سرمایه گذاری

Funding is one of the most important obstacles to achieving economic diversity and socio-economic development of rural areas through tourism activities. Thus, due to the characteristics of rural tourism such as low return on investment in rural tourism due to small and scattered activities, seasonal activities and limited ability of local investment; Weakness of skills and marketing of rural individual tourism enterprises as a prerequisite for success in economic activities; And the inability of the rural tourism services to meet the needs of tourists, especially the management of attractions, accommodation and welfare facilities, etc. Investment in it is faced with several limitations. Thus, investing in tourism, especially in human resource development and capacity development for rural tourism, is an innovation that stimulates local development. Similarly, having the capacity to manage a destination and allocate financial capital to participate in physical and infrastructure investment projects such as public and private transportation, construction attractions, and the like provides certain competitive advantages for a region. A review of the research literature shows that the most important challenges of investing in rural tourism can be summarized in the following four categories. 1- Diversity of government institutions in charge of tourism and rural development, 2- Low tendency of the private sector due to the seasonality of most tourism activities, 3- Inadequate public infrastructure in rural areas 4- Inadequate performance of local managers and local institutions.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. So that, in addition to illustrating what it is, it explains the reasons for how it is and why the situation of the problem and its dimensions. In order to collect the required data after conducting a theoretical study and extracting indicators and items, a questionnaire (based on the use of a 5-point Likert scale) and direct observation have been used. Experts such as university faculty members and experts of the Cultural Heritage Organization have been used to assess the validity of the items. The time domain of the research is 2020. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used to analyze the questionnaire data. The geographical area of the research includes Alamut section in Qazvin city. The statistical population of this study is the target villages of tourism in Alamut district in the north of Qazvin province. At the village analysis level, the counting method has been used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the study is households living in 8 villages targeted for tourism in Alamut district, which according to the population and housing census (2016) amounted to 918 households, with the assumption of p and q (0.5), 271 items were selected as a sample.

The results of the analysis show that economic challenges with a numerical average (4.72) and political-institutional challenges with a numerical average (4.44) are the most important challenges in terms of investing in tourism activities in the tourist villages of Alamut. So that issues such as financing tourism activities, high risk of tourism activities, lack of business activities and marketing are the most important economic challenges affecting investment in tourism activities in the villages studied. Also, the analysis of effective factors in rural tourism investment with respect to the amount of KMO coefficient to (0.743) shows that the political weakness and inability of local officials with (17.25) percent of poor information and infrastructure services (12.15) as the most important barriers to investing in rural tourism in the Alamut section of Qazvin. On the other hand, the factor of high risk of tourism activities with (9.41) percent and inability to finance tourism with (7.91) percent are in second place. Therefore, it can be said that (46.71) percent of the challenges of investing in tourism are directly related to political and economic issues.

In the present study, according to the literature review, challenges and barriers to investing in rural tourism are classified into the following 4 groups: a- Political and institutional challenges; Economic; Social and cultural and infrastructural challenges. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the four components. Thus, from the respondents' point of view, the most important challenges of investing in rural tourism in Alamut have been as follows: a- Economic; Social and cultural in the region; Weakness of infrastructure services in the region; And political and institutional failure. On the other hand, the results of factor analysis showed that low investment in rural tourism in the study area is directly related to political and economic issues.

To the same extent that today investment contracts have developed and increased their complexity, the differences in different contractual levels have increased to the same extent. Therefore, in providing an effective and efficient solution to resolve disputes in the investment field, approaches and methods should be considered that are based on the subject of the contract and the field of dispute on the one hand and the position of jurisdiction that has created and explains the procedure. Considered tools.This study shows that institutions and arbitration centers dealing with the settlement of investment disputes have been able to create a conventional approach and procedure in the international arena by solving numerous cases with arbitration procedures in the global arena.In other words, the methods of proceedings in different authorities in international arbitration are different and each of them has its own special methods and initiatives, which in case of domestic laws are not coordinated with them, one of the factors of encouraging and persuading investment is weakened.

The cooperation document between Iran and China has raised many questions so far. Within the framework of defensive neorealism, this research attempts to answer these questions, what factors were effective in concluding the 25-year strategic cooperation program between Iran and China? What are the challenges of the full implementation of the mentioned strategic cooperation program? In response to the research questions, this hypothesis has been proposed that the West's disobedience in fulfilling its obligations under the JCPOA, the maximum pressure of America, the need of Iran's economy to attract capital and technology, and the effort to enjoy China's support in international forums may be the main effective factors in concluding the 25-year strategic cooperation program between Iran and China. Therefore, China considers Iran as a potential asset in West Asia and also a potential ally. But the implementation of this contract faces challenges for various reasons. The research results indicate that China's regional balance law and U.S. sanctions limit relations of China with Iran. Despite the strategic factors behind China-Iran partnership, China's growing involvement in the Middle East over the past two decades and its relations with Iran's regional opponents act as limiting and challenging factors in their bilateral relations. This article employs a comparative research approach and relies on library resources for gathering information. This research has focused on the affecting factors in concluding the 25-years strategic cooperation program and the challenges of its implementation, examining the history of cooperation between Iran and China.

Startup companies face many risks, crises, challenges and problems, especially in the early years of their work, which in case of lack of adaptability and resilience to the conditions, will sometimes lead to bankruptcy and stop their business activities. Therefore, these small companies need a special attention as well as purposeful and structured support mechanisms, in the early years, in order to continue their working life-cycle. In this regard, incubators are known as one of the most important and fundamental elements that provide the necessary infrastructure for the activation of start-up businesses. The main purpose of this study was to review the history of Science and Technology Parks in the world, incubators, their components and the types of facilities, equipment and services that are provided to the SMEs through these centers. Also, the evolutionary models and generations of incubation were discussed as well. Finally, the role of universities as effective supporters for young creative people was discussed and providing new courses regarding entrepreneurship and business based on the market-need, establishing academic incubators at universities and improving practical skills to empower the students were recommended. Also, reviewing and identification of successful incubators worldwide will be an effective action for simulation, developing indigenous models and improve methods of supporting entrepreneurs in the country.

Increasing urbanization and the need for relocation introduces optimal transportation as a major factor in increasing the level of citizen satisfaction. As a result, governments often spend most of their budgets on repairing and building transportation infrastructure. Now, if a precise and expert decision is not made to prioritize investment in transportation infrastructure, it will cause budget waste, negative impact on the economy and environmental and social damage. Due to the limited budget of Gilan province and the economic conditions prevailing in the whole country, the purpose of this article is to determine the investment priorities in the transportation infrastructure of Gilan province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of method. Document collection was done by referring to articles, documents and books and field collection was done using a questionnaire. In the present study, the multi-criteria method of infrastructure prioritization framework or IPF was used to prioritize investment in transportation infrastructure, which is a quantitative multi-criteria prioritization method and measures socio-environmental and financial-economic indicators. In addition to budget constraints are considered. In this method, using the opinion of experts in the form of a questionnaire and collecting the required data, calculations were performed, which finally showed the results on a visible graph. The analysis of the findings and results shows that the railway infrastructure in Gilan province has the first priority of investment, followed by road infrastructure in the second place and maritime transport infrastructure in the third place, and finally the transport infrastructure. Air is a priority.

The present study examines the impact of macroeconomic uncertainties on private sector investment decisions in the Iranian economy. Therefore, macroeconomic uncertainty vectors for four indicators, including inflation, exchange rate, government spending, and oil revenues have been estimated using generalized conditional variance (GARCH) and the impact of each macroeconomic uncertainty on investment in investment. Separately, according to the model estimation of generalized torque (GMM) with seasonal data during the years of 1378-1399. The findings of the study indicate that economic uncertainties have had a negative and significant impact on a statistical influence on private investment in Iran during the period. In addition, inflationary uncertainty has had a greater effect on reducing investment than other variables. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that policymakers consider economic growth, the policy of adjusting and stabilizing prices to stabilize the economy and reduce uncertainty. , inflationary uncertainty has had a greater effect on reducing investment than other variables. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that policymakers consider economic growth, the policy of adjusting and stabilizing prices to stabilize the economy and reduce uncertainty.

Competitiveness and branding are relatively new research approaches in the urban and regional planning literature. The purpose of this research is to identify the competitiveness and branding Capabilities of Songhor city as a destination with competitive capabilities. This is analytical-applied research. In the first stage, by distributing a questionnaire among the citizens of Songhor with a sample size of 382 people, the competitive capacities of this destination were examined. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0.7 for the entire questionnaire and for all indicators. Then, using "confirmatory factor analysis" and "amos" software, it was determined that the "economic dimension" has the highest correlation with the competitiveness index of Songhor city. Also, at the level of indicators, "culture and identity", "agriculture", "transportation" and "ecotourism and natural attractions" have had the highest correlation with the dimensions of "social culture", "economic", "environmental physical" and "infrastructure" respectively. In the next step, after presenting the results to the expert community, 7 options were determined for the city, which was categorized in three dimensions: "cultural", "economic" and "tourism". Then these options were categorized again in the form of a paired comparison questionnaire for prioritizing the options using the "ANP" method and distributed among 20 experts. The results of this stage showed that the "economic" criterion is considered the most important one for Songhor city branding. Also, the option of "Sunflowers City" is considered the "main brand" of this city with regard to its "economic" dimension.

To measure and prioritize attractions, usually different criteria such as: economic, social, cultural, infrastructure, environmental, institutional, legal and geographical, etc. are considered so that based on them can be compared to different attractions. Decided. The purpose of this study is to prioritize financial investment in Mazandaran city with the approach of sustainable tourism development.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The type of descriptive-analytical research is based on collecting the required data by observing and completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the cities of Mazandaran province. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the sample size and the questionnaire was distributed randomly in the study area. The validity of the questionnaire items was confirmed by a number of university professors and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha is 0.82%. The data analysis method was performed using descriptive statistics (mean and frequency distribution) and inferential statistics in SPSS software. To prioritize investment in the cities of Mazandaran province with the sustainable development approach, Kruskal-Wallis test has been used.

Amol city won the first place and Babol city won the second place. This ranking can be used by tourists to choose tourist destinations and from On the other hand, help the planners and tourists and related management in this field and tourism investors.

This ranking can help tourists to choose tourist destinations on the one hand, and on the other hand, it can be useful for planners and tourists and related management in this field and tourism investors.

Originality/value: 

Knowing the investment priorities of financial investment in the cities of Mazandaran province is the innovation aspect of the present research.

It is desirable economical on the territory of the country and prevention of inconsistency and negative and negative reflections in the land area. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of investment factors on the sustainable development of Markazi province. The type of descriptive-analytic research is based on collecting required data by observing and completing the questionnaire. Regarding the fact that the number of tourists referring to tourism samples in the central province was not ascertained by using the second-order Cochran formula, 220 items were selected and the questionnaire was distributed randomly among the sample areas of tourism. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by a number of confirmed researchers and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.82%. To analyze the data, tests such as t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear multiple regression and path analysis have been used, and its meaningful difference is also significant for all indicators. Also, th

According to the obtained results, social cultural factor (with a path coefficient of 0.702), financial and economic factors (with a path coefficient of 0.771), institutional factors of the Minister of Construction (with a path coefficient of 0.967), Entrepreneurial support factors (with a path coefficient of 0.929), individual resources and human capital (with a path coefficient of 0.700), managerial factors (with a path coefficient of 0.883) are effective in investing and creating businesses by entrepreneurs in the country's villages. And the T-Value is greater than 1.96. Also, the Q2 criterion for all the endogenous variables of the model is greater than 0.32, which shows that the exogenous (independent) variables are strong in predicting the dependent variables and the fit is appropriate. The structural model confirms the research once again. Considering that the general goals of this rural development plan and creating new job opportunities for the villagers are the revival of indigenous knowledge, customs and jobs and its application in entrepreneurship, increasing the participation of villagers in planning. Local development, increasing working skills and entrepreneurial knowledge of villagers and helping sustainable rural life are among the other goals of this project. Extensive governmental and non-governmental efforts have been made in the field of business creation and development in the less developed rural areas of the country, but many residents of these areas still live below the poverty line, the reason for this contradiction can be the lack of a problem-based strategy. Yabi found that most of the government policies and non-government programs in the field of entrepreneurship development have been approved and implemented without spending the necessary time to accurately assess the factors affecting the issue by passing the real needs of the villagers, and in practice it does not bring positive results. Keywords: investment, business, entrepreneurship, village, Iran

In recent decades, along with the growth of technology and its entry into the construction industry, the smartening of buildings has increased in developed countries. Yet, despite targeting the country's development plans in Iran, investors have not shown much interest in working in this field. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting the tendency of investors toward building technology-based construction and use the TAM model to investigate the relationship between technology acceptance and the amount of investment in the intelligent building industry. This research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. Data were collected using the library method and questionnaire tools. The research population included activists in the field of the construction industry in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province. After confirming the validity and reliability, the questionnaires were randomly distributed among 160 members of the research population. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the Pearson correlation parametric test in SPSS25 and AMOS software. The findings confirmed the existence of a significant relationship between the "trust" variable and "perception of usefulness," "perception of ease," and "attitude" variables in the research model. Given respondents' lack of trust in intelligent building technology, there is not a very positive attitude towards technology among the research population. Given the lack of trust of respondents in smart building technology, there is not a very positive attitude towards technology among the statistical community. This has led to their unwillingness to accept this technology in the construction industry, as building intelligence has a minimal share of construction in the coastal areas of Māzandarān, which can be due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the benefits of intelligent building technology and lack of proper information.

The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a model for attracting investment in the Iranian sports tourism industry with an emphasis on the marketing mix and sustainable development. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part included all experts in the field of sports marketing management, sports tourism and tourism marketing management. A total of 17 interviews were conducted by purposive sampling method to reach theoretical saturation and in a small part of the same people plus capital Sports spenders and sports entrepreneurs were nationwide. The questionnaires were distributed electronically and finally 249 questionnaires were completed correctly. Research tools in the qualitative section, reconciliation and review of theoretical foundations, and in the quantitative section, a questionnaire made from the qualitative section with the focus on 3 mixed marketing variables in the Iranian sports tourism industry (7 items), sustainable development (6 items) and attracting investors in the tourism industry. It was sports (2 items). Exploratory factor analysis test was used to measure items and questions of each variable and structural equation modeling test was used with PLS software. The results of the research model showed that the mixed marketing path to sustainable development with the effect factor (0.899) had the greatest effect among the variables. The mixed marketing-to-investment path with an impact factor (0.484) was in the next category, and the sustainable development path to an investment with an impact factor (0.356) had the lowest effect among other variables. In a general conclusion, it should be mentioned that for the development of Iran's sports tourism industry, first of all, special attention should be paid to the marketing mix, because in this case, sustainable development can be achieved and investors can be encouraged to invest in the tourism industry. Import sports.

One of the most important goals of forming states is to provide welfare and development for the society and the development process always involves the action of the state. Therefore, the nature of states, political and ideological philosophy and its structure play a key role in the development process, including rural development. Since the formation of the centralized state in Iran and after 1316, planning has started in its current form, and after 60 years, 12 programs have been prepared in the country, 11 of which have been implemented. During the years before the revolution, 6 programs were prepared and 5 programs were implemented. After the revolution, 6 programs were prepared and 5 programs were implemented, and the sixth program is being completed. In Iran, most of the stages of rural development have been done within the framework of five-year plans, and investment is the most important tool of the state to achieve rural development. Rural management approach until 1970, in most countries of the world, was influenced by the dominance of top-down development management policies and approaches, which followed the emergence of environmental challenges and socio-economic inequalities, the field of attention and change in bottom-up development approach. It has been provided since the 1980s in order to balance rural settlements. Therefore, in recent decades, empowerment has been proposed as a mechanism for rural development in Iran. But were the realities that took place in the country's rurals homogeneous with the demands and goals of the programs? In other words, considering the high volume of credits that are spent every year in rural settlements, the question can be raised that what does investing in rural settlements have to do with empowering the villagers? Has the agent of change been able to bring about the necessary changes and transformations in order to empower the villagers? In this study, by recognizing state investments in rural and its role in empowering villagers, how they affect the rurals of Kashan was analyzed. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population was 15255 rural households in Kashan district and the sample size was 316 people. In this research, using the classification method and using a three-dimensional matrix, indicators such as state investment (effective index), geographical location of the rural and population were considered as effective indicators for determining the sample rurals and Finally, 12 rurals were selected. In this article, SPSS software was used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, so that using KMO test, the validity of the rural household head questionnaire to measure the level of rural empowerment is equal to 0.867 and the validity of the rural household head questionnaire to measure investment The state is calculated to be 0.826. Also, based on the results of the structural validity test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained from the rural household heads questionnaire to measure the level of rural empowerment is equal to 0.974 and the rural household heads questionnaire to measure state investment is equal to 0.846. In this way, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. To explain the relationships between independent and dependent variables, TOPSIS technique and regression analysis and coefficient of determination (R2) were used and for other spatial analysis, SPSS and GIS software were used. The results show that according to the ranking of rurals, 75% of the studied rurals had poor and moderate empowerment. Also, 67% of the studied rurals were evaluated with poor and medium investment. Findings from field studies indicate a strong, positive and direct relationship between the two variables of investment and rural empowerment (P = 0.000). In other words, based on the coefficient of determination, 13.5% of the variance of rural empowerment is explained by state investment. As a result, through regression analysis, it can be acknowledged that with increasing state investment in the studied rurals, the rate of rural empowerment also increases. Therefore, rural empowerment is studied as a new approach in the development of rural areas, with a systematic, integrated and combined view, so that self-determination, competence, impact, significance and trust emerge and organize as the driving force of empowerment in rural communities. In this way, the right to development and honorable life in rural areas can be realized objectively. In fact, due to their structural and functional nature, rurals are related to all factors of human life and the challenges ahead cannot be solved with a one-dimensional view. In the combined view, all factors are effective in empowering the villagers and the absence of one of the factors challenges the process of empowering rural communities. According to what has been said, the results of the article provide some strategic points: Lack of careful study and evaluation of developments in rural areas after the arrival of investments and on the other hand different perceptions of the concepts of capacity building and empowerment in practice has caused problems in rural society Stay tuned. Finally, in order to achieve the empowerment of local communities through the role of state in the developmentalist perspective, there are significant proposals that should be pursued through the state, realistic and targeted facilitation models. Thus, in sustainable rural development programs, participatory and facilitator planning, realistic, bottom-up and decentralized, conducting regional and local planning studies, deepening indigenous knowledge-based in rural issues, promoting individual responsibility at the design levels and Program implementation must be considered.

IntroductionNowadays, the tourism industry is known as one of the main pillars of economic growth in the world. many countries with different approaches focus on this industry as the main source of foreign exchange income, job creation, social justice, cultural growth, increasing welfare and also as an opportunity for development of private sectors and infrastructure structures. Among these, identify and determine the potential areas for investors is a critical condition in tourism development. To achieve this goal, its necessary to prioritize these potential areas based on various criteria, including the identification of superior tourism areas in terms of investment priorities.

The growth of industry in a complex, region, zone or industrial town is a phenomenon that has been considered important since the beginning of the 20th century in the industrial development of the countries of the world and the utilization of the capabilities and capabilities of each region. In the present study, while gathering the library data and using the existing information in the industrial companies of Semnan and Tehran provinces the informational layers were prepared using GIS software. Also, in order to analyze the industrial towns of Abbas Abad, Eyvanekey, Garmsar and Semnan with emphasis on the attraction of applicants and investment, the layers required in the form of GIS software were prepared. By analyzing the output of the data in the form of a map, it was determined that the number of parts delivered in Abbas Abad industrial town was about  1.39 times the total of the three settlements, i. e., Eyvanekey, Garmsar and Semnan. However, in spite of the distance of 12, 40 and 150  km of Abbas industrial town in the industrial towns of  Eyvanekey, Garmsar and Semnan, the number of units in operation in the industrial town of Abbas Abad was 1.82  times, the employment rate is 1.37  times and the amount of investments made is 1.11  times the total of the three industrial towns.The fact that Abbas Abad industrial town in Tehran as the capital of the country accounts for more than 50 percent of the financial resources and 45  percent of the industries and 17.5  percent of the total population of the country, can be considered as one of the main factors for this difference.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical and spiritual tourism attractions in Firozabad and to rank effective economic components in tourism development with the approach of earning revenue from these attractions. This is an applied research with a descriptive- analytical method. Tourists who have visited Firozabad attractions from 2011 to 2018 are the statistical population of this study. The statistical sample, calculated based on Kogan's formula, includes 388 tourists. The reliability of the questionnaire according to Cronbach's coefficient of induction is 0.837 which has a high reliability. For data analysis, this study used Pralong method and network analysis model. The evaluation of tourism value of Qal'eh Dokhtar and Atashkade based on Pralong method shows that the architectural antiquity index of these two works with the values of 0.853 and 0.831 and the their social- economic index, especially in tourism attraction and the formation of social cores around them, and also their economical capabilities with the value of 0.762 and 0.751 play major roles in attracting tourists. The results of the network analysis model show that the economic strength indices of Firozabad including valuable potentials in the areas of handicrafts(carpet, gabbe and kilim), tribal animal organic products, various agricultural products, valuable historical heritage which is the main reason of the formation of service business units and job creation, with the value of 0.089, have major roles in the tourism affluence in this city. Finally, this study has introduced some guidelines for organizing and promoting economic development in Firozabad.

Border areas are of particular national and transnational importance. Despite this, the importance of border tourism remains unknown. Tourism is one of the most important strategies in development planning. In this regard, border tourism is also a part of the tourism industry, which with proper planning and policy can benefit from the income generated in the socio-economic development of border areas. The aim of this study is to achieve sustainable tourism with an emphasis on investment in coastal border areas. The type of descriptive-analytical research is based on the collection of required data through observation and completion of a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was 116542 people, and according to Cochran's formula, 383 people were selected as the sample. The developed questionnaire was distributed randomly in Chalous city. The validity of the questionnaire items was confirmed by a number of researchers and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test at 0.79%. To analyze the data, tests such as single sample t, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression and path analysis were used. The results of statistical tests such as: t-sample (significance of mean differences from the numerical desirability of the study) and correlation coefficient show that income generation and employment index are the highest average (4.23), respectively. Employment (3.85) has the highest average