رشت

This study investigates changes in vegetation cover and land surface temperature in Rasht County during the years 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2024. To achieve this, Landsat satellite imagery and various vegetation and water indices, including NDVI, MNLI, MSR, SAVI, OSAVI, VARI, MNDWI, IPVI, and EVI, were utilized. The data were processed through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and analyzed with high precision. The vegetation data analysis revealed a significant reduction in vegetation health and density in areas undergoing urban and industrial development. In particular, the NDVI and SAVI indices highlighted severe degradation of vegetation in the northern and eastern parts of Rasht, where agricultural and forest lands have been converted into residential and industrial areas. These changes have also led to a decline in environmental quality. Regarding land surface temperature (LST), results showed a considerable increase in urban areas due to reduced vegetation cover and the expansion of hard infrastructure such as asphalt and concrete. The phenomenon of urban heat islands was clearly observed. Average temperatures ranged from 17.6°C to 65.3°C across the study years. Areas with dense vegetation experienced lower temperatures due to higher evapotranspiration, whereas areas with little to no vegetation and substantial hard surfaces exhibited higher temperatures. This research underscores the importance of using vegetation and water indices for environmental monitoring. The findings can serve as a foundation for improving management strategies to protect natural resources, mitigate the adverse impacts of urban and industrial development, and enhance the quality of life for local residents. Furthermore, the results highlight the need for continuous monitoring of vegetation and land surface temperature to identify critical areas and develop appropriate solutions.

Cai, Cohen and Tribe (2019) believe that motivation plays a significant role in predicting consumers’ behavior in tourism marketing. Previous studies have proved that tourists’ motivational state exert a significant impact on their tendencies and consuming behavior. Previous studies have focused on and shown the significance of identifying tourist loyalty and the factors affecting it. However, they suffered limitations and gaps that were dealt with in this study. Among these limitations and gaps is examining a wide range of tourism centers instead of a specific place in Rasht city. Despite the availability of many resources that may enhance attracting tourists visiting Rasht, not much attention has been paid to the development of this city. The abundant resources of this city can attract a high percentage of the tourism demand to itself. A tourist who is satisfied with the experience of traveling to Rasht and has a good feeling about it, will probably travel again and do word-of-mouth advertising about the city. The tourist loyalty is considered the fundamental principle and a significant factor of competitive advantage and success in the tourism market. Tourism service providers in Rasht should pay attention to tourism loyalty derived from tourists’ satisfaction and motivation. Moreover, focusing on the tourists’ loyalty to Rasht will decrease pressure of the presence of too many tourists in this city. Considering the mentioned issues, this study tried to evaluate the impacts of tourists' motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty. In this regard, it was tried to see: Is there a significant relationship between pull and push motivation with tourist satisfaction? Is there a significant relationship between tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty? Is there a significant relationship between push and pull motivations and destination loyalty?

This survey used Structural Equation Model (SEM). The statistical population consists of the domestic tourists visiting Rasht city. The size of sample was determined to be 386 people using Cochran's formula. Cluster sampling and Likert scale questionnaire (having 5 points from strongly agree to strongly disagree) were used to collect the required data. Structural Equation Modeling technique with partial least squares approach and LISRE software were used. To fit the model, the explained variance was used. The rate of explained variance index, more than 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, respectively, indicates the low, medium, and significant ability of changes. To measure reliability, factor loading coefficients were measured and items whose factor loading was less than 0.7 were removed. Composite reliability coefficient (more than 0.8) and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient (more than 0.7), and average variance extracted (at least 0.5) were used for the questionnaires.

The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that for each of the factors at least two significant loads were loaded for eight factors of push travel motivation and ten factors of pull travel motivation. The results of the proposed model indicated that destination managers should consider external factors affecting pull motivations. These could be improving satisfaction with the travel experience, enhancing the attractions and activities of destination, and paying attention to the impact of push motivations and a positive relationship with destination loyalty. The aim is to increase the competitiveness of the city. Such internal factors of tourists' motivation as revisiting destinations and recommending to others impacts destination loyalty. Therefore, the of this city should pay more attention on the emotional feelings of tourists to increase destination loyalty. It is assumed that if tourists are satisfied with the traveling experience, they will be willing to revisit the destinations and recommend them to others. The empirical evidence indicated that there is a significant relationship between the two indicators of satisfaction and destination loyalty. Moreover, satisfaction was identified as an intermediary indicator between destination loyalty and push and pull travel motivations.

The results of this study are in line with the results of Su et al. (2020). They found that motivation leads to tourist satisfaction and exerts a significant impact on the travelers’ interaction, experience, and destination image. Moreover, the results confirm the findings of Bayih and Singh (2020). They consider both push and pull motivations as significant predictors of overall satisfaction. Additionally, the results are in line with the results of Ramseook-Munhurrun et al. (2015).Consequently, the managers of this city should enhance tourists’ satisfaction to create positive tourist behavior after purchasing in order to establish and improve destination competitiveness. Moreover, due to the causal relationship between destinationloyalty and tourist motivation and satisfaction (push/pull motivation), destination loyalty can be determined. This study confirmed the significant relationship between push/pull motivations and destination loyalty. This finding suggests that destination managers should invest more in their tourism destination resources in order to increase desirable experiences.There are some limitations that can be considered in future studies. The model was examined in Rasht city. It is suggested to generalizing the research model to the destinations with different features. This may make the ground for evaluating the level and direction of tourists’ motivation, since visitors connect satisfaction with destination loyalty. Using the research model applied in this study in other studies will produce more reliable and valid indicators, the end result of which would be a stronger and more stable model.

The problems resulting from population growth and the increasing transformation of urban configurations have led to an increased importance of examining the environmental quality of urban open spaces as a multidimensional and complex concept. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the environmental quality indicators of urban open spaces in the Bagherabad neighborhood of Rasht.

The present research is of a descriptive-comparative type and was conducted in the city of Rasht in 2024. In this study, based on a document content analysis process, the environmental quality indicators of urban open spaces were extracted and then, based on the obtained indicators, a field survey was conducted with the aim of evaluating the environmental quality of open spaces in the Bagherabad neighborhood of Rasht city.

The comprehensive structure of evaluating the environmental quality of urban open spaces in the Bagherabad neighborhood is based on three objective, subjective and behavioral orientations and has 6 main dimensions, including social, physical, economic, environmental, service and personal. Based on the findings, Bagherabad neighborhood, in terms of open spaces, has a below-average environmental quality, and the strength of this area is in the natural elements and environmental dimension, and the main weakness is in the view, landscape, and aesthetics of the physical elements of the area. Also, the survey results showed that the most attention of citizens is on the issue of view, landscape, aesthetics, and security of the neighborhood.

It is concluded that the concept of environmental quality has a homogeneous and multifaceted structure, and changes in each of the indicators affect the other indicators. It is concluded that Bagherabad neighborhood has a lot of potential, especially in the environmental dimension and natural elements and the social dimension of the traditional texture of the area; Which can lead to the improvement of various indicators of the environmental quality of open spaces, especially the view, landscape, and aesthetics index, which are the main weaknesses of this neighborhood.

The urban sprawl and its consequences have given rise to a range of approaches for inner-city development. One of these approaches is the urban infill development. Due to their nature, deteriorated urban fabrics are a suitable ground for this type of development, which not only alleviates inner-city areas, but also hinders urban sprawl, and promotes internal development in cities. However, it is necessary to look at the potential of the cities for such development. Accordingly, this paper aims to study the capacity of Some’e Bijār neighborhood in Rasht as one of the deteriorated urban fabrics in terms of its infill development. It is a descriptive-analytical study. The data were analyzed using document analysis and field study (land uses). A sample size of 347 households was determined by the Cochran formula. In the end, analysis was conducted using a nonparametric sign test, the AHP model, and the gray analysis. The results revealed that the study area, except for the economic dimension, has the potential for implementation of inner-city development in all social, environmental and physical dimensions from the infill development approach. However, this is worth noting that this potential varies in different blocks of the neighborhood under study Moreover, contrary to the expectation, Some’e Bijār neighborhood is relatively well prepared for the infill development. However, it seems that one of the most important issues, which calls for serious attention, is building trust among the residents of Some’e Bijār neighborhood about the optimal implementation of projects such as urban development.

Although the city and urbanization are not a new phenomenon in human history, the "urbanization of societies" (in the sense of the majority of the population living in cities) is a new trend and a product of the widespread redistribution of the population in favor of urban settlements after the industrial revolution. (Azeimi, 2013: 22). Therefore, physical expansion and increase in density and accumulation within cities will be inevitable (Ziari et al., 2013: 256). This expansion, due to the increase in population, out- and intra-urban migrations, has often occurred in the lands around the cities, which has caused the destruction of agricultural lands, environmental damage, and the uneven and scattered growth of cities (Mohammadi et al., 2012: 176). One of the main axes of urban planning is land use planning. In other words, due to the increase in population, the establishment of municipal services, and the attraction of the population of the cities and villages of the province, Rasht city has undergone extensive physical-spatial transformations in the past decades, which has caused the uneven expansion of the city and the emergence of the phenomenon of dispersion in the city. This shows the necessity of using all the existing powers and capacities of the city. For this purpose, it is necessary to achieve the sustainable growth and development of the city instead of the excessive development and growth of the city horizontally in the surrounding spaces, by filling the existing tissues of the city, increasing the balanced density and changing the use of the old and polluting buildings. In order to implement this development, it is very important to choose suitable and desirable points for development, and identifying these points requires a correct understanding of the factors and components that are relevant and effective in the development of intermediate-level development (Khalili, 2016: 3). Therefore, the most important mission of the present research is to investigate and evaluate the inter-development in the lands of Rasht city, in order to improve the physical, social and economic identity and the fabric of the cities, to bring life back to these urban fabrics, social justice, social security, vitality and follow the people's satisfaction, etc., in order to prevent the excessive expansion of the city and remove the obstacles to sustainable development. In general, the current research was compiled in order to answer the following question: Which of the parts of Rasht city is more suitable for intermediate development?

The current research is classified as a descriptive-analytical research in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of its nature. In this regard, after documentary and library studies, theoretical foundations were compiled, then the census statistics of 1390 and 1395 were used to identify intermediate development indicators. From among the total indicators effective in the development of the intermediate, 3 important and basic indicators (materials used, building quality and population distribution) that have the most impact on the development of the intermediate were selected. In order to show the distribution of data, GIS layers have been used at the level of the regions of Rasht according to the administrative-political divisions of the Ministry of Interior. In such a way that after recognizing the intermediate development indicators, information layers related to them have been produced using digital information and GIS database. In the continuation of the analysis process and in order to prioritize the 5 regions of Rasht city based on the Cooperas model in terms of intermediate development, the opinions of 15 experts and specialists in the urban planning profession were used for the initial evaluation of the studied indicators. It should be noted that the Shannon entropy model was used to weight the indicators.

The assessment of the urban land of Rasht shows that this city is due to the inappropriate and unbalanced distribution of urban land to different uses, with the deterioration of the fabric, lack of improvement and renovation of the fabric, the creation of empty and dilapidated spaces inside the fabric, lack of exploitation. Suitable and improvement of networks, scattered expansion of the city, inconsistency between neighboring uses, etc. have been faced. Therefore, with the studies carried out in the present research on the development of intermediate development in urban lands in different areas of Rasht city, it appears that region 3 has more favorable conditions for the development of intermediate development than other regions, and the major part of region 3 has a worn texture. More than 50% of it has vacant lands, which means that the vacant lands of this area can be reused by filling vacant or inefficient urban lands. Based on this, only identifying empty, barren lands or reusing lands with disproportionate use and filling the existing structure is not enough to face the problem of population overflow and respond to the demand for housing and services of this population, but it is necessary in addition to the capacities of Previously, he also acted in order to identify and implement other intermediate development capacities, such as the capacities that result from converting the upper spaces of shops into apartments, separating residential buildings, and redeveloping existing residential areas.

The city of Rasht is one of the important and developing cities of the country, in the past decades, with the increasing tendency to horizontal growth and challenging the ecology, sustainable urban and regional development has faced many problems. Directing urban development towards the periphery and destroying environmental resources - agriculture, problems such as disturbing the ecological balance, increasing service costs, not paying attention to the existing structures for improvement and renovation - which has disturbed the urban form and the proper functioning of the city in that area. - The increase of informal settlements - the attitude towards increasing the urban area by the city management, which results in an increase in the short-term income of the city management, will have side problems such as the lack of monitoring the growth and development of informal settlements.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of nature and method is of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of this study includes 37 rural settlements around the city of Rasht. In the field of sample population, according to the objectives of the study, 37 inhabited villages that share a same border with the city of Rasht were selected as sample villages. In this study, all 37 villages have been studied (total number). In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. Finally, 516 people participated in completing the questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression.. The results of multivariate linear regression analysis showed that among physical factors, the factor of proximity to the city predicts up to 67% of the changes in the dependent variable. Indeed, two factors of proximity to work centers and communication routes access with coefficients of 0.548 and 0.511, respectively, were effective on land use changes. The results of studies for environmental factors showed that four indicators are effective on land use change. The tourism capacities of the village with the standard coefficient of 0.821 had the most impact. The unfavorable rural land for agricultural activities with a standard coefficient of 0.785 had an effect on changes in rural land use. Distance from irrigation sources and lack of access to water with coefficients of 0.613 and 0.568, respectively, were effective in changes in the dependent variable.

Today, in many countries of the world, environmental issues are very important for researchers. In this field, the spatial expansion of urban heat islands is one of the most important environmental issues. Urban heat islands are formed due to the growth of human activities and the dominance of artificial environments on the natural environments. The main purpose of this research was spatial analysis and identification of urban heat islands in Rasht metropolitan. In this regard, four main indicators (Density of land use, Green Infrastructure, Transportation, and Urban density) were selected. Environmental studies, Google Earth software, the master plan of Rasht, and the questionnaire method were used to collect information. The pairwise comparison method was used to investigate the relative weight of the indicators. For data analysis, the Arc Map software used spatial analysis tools such as point density, line density, kernel density, interpolation, Euclidean distance, and Zonal Statistic model. Results showed that the transportation index with a coefficient of 0.44 was more important than other indices in the formation of urban heat islands. The index of the land use density with a comparative weight of 0.341 was the second most important index. The indicators of urban density and natural infrastructure were the third and fourth most important indicators. According to the results obtained from the overlaying of the indicators, the center of urban heat islands was identified in Bagharabad, Chelekhane and Bazar neighborhoods. Spatial analysis showed that the spatial expansion of urban heat island is towards the western neighborhoods of Rasht such as Pirsera and Ziabri. According to the results of the research, in 26% of the Rasht area, the possibility of the formation of urban heat islands was high and very high. Also, in 48 percent of the neighborhoods of Rasht city, in other words, 26 out of 55 neighborhoods of the city the intensity of urban heat islands was high and very high. Therefore, managers and city officials must pay more attention to this issue in planning for the future of Rasht City and adopt policies that reduce the negative effects and consequences of this issue.

Different ways of travelling are the basis of the economic and social activities of every city due to the costs of transportation and access, and the flow of people's travel in the city to access activities and services turns it into a living organism. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city travel in Rasht city. The present research method is considered to be applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-survey data collection. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city travel in Rasht city. The statistical population of this research consists of 21 urban planning and urban transportation experts. The data collection tool is in the form of a questionnaire with 31 factors documented and presented from the background table of the research. The subjects of the research are coded and in the next step, internal relationships of the effective factors are identified and determined through the Dimel technique, finally, by forming a group decision matrix, a better understanding of the internal effective factors is created. Also, the results obtained from the Dimtel technique showed that the accessibility according to travel costs (1.695), the distance between stations (1.549), the accessibility according to the distance from the city centre (0.628), the accessibility according to traffic (0.254), willingness to use public transportation (0.166), the distance between home and important city service-commercial centres (0.123) were the most influential indicators in evaluating the ways of intra-city travel in Rasht city.

Creative cities are considered a new model in urban planning to help the development of cities. In the meantime, one of the urban development opportunities raised by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network to use the potential in cities is gastronomy, which plays a role in the daily life of citizens as a cultural and creative activity. This research sought to analyze the performance of Rasht as the creative city of gastronomy with the aim of urban development and explaining a model for it. The research method was qualitative using grounded theory. The statistical sample size was obtained using the snowball sampling method and continued through interviews until data saturation and no new concept was obtained. Accordingly, 25 individuals participated in a semi-structured interview. 13 of them included city managers of Rasht, officials of the Creative City of Gastronomy project, urban area experts, tourism development specialists, university faculty members, restaurateurs and cooks, and 12 people included citizens of Rasht. From the collected information, the final model of the research was formed during the three steps of coding the Grounded theory (open, axial, and selective) and the conditions of the categories (causal, contextual, central phenomenon, intervention, inhibitory, strategies, consequence). Results showed that the category of "importance of planning and branding" is a causal condition, the category of "cultural and food values" is a contextual condition, the category of "actions in the field of creative city" is an intervention condition, and the category of "disorganization and indecisiveness of urban management in the direction of development" "Creative City of Gastronomy" is one of the conditions that hinder the Creative City of Gastronomy in Rasht and affect its performance. In general, the performance of the creative city of Rasht could be better. To improve the performance of this city, three strategies, "Education and participation of society and trades," "Realization of creative projects," and "Information and communication exchange management," were presented. By applying these strategies, the result of "Strengthening and all-round development of the creative gastronomy city" will be It happens that it consists of three basic categories: "increasing managers and creative and participatory citizens," "tourism development in the field of gastronomy" and "productivity of the local and urban economy." The results of the research help to understand the key components in the performance of the creative gastronomy city of Rasht by planners, officials, city managers, and citizens.

Urban open spaces are an integral part of cities, especially metropolises, which are a haven for the presence and activity of citizens, and according to the requirements of modern life, their existence today is one of the main factors in the quality of the living environment .The quality of urban spaces is a function of various physical, functional, aesthetic, social, and economic factors that have been analyzed and evaluated from different perspectives from the past to the present..

In this study, the issue of permeability and accessibility of urban street spaces has been specifically addressed. In fact, the aim was to determine to what extent the quality of the environment increases with the increase of accesses, or in other words, the construction of new access roads.

For analysis, the space arrangement technique has been used, in which the components of interconnection, control, selection, depth and connection in two waysVisibility and Axial map are evaluated.

Studied Areas: 

To analyze this issue, a study sample of Bagherabad neighborhood of Rasht has been used. This area is composed of busy passages that in the period of 25 years (1373 to 1398) a new passage in width, A number of north-south passages connect this area.

Evaluations have shown that the maps of 1398 have been greatly improved in these components compared to the original map.In fact, according to the analysis of spatial arrangement parameters,The results showed that correlation in the area in general in 1398,It is more than 1373.

Due to the increase in accessibility and permeability of this area through the construction of an east-west street,Based on this, it can be concluded that greater accessibility has increased spatial interconnection, which ultimately indicates an improvement in the quality of urban space.

The quality of life is a scientific term, a concept for examining how to meet human needs, as well as a measure for understanding the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of individuals and groups from different aspects of life. Therefore, recent researches and studies on the quality of life are focused on the main method in the first methodology, measurable social and economic indicators are used to determine the amount and how to meet human needs, and in the second methodology, based on the personal reports of people from their life experiences that it is called subjective life and their level of satisfaction is investigated. What are called objective indicators of quality of life are generally focused on social and economic variables, but subjective indicators of quality of life are based on information obtained from personal reports. They focus on thepersonal reports of people from their life experiences and are actually complementary to social and economic indicators.However, in the field of quality of life, both methodologies have their own views, and the use of each point of view is also accompanied by limitations, because the quality of life is greatly affected by time and geographical location, and the components and factors that make up the quality of life depend on them. Therefore, the quality of life is a multifaceted concept. It is relative, and affected by time and place, and individual and social values that have objective and external dimensions on the one hand and mental and internal dimensions on the other hand. Therefore, it is not easy to provide a comprehensive definition for it.

From the viewpoint of application, the present research is considered as a descriptive and analytical research, which was conducted as a survey and in order to analyze the quality of life in the outskirts of Rasht city. Descriptive and inferential methods have been used to examine and analyze the data in this research. In this research, the normality of the data was checked first, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Since the significance level obtained was much greater than 0.05 and showed a value of 0.693, it was determined that the data were normal, so the parametric T test was used using Spss software to analyze the data. The research tool in the present study was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was used to check its validity and reliability from the point of view of professors and experts, and Cronbach's alpha test was used. The statistical population of the present study includes heads of households living in 16 marginal and informal neighborhoods of Rasht city, which is estimated at 82,604 people. The sample size of the study, which was calculated using Cochran's formula and considering the error percentage of 0.05, was determined to be 382 people.

The number of items examined in physical indicators are 8; The average level of residents' satisfaction is equal to 24. Using t-test, the average satisfaction of the residents in the physical dimension has been investigated. The results of the test showed that the level of quality of life in the physical dimension is lower than the average level, but this level is close to the average level. This relationship was calculated with the average response of the residents to the value of 23.486 and a significance level of 0.000.The items examined in the socio-cultural factors are 14, and the average level of residents' satisfaction is 42. which has investigated the average satisfaction of the residents using the t-test. The results of the test showed that the quality of life in the social dimension in the target areas is at a low level. This relationship is confirmed by the average response of the residents to the value of 32.613 and the significance level is 0.000.In environmental indicators the number of examined items are 4; The average level of satisfaction of the residents is equal to 12. Using t-test, the average satisfaction of the residents in the environmental dimension has been investigated. The results of the test showed that the level of quality of life in the environmental dimension is also at a low level in the neighborhoods, just like the other investigated dimensions. This relationship is confirmed by the average response of the residents to the value of 9.285 and the significance level is 0.000.In spiritual-emotional factors the number of examined items are 4; The average level of satisfaction of the residents is equal to 12. Using t-test, the average satisfaction of the residents in the mental-emotional dimension was investigated as the last item. The results of the test showed that the quality of life in the spiritual-emotional dimension in the neighborhood is at an average level of satisfaction. This relationship was confirmed with the average response of residents to the value of 11.496 and significance level of 0.000.

The results of this research showed that in the physical dimension, the life quality of the residents of the peripheral neighborhoods in Rasht city is not suitable, and this finding is in line with the findings of Sharma and Abhai (2022), Bandijai and Bencherif (2022), and Razmiarak et al (2022).In the economic dimension of the quality of life, the residents of the suburbs of Rasht city did not have a good quality and the level of the quality of life in the economic dimension is also at a low level in the neighborhoods in question. This finding is in line with the findings of Smith et al. (2022) and Christensen et al. (2022).This research showed that in the socio-cultural dimension, the quality of life of the residents of the suburbs of Rasht city does not have a suitable situation and the level of quality of life in the social dimension is at a low level. And this finding is in line with the findings of Spina et al. (2021) and Grabuska (2021).

Improper waste management threatens the sustainability of the environment. Defining an optimal and sustainable system for waste disposal requires the examination of all processes within the system, their impact on the environment, economic aspects, implementation, and energy consumption in each part. The present study was conducted with the goal of modeling the municipal solid waste management system of Rasht County based on the life cycle assessment approach. In this regard, two existing disposal scenarios and the development plan for the future were compared. The first scenario (existing disposal) includes the sale of recycled waste, biological processing (compost production), and landfilling. The second scenario (development plan) involves the use of an incinerator in addition to previous disposal methods. After collecting data using the IWM-2 model, the environmental impacts of each scenario were assessed. The results show that if the second scenario assumptions are applied, the amount of energy consumption, pollutants, and global warming will decrease relative to the first scenario. Total energy consumption in the first and second scenarios is respectively +3891 and -1683234 Gj. In addition, the global warming potential is reduced due to the reduction of landfills, reduced transportation and fuel consumption, improved equipment, and energy recovery in the second scenario. In general, environmental performance in the second scenario will be improved if appropriate action is taken. Reducing landfill and greenhouse gases, increasing recycling, etc., are the main reasons. Although incineration reduces landfilling in Saravan, it is still the proper design of the landfill, and energy utilization from it provides a favorable life cycle of waste management based on the second scenario. Moreover, the use of waste incineration is justified only if pollution and energy recovery standards are respected. Modifying the components and capacity of each disposal option produces new results. In this context, it is suggested to use alternative models.

One of the main issues in today's cities is the decline of environmental quality in urban neighborhoods. In response to this issue, the neo-urbanism movement was raised to study in countries and shed light on urban planning. 

Objectives: 

The main purpose of this study is to identify the indicators of the urbanism movement at the level of urban neighborhoods and to investigate the situation of neighborhoods in Rasht based on these indicators.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. First, the study extracted indicators and items based on the studies of theoretical foundations and research background on urbanism. Questionnaires and GIS maps were used to collect information. The TOPSIS model was used to analyze and rank the neighborhoods.

 Geographical Context: 

The neighborhoods of Rasht metropolis were the study area. 

Based on the average scores obtained for the five districts of Rasht, District Two, which actually includes the historical context of Rasht, is more in line with the principles of neo-urbanism with an average score of 0. 466. District Three was ranked second with an average score of 0. 345. This district is in the eastern part of Rasht. Finally, regions four, one and Five were ranked third to fifth, respectively. The final average score for the city of Rasht was estimated to be 0. 342. 

Since the points of the TOPSIS model are between zero and 1, in general, the neighborhoods of Rasht have relatively low compliance with neo-urbanism principles. Therefore, the paper makes suggestions such as preventing the increase in building density in the historical context, strengthening public transportation, maintaining and strengthening public and green open spaces, increasing the optimal building density in new constructions, increasing the quality of sidewalks and increasing the safety and security of pedestrians.

Today, burying waste is the most common method in many countries due to its lower cost and the existence of a wider spectrum of waste. In the location of the waste burial site, . For this purpose, several multi-criteria decision making methods are used in prioritizing suitable places. In the research, 10 important factors were used to locate the waste disposal site, which are: land use, slope of the area, altitude of the area, geology of the area, distance from roads, distance from rivers, distance from springs, distance from wells, distance from villages. and distance from faults. ANP model was used to prepare the final zoning map. In the first stage, the criteria were prepared and converted into GIS format. Then it was converted to raster format and fuzzification was done. According to the results obtained, the weight of land use criteria, the slope of the area, the height of the area, the geology of the area, the distance from roads, the distance from rivers, the distance from springs, the distance from wells, the distance from villages and the distance from faults for the study area is 0.167. 0.087, 0.036, 0.028, 0.138, 0.064, 0.068, 0.047, 0.120, 0.243 were obtained. Therefore, the criterion of the distance from the faults has the highest weight and the geological criterion has the least influence in locating waste burial areas according to experts. The obtained map was classified in 5 different classes. By examining the overlapping criteria map, it was observed that suitable areas for landfilling are located near rivers and springs and residential and rural areas. By examining the final zoning map, it has been observed that the most suitable areas for landfilling are located in the westernmost part of the study area, with a focus on Agha Seyed Sharif road.

Resilience as a new concept in sustainability literature has created a new understanding of the relationship between man and the environment. Resilience is derived from biological discipline, which determines an organism's ability to withstand and recover from a shock, disaster, or disease. The present study evaluates the effect of perceptual-visual components on the resilience of the urban landscape of Rasht metropolis. Method of collecting information in two ways; Documentary and field is a questionnaire and interview. The independent variables of this research are functional, aesthetic, form and morphological, environmental and dependent variables of landscape resilience research. The questionnaire used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts (professors and experts in the field of urban landscape). The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires and distributed by simple random sampling. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data in SPSS software. The results showed that considering that the variables of perceptual-visual quality components (including functional, experimental and aesthetic components, form and morphology, environment) with the dependent variable of this study (comparative perspective) have a correlation coefficient. Is 0.568. The adjusted coefficient figure in this study also indicates that 76% of the changes related to the resilient landscape in environmental variables, form and morphology and aesthetics can be explained. The study of tolerance coefficients shows that the environmental variables of form, morphology and aesthetics have the highest coefficients with 0.452, 0.328 and 0.312, respectively, and act as a predictor variable compared to other variables. Therefore, it can be added that the components of perceptual-visual quality affect the patient perspective. The adjusted coefficient figure in this study indicates that 76% of the changes related to the resilient landscape in environmental variables, form and morphology and aesthetics can be explained.

In this survey research which based on goals is applied and is done through descriptive-analytical method. Contribution of citizens of quintet zones of Rasht was studied. The N includes 679995 of Rasht population and the n (Cochran with 5 percent error) is 384 above the age 25. Because of 0,05 in Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, the whole data was considered abnormal. To study the relationship between variables, Spearman test was used. The result shows among the individual factors, educational level with 0.26 and among the management and political factors, transparency, city officials’ response, officials’ belief to people and preparing the people’s contribution with zero are meaningful to the variable attracting the citizens ‘contribution. Then non-parametric test Friedman was done to rank the variables. The result shows management and political factors with 2.13 is in first rank and social factors with 1.96 in second rank and at last individual factors with 1.13 are in last rank. In the last measure, to assess the differences of attitudes, the Kruskal – Wallis test was done. With regard to the result more than 0.05 for all variables, it was decided that there were no meaningful differences in responders attitudes in different parts of Rasht.

The issue of environmental quality in the neighborhoods of Rasht is one of the priorities of managers, because some variables have challenged the quality of urban environment in Rasht in terms of quantity and quality. That can be addressed to issues such as environmental pollution, access, safety and comfort and the lack of neighborhood identity noted. The aim of this study was to identify the indicators of the new urbanism at the level of urban neighborhoods and to study and adapt the situation of Rasht neighborhoods based on the indicators of new urbanism. Three criteria of transportation, physical, housing and urban context were examined based on 15 indicators. GIS maps and expert questionnaires were used to collect information. For data analysis, AHP model and index overlap method in GIS software were used. The results showed the southern neighborhoods of the city had the highest compliance with the principles of neo-urbanism, the central and western neighborhoods had the least compliance with the principles of neo-urbanism, and the eastern and northern neighborhoods had moderate compliance with the principles of neo-urbanism. Finally, according to the situation of each area, solutions such as planning and design for the construction of neighborhood centers and neighborhood centers in the neighborhoods of the region, preventing the increase of building density in the area of valuable and historic buildings, tree planting along the sidewalks, increasing the optimal building density in new constructions to improve the quality of urban neighborhoods based on the principles of neo-urbanism was presented.

Cities are the place of connection and spatial organization of forces and natural, social, economic and physical processes in the context of the geographical environment that form the various relations and currents of man and the environment that govern the political system. Meanwhile, political economy and its components are one of the influential indicators on the changes and transformations of urban spaces. The purpose of this study is to identify the effective components of political economy on spatial organization of Rasht metropolis. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. Multi-criteria technique (Dematel) has been used to identify the effective and efficient components of political economy on the spatial organization of Rasht metropolis. Findings indicate that among the economic, physical and political-managerial components of political economy, land rent variables, to create commercial (economic) centers; Changes in the distribution system of land uses (physical) and the variable of not dealing with land rent in the urban management system (political-managerial) have the most effective role in the spatial organization of Rasht metropolis, respectively.

In new urban theories, what causes the economic development of a region is the presence of creative human forces in that region. Meanwhile, traditional factors such as geographical location, access, etc., are dimmed because the creative class's presence in a city can overshadow other factors of economic growth. Therefore, paying attention to the residential characteristics of the creative class and their preferences for living in a specific location in cities is one of the important issues in the urban development. The study has evaluated the factors influencing the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the factors influencing the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. It was a descriptive-analytical study. Data was collected through documentary and field studies. 384 questionnaires were distributed among the creative class members in Rasht city. The data were analyzed using Friedman, Sign, and Wilcoxon tests. Findings showed that classic factors significantly contributed to the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city, and the influence of soft factors was less than the classic factors. Also, the findings of the research have shown that the desire and preference of the creative class to live in the inner layers of the city is high, and as we move from the initial layers of the city to the periphery, the concentration of the residential preference of the creative class has decreased. According to the results, the neighborhoods where people of the creative class of Rasht city prefer to live included Manzariyeh, Golsār and Giulān Boulevard, Moalem, Bazaar, Cāctous, Ziābri, Felestin, Nikmarām, and Park Shahr.

Demographic structure around cities and densely populated areas, Demands a fundamental and new form to improve urban life; Knowledge of this form of needs in the form of development from the perspective of Suburban dwellers leads to proper planning and policy in urban and suburban areas. In order to understand the meaning of development and lived experience of people in suburban areas. Phenomenological method was used to conduct in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 43 suburban dwellers.Findings show that suburban dwellers understand the meaning of development in the suburbs as developoriented, ethics-oriented, transparent-oriented, quality-oriented and psycho-oriented. From the point of view of urban residents, paying attention to urban areas through the mentioned components will cause the income margin of these areas. Also, the rotation of intermediate components through a theoretical expansion of the structure of the formation of a powerful urban character was identified and adjusted based on this research. According to the research findings, it is recommended; Components of benefiting the majority of the society, learning knowledge, raising the level of information of the people and increasing social responsibility based on a participatory approach increasing the balance of suburban settlements should be on the agenda. approach increasing the balance of suburban settlements should be on the agenda.