, and transparency, which can be seen in the form of figure number 6. About the findings obtained in Table No. 7 (final rank of indicators), it should be said that among the components proposed to recognize the most important component affecting the realization of strategic plans is the component of realism and decentralized and participatory planning. In general, in successful countries in strategic planning, attention and emphasis on the mentioned components were able to realize urban development plans.

By reviewing the specialized literature of the research, it was determined that various factors affect the non-realization of urban development plans. They have been investigated in many researches, and it has been emphasized that different mechanisms have an effect on the nonrealization in all regions. Therefore, the common denominator of most of these researches is the emphasis on structural requirements at the national and regional scale, which is more consistent with the centralized and departmental management model. In addition, the spatial dimensions in the human and natural spheres affect the state of realizability. This effect sometimes hurts the realizability situation and in some cases, it also has a positive effect depending on the conditions governing different areas. In the current research, the incompatibility in the plans as well as the weak participation of all social groups have been emphasized. In general, successful countries in the field of strategic planning, with attention and emphasis on the components of adaptability, harmony, communication and systematicity, realism, decentralized planning, and transparency, were able to realize urban development plans. According to the findings, it should be said that among the components proposed to recognize the most important factor in the realization of urban development plans on a global scale, the realism and flexibility have been assigned the most points.

urban peripheral development, due to the profit-seeking motives of property owners and its economic justification for urban management, has caused the abandonment of many parts of the inner cities and out of the development cycle. On the other hand, it is always added to the concentrated spots of the population and the size of the cities, in the low-value lands around and apart from the urban system. Informal settlements, as a product of growth in urban peripheral areas, are mainly located in the vicinity of big cities, which have disorganized traffic and physical structures, and consist of residential units that are built without observing the technical principles of building and lack official permits. The latest approach in this field is urban regeneration, which seeks to change the nature of a place using the intervention of residents and other stakeholders. Regeneration has different classifications, One of these classifications, is community-oriented regeneration and it is defined based on the intervention of the local community in the regeneration process. As a important historical city, Neyshabur is not immune from the problem of urban peripheral development and inefficiency of the structures formed in these areas. The existence of its marginal structure is a proof of the inefficiency of urban development management. In this texture, due to the arrival of immigrants from other parts of the city as well as from rural areas, we see heterogeneity in the cultural and social characteristics of the residents. The dominance of such conditions on the tissues makes it mandatory to take serious measures to recreate and strengthen its cultural and social aspects. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the existing capabilities of the people of the urban peripheral settlements of Neishabur, and provide strategies for empowerment and solving the challenges in these textures. Therefore, the main question of the research is; what is the current cultural-social situation of the urban peripheral area of Neishabur and what are the priority strategies for its cultural-social stabilization with the view of empowering the local community?According to its purpose, the current research is practical and its method is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods according to the nature of the research and the investigated components and the approach governing the research. Collecting the required data and information has been done through documentary and field method (observation and questionnaire). The formal validity method was used to determine the validity of the research tool (questionnaire) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. After collecting the information needed for the research, the current situation has been analyzed and evaluated using the SWOT technique, and by applying the opinions of subject matter experts, weighting and ranking strategies in accordance with internal and external factors, the SWOT matrix, It has been done and the best and priority intervention strategies in the context have been determined based on the importance and total weighted ranking. Also, in order to identify the priority strategies of regeneration, the ACCEPT method and the opinions of subject experts are used. The ACCEPT method uses six criteria to prioritize strategic goals and provide an opportunity for the strategic planning team to evaluate the consequences of adopting a strategy from different aspects. Therefore, the final strategies for cultural-social regeneration of the urban peripheral spaces of Neyshabur with the empowerment approach have been determined. Living conditions in urban peripheral neighborhoods indicate the compulsion and inevitability of people to live in these neighborhoods. The lack of services and urban infrastructures and the needs of daily life, or the transformation of quiet rural environments into crowded and unplanned urban environments, causes the satisfaction of living in these settlements to be always low. Access to administrative and commercial centers in the city and other urban services is facing problems. This causes the residents of these neighborhoods to be dissatisfied with the existing conditions and have low satisfaction from living in these neighborhoods. Also, according to the opinions of the municipal experts, in the parts where we see the villages connected to the city, there is relatively good participation, but in the rest of the settlements, the participation rate is moderate and decreasing.As the results show, the priority of the obtained social-cultural strategies of the urban peripheral texture of Neishabur, according to the total attractiveness scores, is as follows:1. Education and encouragement to education and learning and raising the level of social skills of the residents2. Providing programs for families and young people's free time3. Promoting cultural and artistic activities and supporting related projects in this field.In this research, cultural-social regeneration strategies of the urban peripheral texture of Neyshabur were investigated and studied with the approach of empowering the local community. According to the results obtained from the research, it is necessary to include the following solutions in the agenda of managers and officials of urban regeneration:1. The urban peripheral texture of Neishabor is full of unique opportunities that distinguish it from other cities in the province. The history of culture, literature and art, the existing cultural centers and the historical history of the city provide unique opportunities to the The urban peripheral texture, which must be taken into account in cultural-social regeneration.2. The desire to modernize the residential texture, the possibility of creating local institutions whose role has been weak so far, and the existence of cooperative tendencies and human resources in the urban peripheral texture of Neishabur, is among the things that should be considered in the preparation, formulation, implementation and implementation of plans. Regeneration, especially in its cultural-social dimensions, should be given more attention.3. Neyshabor has a unique historical record that focusing on cultural and social issues as a catalyst and guiding the path of regeneration can be a suitable strategy for Neyshabor, therefore focusing on the tourism capacities of this city, branding different neighborhoods, central events and ... it can provide attractiveness and suitable economic trends for the city, which will also help in the regeneration of urban peripheral neighborhoods.

This study aimed to develop strategies for branding using the smart city approach based on economic dimensions in the Yusefabad neighborhood located in district 6 of Tehran.

This analytical-applied study was conducted in the Yusefabad neighborhood of Tehran in 2023-2024. The research tool was a questionnaire designed based on the economic dimension with sub-components including service and tourism facilities (5 indices), neighborhood unique features and assets (6 indices), transportation services and accessibility (6 indices), urban services and infrastructure (4 indices), city's international status (4 indices), and investment and trade (3 indices). The content and face validity were assessed using the expert panel method. Then, the questionnaire was distributed among 30 urban planners in district 6 of Tehran. The data were analyzed using the independent t-test and Friedman test in SPSS 23.

The highest mean in the economic dimensions was related to transportation services and accessibility (2.4), while the lowest mean was related to service and tourism facilities with a value of 2.89. The results of component ranking indicated that in the service and tourism facilities index, the components of recreational centers and entertainment venues (0.189) and the status of hotels and hostels (0.189) ranked highest. In the unique features and assets index, unique monuments and buildings (0.062) ranked highest. In the urban services and infrastructure index, the components of urban facility conditions (0.182) and urban equipment status (0.179) ranked highest. In the city's international status index, advertising power (0.210) ranked first. In the investment and trade index, the status of markets and sales centers ranked first.

The economic component with a beta coefficient of 0.438 significantly influences the smart city. The economic status is a significant predictor of the smart city.

Commercial tourism is also considered a part of the tourism industry that can play an effective role in the development rural border areas by principled, appropriate planning and identification of its advantages and limitations.Research goal: the present study in the framework of strategic planning, while recognizing the internal and external factors affecting formation and development of business tourism, provides appropriate strategies in the field of sustainable rural development under the influence of trade tourism indicators.

The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to advance objectives of research, 16strengths, 9weaknesses, 16opportunities and 8threats to business tourism were identified through analysis of government policies, interviews with business activists and number of local elites. In this study, SWOT and QSPM strategic planning tools were used.

In the SWOT matrix, according to the final score in IFE (3.33) and in EFE (3.58), the aggressive strategy of SO as suitable strategy to achieve the development of commercial tourism in the Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area at the horizon of 1410 means achieving the scenario Golden determined. Then, the best strategies were identified with the help of Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), prioritization and the most important strategy "Access to additional facilities and purchasing facilities due to the proximity of study area to the sea and commercial markets in the southern Persian Gulf countries", with a score (4.084).

America's political strategy and norms in dealing with countries are not uniform and have a different nature, and the US strategy in the Middle East as one of the most geopolitical and geoeconomic areas has not been excluded. Different religions, oil and gas resources, the formation of the State of Israel, regional and global rivalries of major powers such as China and Russia, Iran's nuclear issues, etc. have caused the US to pay more attention to its international equations in the Middle East. In this study, the reasons for changing and diversifying US strategies towards Middle East with Iran's focus were investigated. The research method is descriptive-field research and the research hypotheses were investigated using Spearman correlation method, model closest to ideal solution (topsis) and Shiite geoculture and questionnaire adjustment. The results of the study showed that most of all, adopting different US strategies and insisting on staying in the Middle East is the question of its current and future energy supply for its industries (sig = 0.304), Also in terms of geopolitical weight among the Middle East countries is Iran (Di = 0.14356), which has attracted most US strategic attention, In other words, the biggest obstacle to achieving US goals is Iran, And finally, the Shiite geoculture is one of the most important factors that make US policies (especially Israel, the energy market and the presence of Russian and Chinese rivals) in the region particularly problematic in Shiite countries.

Improving the quality and living conditions of dysfunctional and inefficient urban tissues requires strategies appropriate to the condition and characteristics of each tissue. In the current research, the existing condition of the ineffective tissues of Neishabur city has been examined and compared from the physical aspect. These tissues have been studied in two separate categories, including middle tissue (historical) and marginal tissue. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The current situation has been analyzed and evaluated using the SWOT technique. Priority intervention strategies in context have been determined using experts' opinions. ACCEPT method and experts' opinions have been used to identify priority regeneration strategies. In the middle (historical) texture, seven strategies and in the marginal context four strategies have been determined as priorities. According to the desirability score, in the middle context, "activation of historical, cultural and religious resources and services of tourism in the context and around the existing elements", and in the marginal texture, "encouraging residents to document properties and units and providing facilities have been determined as the most important priorities of the physical dimension. The results show that the conditions of the dysfunctional tissues of Neishabur are different from each other in terms of the situation in the middle (and historical) and marginal tissues, and therefore it is necessary to adopt regeneration strategies that are appropriate to the conditions in each tissue.

The lack of reverse logistics in sports has caused very destructive effects on the environment due to sports and sports events in Semnan province. The aim of the current research is to present the ideal model and strategies for the development of sports spaces in Semnan province by using reverse logistics. The method of the current research is of mixed exploratory type. Out of 180 experts, 120 people answered the questions of a questionnaire including: causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, main phenomenon, development strategies, development consequences, which were confirmed in the qualitative part by experts and its validity and reliability were confirmed by the experts. They responded to the available sampling method. GIS software was used to describe the state of sports spaces in Semnan province, and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to check and analyze the measurement model.The findings showed that Shahroud city is in a more favorable state in terms of sports environment than other cities of the province. Among the identified strategies, "politicization in sports of the province based on environmental goals" should be given the highest priority, "supervising the successful implementation of reverse logistics activities in the sports of the province with emphasis on environmental principles" and the strategy of "providing the required financial resources" In order to carry out reverse logistics measures in the sports body of the province, priority is to be operationalized. And finally, "Training and empowering human forces specializing in sports in the province in line with environmental goals" to pave the way for the development of the reverse logistics of sports in the province. Also, the results indicated the favorable fit of the reverse logistics development model in sports of the province. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and analyze the policies for the development of sports spaces in the province by the responsible organizations.

Basically, after the Cold War, the two major trends of diffusion of power and transition of power dominated international politics. From 1991 onwards, with the rise of international actors and their role in international developments, power shifted from the state to non-state actors, and with ascendance of economic, military, and political countries such as Brazil, China, India, Russia, and South Africa, the possibility of transition in the international hegemonic order was created. One of the most important consequences of these two trends is the regionalization of order and the increase of regional interactions in global politics. With the regionalization of order, the international system is known with the emergence of regional hegemons, the escalation of regional conflicts, regional arms races, and tensions, especially in fragile regions. This study seeks to examine Russia's strategy as an emerging revitalized power in the Middle East. Therefore the main question of the research is about the strategic principles and foundations of Russia's foreign policy in the Middle East? In response to this question and considering the principle of explaining strategies based on interests in the framework of power and assumption derived strategies from preferences and achieving foreign policy goals with specific tools, this hypothesis expressed that Russia regard experience of power changes in the international system, try have to retrieval position and role in the international system, accordingly, due to the hegemonic of international construction, intervention in neighboring regions, especially in the former Soviet-dominated regions, in the hierarchy of goals of definition and role-playing and intervention in regions due to regionalization of the international system order is a foreign policy priority, and since the Middle East is one of the important regions in the international system, becomes an important area in Russian foreign policy, and Russia's strategies in this area are based on the circumstances and source of threat, and include a set of strategies; Local multilateralism strategies in the face of regional systemic crises, competitive strategies in the face of emerging rivals in the region, tension and reaction severe strategies in the face of threats hegemon and its allies, and coalition strategies with regional actors.

The research tries to explain Russia's foreign policy strategies in the Middle East with a realistic approach and focuses on the power cycle theory and case study method.

Basically, in international politics, power determines the strategies of the actors in the international system. This principle implies the degrees of power, determine, interests, strategies, and behaviors of the actors in the international system. Thus the causal link between the distribution of power and the nature of the international system is purely systemic. Therefore, the strategies of the actors are adjusted according to their power and position in the hierarchy of power in the international system. With the rise and fall of actors in the international system, the gap between role and power emerges to reason the time-consuming process of setting roles and missions. The gap between role and power is created when an actor imagines that action is not proportionate with relative power in the international system. Usually, during power changes, a large gap formed between power and the role of the actors.According to these discussions, Russia's foreign policy strategies after the collapse of the Soviet Union can be classified into separate periods. These periods differed from each other as far as the priority to geographical areas, the goals and the choice of tactics, the scope of the resources that were available to the Russians and its ability to achieve internal stability. By restoring power in the international system and having sufficient resources, neo-imperialist tendencies increase and Russia tries to design new strategies following its power and role in the international system. In general, Russia's strategies in the Middle East are derived from its foreign policy principles and are designed according to national interests, its peripheral threats and environmental conditions, and variables from local multilateralism in the face of systemic crises to competitive strategies and tensions with rivals and hegemon. In other words, Russia is interested of strategic diversity in the Middle East, with attention to its peripheral interests and threats.

The argument here underscores the idea that Russia has a type of grand (strategic) behavior in world affairs, in which the Middle East region is only one – not necessarily the most important – element. The grand strategic behavior is the most visible element of Russia's foreign policy. Russia's actions in the Middle East could be viewed functionally as a type of grand behavior. Russia is constantly trying to improve its political, military, and economic interests in the region while reducing the advantages and strategic superiority of its potential rivals. Therefore, Russia's foreign policy strategies in the region based on interests, goals, and existing threats, are diverse and include a set of local multilateralism strategies, competitive strategies with emerging powers in the region, tension strategies with the hegemon, and Coalition strategies with regional actors.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive -analytical in terms of nature, and seeks to examine economic development with an emphasis on essential infrastructures with a focus on the strategy of geographic engineering of space in the villages of Shaft county. In order to analyze the data, Shannon's weighting models and fit page extraction, FARAS, and SPSS software were used. The results of Spearman's correlation test and Shannon's model showed that there is a direct relationship between the development of the rural economy and the necessary infrastructure in all the villages of the study area, with the exception of a number of villages that do not conform to the behavior of the presented models. However, in the examination of exceptional cases, some important points were noticed and it can be considered as a deficiency caused by ignoring the geographical role of regions in rural development planning at the rural scale within the scope of the study. Also, the results of the Aras Fazi model showed, respectively: development of public sector investment in the city with a weight of 0.519, increase in labor supply with a weight of 0.422, improvement of satisfaction with income with a weight of 0.400, improvement of satisfaction A job with a value of 0.384, improving the hope for the future of a job in the village with a value of 0.344, increasing savings with a value of 0.323, creating new markets for the sale of domestic products with a value of 0.312, improving health As a result of work with a weight value of 0.313, the development of private sector investment in the city with a value of 0.310, they have assigned the highest and the lowest level of influence from infrastructure.

Undoubtedly, one of the problems of the current world is the phenomenon of terrorism, which threatens the lives of people, disrupts the security of governments, and is one of the serious and fundamental obstacles for mankind to achieve peace and security. The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the countries where the phenomenon of terrorism is linked with its national security and has been affected by terrorism in a dual way. On the one hand, Iran is one of the main victims of terrorism in the history of its independence, and on the other hand, facing the charge of supporting terrorism, it pays the price of its independence. This research aims to examine the regional strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in dealing with terrorism and Its impact on Iran's national security (1979-2021) and answering this question, what is the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in dealing with terrorism and its impact on Iran's national security, and this issue was investigated with a descriptive and analytical method and such results were obtained. Hashd: The Islamic Republic of Iran, with an innovative action, especially in the last decade, has taken a strategy to deal with terrorism, which, while dealing with the roots and intellectual and religious foundations of terrorism, and trying to dry up the roots and causes of terrorism at the same time Tactically and operationally, it has dealt with the manifestations of terrorism and prevented the spread of terrorist acts, and in this field,

Despite the great emphasis on the importance and protection of forests and the significant contribution these resources play in achieving sustainable development, the problems related to forest fires have become more critical. In this regard, the general goal of the current research was to present a paradigm model of the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township in Ilam Province by using the grounded theory method. The study population included experts and key informants in the field of forest management and protection, including experts from the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management in Ilam and Chavar Township, trained forces of the protection unit of the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam province and Ilam and Chavar Township, the local communities of Bankhshak and Ganjvan villages were part of Chavar Township and non-governmental organizations (NGO) were active in the field of forest management and protection at the level of this Township. The participants in the research were selected using purposive and maximum variation sampling. Data were collected through depth interviews. The result of the application of grounded theory in this study was a conceptual model that showed human, participative, managerial, motivational and natural factors as causative conditions, cultural-social and economic factors as contextual conditions, and legal-policy-making, educational-informational factors, supervisory and infrastructural conditions as intervening conditions have caused the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township. The findings showed that extensional and educational, appropriate legislation and supervision, and managerial and economic strategies were the most important strategies to deal with the fire phenomenon in the forests of the study area.

Unbridled physical-spatial development of cities causes changes in land cover and loss of coherence of green infrastructure. One hazard in cities is that the sustainability of these infrastructures is neglected in comparison to urban development. The presence of these infrastructures (riverside lands, gardens, urban parks, agricultural greens, and wastelands) in and around cities can provide countless ecosystem services that would be irreplaceable if lost. In this way, it is necessary to know the process of urban landscape changing to guide planning and management. This research aimed to evaluate and predict the changes in land cover, measure the changes in the landscape structure, and then propose green infrastructure sustainability strategies to guide the landscape management in district 2 in the Tehran metropolitan. This region always had a privileged position due to the crossing of two river valleys (Darakeh and Farahzad). In this research, satellite images of1986, 2000, and 2016 years were used to prepare maps of different land covers by IDRISI software. Also, the Ca-Markov chain was used to predict land cover for 2032 year. According to the purpose, three classes (green space, open space, and man-made space) were considered. Green and open spaces are green infrastructures. Also, for analysing the structural changes, it has been calculated landscape metrics (NP, MPS, MPAR, CONTIG, MESH, SPLIT, LP, PLAND, and Division) by FRAGSTATS software. In total, during the years 1986 to 2016 years, respectively about 617 ha of green lands and 1100 ha of open lands have turned into man-made lands. According to the results that show the widespread replacement of green infrastructures by man-made lands and the loss of their integrity, strategies based on the five principles of landscape ecology have been proposed.

Today,tourism activities are considered as the fourth part of human activities after agriculture,industry and services, so that it is called"invisible exports".Tourism is a valuable and balancing activity that causes economic and social development at the regional level and brings fair distribution of income as well as job creation.In this regard,the current research is considered as a series of applied researches,the results of which can greatly help managerial decisions and.Therefore,based on this goal,the tourism hub ofSardashtCity has been selected as one of the tourism hubs ofWestAzarbaijan province,which has exemplary tourism areas.The research method is descriptive-analytical.The statistical population included specialists and experts in the field of tourism planning and development,and40people were selected as a sample based on the purposeful sampling method.The research measurement tool included another questionnaire to identify strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats as a result of presenting strategies.The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the opinions of the reviewers,and theCronbach's alpha method was used to confirm the reliability of the research instruments.SWOTandQSPM methods were used for data analysis.that the results of the analysis using theSWOTanalytical model,the findings of the research indicate that the high potential ofSardashtCity's exemplary tourism areas and the location of these areas NextTo pristine attractions can act as a driving force for economic and sustainable development based on land use in the region and are in line with better planning for this sector in order to realize the proposed strategies should include various measures such as developing and equipping communication infrastructure(transportation,internet, telecommunication,etc.)increasing the public culture of thePeople to welcome tourists,providing services suitable(welfare, health services,and tourist complexes)government support for the residents of villages for the development of tourism and the creation of tourist-friendly houses,and in line with education and empowerment,actions such as laying the groundwork for the entry of science and technology parks and universities to be payed...

The purpose of the study is to investigate how urban environmental management in the district 22 of Tehran in order to provide a comprehensive model and improve it. The research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of method, so in collecting data from internal and external sources and in the survey phase, 20 elite expert managers in the field of bio-urban management were used through a questionnaire. Executive model of strategic research planning derived from individual Fred.R.David `s strategic management model and the QSPM matrix was used to execute the decision making process. Presenting a comprehensive and environmental model with the environment of the 22nd district of Tehran municipality, which is capable of determining the weak points of urban management and providing a solution to improve it, is one of the innovations of this article. According to the findings of the research and the final score of less than 2.5 determined in the environmental management of the municipality of district 22 of Tehran, the strengths and opportunities obtained to overcome the disadvantages and threats have not been properly used and the type of strategy, defensive. The results showed that three strategies, “Evaluation of Areas Requiring Protection”, “Reforming Legal and Organizational backgrounds, Reforming Organizational Structure and Integrated Urban Management are the most important Promotion strategies for urban management.

At present, the villages of Iran, due to their characteristics and talents, have needed to improve their identification of strengths and opportunities at the local level. In this regard, Khalkhal County also has a high percentage of rural population. Considering the necessary potentials for a desirable rural life, it faces many challenges in dimensions (economic, sociocultural, environmental, physical and institutional management), for which measures have not been considered so far.

Purpose of the research: The current research aims to determine and explain the strategies of rural development in the territory of nomads in Khalkhal County.

In terms of the purpose, the current research is considered part of applied research, and in terms of method, it is part of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of the current research includes two parts, the first part is all rural settlements in Khalkhal county. Due to the nature of the project and for the purpose of complete recognition, a full count has been made. The second part: there are expert people in the group (university professors, experts in the field of rural development), informed and knowledgeable people (members of village councils and villagers), who based on a targeted sampling of 30 people as a sample community in this section was determined.

Geographical area of research:

 It has been investigated in the territory of the nomads of Khalkhal County.

A total of 50 strengths have been identified in Khalkhal villages. Among the strengths of economic and physical-spatial factors with 30% impact, the most compelling strengths and institutional-management factors with 0.4 were the least effective. Also, 53 opportunity points were identified in the rural settlements of this city. Among the opportunity points, the sociocultural factor was the most effective, with 30.19 percent, and the institutional-management factor was the least effective, with 0 percent. Finally, the results showed that among the proposed strategies, the development of small businesses for rural women had been assigned the most important in Khalkhal's rural development, considering the villages' facilities and power.

Rural areas of Khalkhal will only develop by paying enough attention to the investigation of rural areas in economic, social, environmental, physical and institutional management dimensions.

What is considered in this article is to pay attention to the development strategies of the border city of Taybad. Due to its special geopolitical features and the existence of deep cultural and trade ties between Khorasan and Afghanistan and the best way for Central Asian countries to access the high seas through Iran (Bandar Abbas) and access to the market of 13 million Central Asian countries, this city has a position Is privileged. Unfortunately, the resources and potentials of this region, especially the various functions of the border, have not been used properly and optimally, and also the limitations and solutions to address them have not been identified. Therefore, in this research, we seek to find urban development strategies appropriate to the conditions and situation of this border city, so that we can overcome the problems in this city by formulating effective strategies on urban development. In addition to maintaining the political, economic and cultural ties of the border region with the whole country, the considered strategies should be able to provide more freedom to the residents of this border region so that they can enjoy a greater share in the development and progress of central government programs. . Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the development strategies of the border city in the city of Taybad. So the main question of this research is what are the most important factors shaping the development strategy of border cities in Taybad?

The research method is documentary, analytical and survey. Based on the main topic of the research (Urban Development Strategies: Taybad) while reviewing the characteristics of urban development, the data obtained from theoretical studies and research, development and executive plans and documented reports of relevant organizations were reviewed and Basic information was collected and classified. Due to the fact that urban development is a systemic and integrated concept, Demethel technique was used to determine the cause and effect relationships between urban development variables. The purpose of the Demetel technique is to identify the pattern of causal relationships between a set of criteria. This technique scores the intensity of communication in a scoring manner, explores their critical feedback, and accepts non-transferable relationships. The basis of the Demethel method is based on the assumption that a system consists of a set of criteria {C = {c1, c2,… cn and the pairwise comparison of the relations between them can be modeled by mathematical equations. This technique is for constructing and analyzing structural models related to complex causal relationships between the factors of an issue. For this purpose, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was provided to 28 researchers in the fields of urban and political geography, political science and urban management.

The Dimtel technique was introduced by Fontal Gabos in 1971 and is one of the decision-making methods based on pairwise comparisons, the results of which will be obtained by referring to the elite. This technique is used in extracting systemic factors and systematic structuring. Since graphs well show the relationships of elements with a system, so this technique is based on graphs that can divide the factors involved into two groups of cause and effect and the relationship between them as Brought an understandable structural model. The researchers selected for this part of the study included six experts in geography and geopolitics. Border management was assessed based on 26 criteria and indicators according to Table (1). 28 experts were used to examine the criteria. Variables such as expanding the role of the private sector in infrastructure investment, attention to sector planning, regional cohesion strategy, linking the national to the local level, expanding foreign partnerships, establishing a city-level development fund, reducing poverty, Strengthening participation at both formal and informal levels in the region shows high interaction and strong systemic relationship with other variables. On the other hand, as can be seen, the vertical vector (J - R) shows the influence of each factor. Expanding the role of the private sector in investing infrastructure, creating a development fund at the city level, strengthening participation at both formal and informal levels, paying attention to social capital in border areas, creating new business areas, building capacity for officials, Education, transparency and accountability in border areas, etc. are the reasons for this system model. And factors such as paying attention to sectoral planning, linking the national level to the local level, creating a development fund at the city level, creating a border city landscape, establishing gender equality, tourism development strategy, etc. are shown as disabilities. In general, if J - R is positive, the variable is a causal variable, and if it is negative, it is a disability.

Planning related to the development of border cities is very important. Because it is considered as an important and effective factor to improve the relationship between human beings, land and human activities. In the meantime, the border areas of Iran, especially the eastern borders of the country, face special features such as smoothness, proximity to Afghanistan's tense neighbors, smuggling of goods and drugs, population instability, cultural and social problems, and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the development in this region and formulate appropriate strategies with the existing conditions. Examination of library and field data and reference to experts' opinions show that variables are of great importance in the development of border cities. These variables were studied in 3 general strategies including socio-cultural, economic and political-government strategies with 26 general indicators. Findings showed that among these variables, the expansion of the role of the private sector in infrastructure investment (9.4644), attention to sectoral planning (9.1558), regional cohesion strategy (9.0245), Linking the national level to the local level (9.0078) has the most importance and variables such as paying attention to housing policies in border urban areas (5.5239), border city landscape (6.3666), institutionalization and professionalization of urban staff (6.8346) , Neighborhood-based management (6.9111) have the least importance. Therefore, it can be seen that the economic and investment index in this border city is considered as one of the important and influential factors on the development of the city. May be considered in the formulation of high-level policies and strategies by government officials and politicians. Very placed. Because economic development in this city can be directly related to the security of the eastern border areas of the country.

Tabriz city, the largest metropolis in northwestern Iran, has a privileged and strategic position in Iran due to its location on the political and cultural borders and in the transit route of neighboring countries (former the Soviet Union, Turkey and Iraq). In the current situation, due to the large number and variety of threats and the establishment of a large number of centers of gravity in this city, the probability of injuries has increased sharply; As a result of this, in order to improve the security of the city, by examining the vulnerability of the centers of gravity against potential threats based on the safety considerations of passive defense, the necessity of intervening is a very smart affair.

This research in terms of purpose is applied-developmental with a descriptive-analytical approach, and the method of collecting data is in the form of documents, library and field surveys (questionnaire and survey of 20 experts in the fields of urban planning, architecture and passive defense) have been. In the methodological discussion, first, the literature on the three concepts of threat, vulnerability and passive defense requirements in the field of urban planning in Iran and other countries, To identify assets and identify potential threats to those assets as influential factors in the vulnerability of gravity centers in the ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz, has to be studied. By selecting the latest questionnaire models prepared by the Passive Defense Organization of Iran, determining the grading of gravity centers and basic threat assessment of centers of gravity was done by provincial experts and experts of the statistical community. To determine the importance coefficient of graded gravity centers, using ANP network analysis and Super-Decision software (by determining the correlation and comparisons of standard pairs and indices by experts in the statistical community), unbalanced, balanced, and limited matrices were formed, followed by the determination of the importance coefficients of Centers gravity were determined; Then, the criteria and indicators of the research were prepared in a categorical manner. Spatial maps of all layers related to criteria and indicators in the GIS environment related to Arc-Map software were overlapped by applying the coefficient of importance and evaluating the appropriate distance from the objectives, criteria, and indicators with emphasis on the underlying threat. In the end, the vulnerability zoning map of the centers of gravity of the ten areas of metropolitan Tabriz was prepared.

This research process is as follows:Using a quantitative model to determine the levels of gravity centers of Tabriz metropolis, showed that out of 32 selected assets, 17 assets are classified as vital and sensitive centers and 15 assets as important and maintainable centers. The result is the existence of numerous vital and sensitive centers; By creating several important centers instead of a single vital and sensitive center and increasing the distribution of important centers in the city, effective action to improve the security of the city against military attacks is one of the key issues in discussing harm and threat in passive defense.Based on the quantitative threat model affecting the assets of Tabriz metropolis, the threat of air and missile attacks was selected from the possible threats of sabotage, terrorism, cyber and people-centered protests, and missile and air attacks as the base threat. This threat has overshadowed its damage. The result indicates that this threat dominates the city over assets, so missile and air strikes as a basic threat in modeling, network analysis, and standardization of layers in the GIS environment.By calculating the final map related to the vulnerability of ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz through fuzzy overlap functions in the ARC- GIS environment based on 22 effective indicators obtained from the model of determining the level of centers of gravity, in the form of 5 criteria of vital arteries, crisis management centers, military and law enforcement centers , Urban equipment and support centers, the basic threat of air and missile attacks and determining the significance coefficient of criteria and indicators were obtained in network analysis software using SuperDecision method of damage zoning in Tabriz. Vulnerability zoning of Tabriz city is classified into five classes: Zone with very low vulnerability of 13.7%, Zone with the low vulnerability of 9.5%, Zone with medium vulnerability of 23.5%, Zone with high vulnerability of 32.3% and Zone with the vulnerability of very much 21% of the total area of Tabriz metropolis. The result of this is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and intensifies the spatial vulnerability of the city and requires the development of a strategy based on the principles of passive defense to eliminate the vulnerability of the city.A very important conclusion that was obtained based on the average model of the nearest neighbors, the average distance expected from the centers of gravity of Tabriz metropolis is calculated to be 455 meters, while the average distance of existing centers of gravity is 264 meters, which indicates the ratio of the closest The neighborhood is 0.58. The result of this ratio and the p and z values of the model shows the cluster distribution of the centers of gravity of Tabriz. This is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and aggravates the spatial vulnerability of the city.Based on the studies of the SWAT model, the conclusion of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of internal factors by studying and identifying vital, sensitive, and important centers in the metropolis of Tabriz city, indicates that the weaknesses of the city are more than its strengths. As a result, strategies should be formulated in such a way that their strengths are addressed to eliminate their weaknesses from the perspective of passive defense principles. The result of measuring the external environment to identify the opportunities and threats of the city in relation to the analysis of defense elements indicates that the opportunities for advancing the city are less than the threat, so strategies should be formulated in a way that can improve measures and repair existing threats and failures. Do different cities; The combination of the above two strategies indicates the development of defensive strategies as the main objectives of this study in the metropolis of Tabriz in order to reduce the vulnerability and threats to eliminate the vulnerability of the city.

Some defensive strategies in order to improve the quality of passive defense in Tabriz are presented as follows:1- Parallel access networks should be organized in accordance with the hierarchical system. Establish safe havens against threats at the point of rupture between tissues;
2- Create a suitable distance between the bridges and create complementary communication routes next to the bridges;
3- Underpass and metro networks should be organized for multi-purpose use and temporary accommodation;
4- Construction rules should be observed in the area of faults and rivers. Create proportionate functions in these areas;
5- Dilapidated and compacted tissues in the city center should be reconstructed according to the requirements of passive defense. Create green spaces and neighborhood parks to create temporary shelter spaces and blast waves;
6- Prevent the establishment of sensitive and dangerous centers inside dense tissues. These centers should be moved to low-density areas and open spaces that are close enough to residential areas;
7- The satellite cities of Tabriz should play a functional role in synergistic activities. These satellite cities play a role in establishing industrial activities and sensitive facilities for their dispersal;
8- To reduce the immigration rate of Tabriz city. Excess population to settle in suburban areas and interconnected cities;
9- To reduce the concentration of hazardous and polluting industrial activities in the west of Tabriz;
10- Using green spaces with tall and umbrella trees within the confines of facilities and equipment, in order to create natural camouflage and develop green belts and improve the quality of the environment;
11- Decentralization of the establishment of a large number of sensitive and important centers in the form of clusters in the central core of the city, especially in areas 8, 3, and 4, which should be done step by step due to the high cost;
12- Decentralization of population density from zones 1 and 10 based on the principles of passive defense;
13- Maintaining the proximity of endangered land uses with areas 5, 9, and 6 and part of 7 with relatively low population density, which are almost desirable and well located;
14- Basic action should be taken to remove military centers in the form of creating multi-purpose and recreational uses due to excessive accumulation of military, industrial, facilities, and urban equipment in the southern, southwestern, and northern suburbs of the city, which are endangered uses.
A basic action to remove a number of sensitive land uses and vital artery transfer centers (which are constructive and mobile urban elements) from sparsely populated areas 2, 1, 9, and 5, in the form of creating land uses. Multifunctional and recreational, to be done. Transfer some of them to areas 6, 4, 3, 10, 8, and part of 7 (areas 10, 8, and to some extent 4 have a dense population);
16- Basic action to adjust the ignition uses due to more accumulation and lack of open and green space in the central areas of the city, and 8, 2 and to some extent 3;
Although areas 6, part of 7, and to some extent 4 have the most open and green spaces, the existence of large industrial uses with transnational products (tractor and machine building) and the airport has threatened these areas. This requires preventing the development of the city towards these areas;
18- Due to the circular structure of Tabriz, the existence of unsuitable arterial networks in areas 1, 10, and 8, which have a high population density, have small and old parts, and have a suburban texture of the city. In these vulnerable areas, safe points and networks of appropriate thoroughfares should be established and repaired in order to guide the population in times of crisis;
Lack of optimal distribution of relief and hospital centers in the city can be seen. So that the central saturation areas and suburban areas, including areas 9, 5, 6, and to some extent 3 and 7 do not have this use. This makes it difficult to provide optimal service operations in times of crisis;
Necessary action should be taken regarding the camouflage and concealment of urban facilities with high identification capabilities, such as high-voltage power substations, gas pressure reduction substations, and water tanks that are distributed in urban areas;
Establishing several important centers instead of single sensitive centers and adopting safe spaces in them is one of the key measures to improve the level of security in military attacks.