شاخص

Housing is a crucial domain for testing human interactions and serves as a physical framework where social, cultural, and economic resources intertwine. In order to achieve social progress, the realm of housing encompasses not only the residential units themselves but also their surrounding environments. The focus on housing quality indicators is essential for attaining sustainable housing, which in turn lays the foundation for sustainable urban development. However, the increasing demand for housing and the prevailing quantitative approach have led to the neglect of the fundamental issue of housing quality in its true essence. Insufficient access to suitable housing can contribute to or worsen various psychological and social challenges. Hence, this research aims to identify the main indicators and components of housing quality and prioritize them, assuming equal weighting of their influence. The research methodology employed in this study is practical in its objective and descriptive-analytical in its approach. To achieve the intended objective, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model is utilized to determine the weight and prioritize each indicator and component of housing quality. Subsequently, after evaluating the indicators using the ANP model, the results indicate that among the examined indicators, housing facilities and amenities with  0.318, housing security with 0.218, housing comfort with 0.145, compatibility with complementary uses with 0.142, housing durability with 0.109, and housing climate adaptation with 0.065 have been assigned the highest weights, respectively.

The physical components of a city, as the backbone of urban systems, play a significant role in absorbing the initial shocks resulting from disasters. Therefore, enhancing the capacity of the city's physical structure to cope with hazards and disasters, in order to maintain the functionality of its components, seems essential. In this regard, the present study aims to elucidate the components and indicators of physical resilience by using a systematic review of the literature in 5 stages (definition, search, selection, analysis, and synthesis). In the first step, by defining the concepts of resilience, key terms were extracted. In the second step, resources related to the research were searched in international and national databases in the period from September 2022 to February 2023. The initial search led to the identification of 315 resources, of which 53 resources were consistent with the research topic. In the third step, 41 resources were selected for final analysis in the period 2008-2023. In the fourth step, the findings were analyzed, and as a result, three components of network geometry with 39 indicators, wall geometry with 33 indicators, and land formation with 3 indicators were identified. Finally, the synthesis results in the fifth step showed that each of the mentioned components accounts for 52%, 44%, and 4% of the total indicators, respectively.

Cities are complex systems that are vulnerable to natural or human threats. The current dominant view in disaster and urban management has been the risk reduction approach. However, today, societies are trying to achieve conditions that will allow them to quickly return to the pre-crisis (initial and normal) state in the event of a crisis. Resilience is a new concept that is mostly used in dealing with unknowns and uncertainties. The overall goal of the present study is to evaluate the level of resilience of the city of Pol-e Dokhtar during a flood. In order to achieve the aforementioned goals, a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach was used. In order to measure the dimensions of resilience in the neighborhoods of Pol-e Dokhtar, 384 households were selected as a sample community using the Cochran formula. In order to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire in the SPSS software environment, statistical methods based on comparison of means, Friedman tests and regression were used. The TOPSIS model was used to rank the resilience of the neighborhoods. As a result, based on five resilience assessment indicators; the Basijian, Old Core (Hasteh Ghadimi) and Pasdaran neighborhoods have a more favorable situation than other neighborhoods in Pol-e-Dokhtar city. The East and West Coast neighborhoods (Sahel Sharghi va Gharbi) and Sazmaniha neighborhoods have the worst situation in terms of resilience against floods. The results of the Friedman test to determine the most important and influential resilience indicators of Pol-e-Dokhtar city showed that the physical index with an average of 3.533 and the economic index with an average of 3.251 were ranked first and second, respectively.

This research aims to measure and evaluate the social sustainability of the cities of Ilam province emphasizing the sustainability of small cities, using 51 social sustainability indicators, including 8 components: the literacy rate of city residents, the durability and strength of the family, the availability of suitable housing, the quality of population dynamics, access to Healthcare indicators, access to educational indicators, equal access to cultural spaces and access to green and recreational spaces in 21 cities of Ilam province. The main aim of this research is to improve the quality of life for the residents of these cities and to achieve equality and justice; both intra-generational and intergenerational to realize sustainable social development. The main question of this research is what levels of development are the cities of Ilam province in terms of social sustainability? And is there a relationship between the size of the population of cities and their level of social sustainability? In other words, do the small cities of this province have a better social sustainability than other middle cities in the province from the perspective of social indicators?

This research, in order to measure the social sustainability of 21 cities of Ilam province, based on the data of the 1395 census, 51 indicators related to social stability, including 4 indicators of literacy status, 4 indicators of family consolidation status, 11 indicators of access to health facilities and equipment - Medical, 7 indicators of access to educational facilities, 3 indicators of access to cultural-religious facilities, 22 indicators of access to social economic activity (access to suitable housing, employment and economic activity) were selected, then negative indicators were reversed and turned into positive indicators. It was evaluated and analyzed using SPSS software and the application of TOPSIS technique.Then, to determine the relationship between the size of the population of the cities and their sustainability rating, the cities of the province were ranked and classified using cluster analysis, and their results were displayed in the form of maps using Arc GIS. Then, using Spearman's correlation coefficient, the relationship between population rank and sustainability rank of cities was investigated and analyzed. Spearman’s correlation test is a non-parametric synonym of Pearson's correlation coefficient. Spearman's correlation coefficient shows how much the dependent variable changes with the increase or decrease of the independent variable?

The results of cluster analysis about the population of the cities of Ilam province show that Ilam city as a medium city with (166,760 people) at the first population level, four cities of Dehlran (30,385 people), Ivan (29,351 people), Abdanan (22,420 people) and Darreh Shahr (20,371) in the second population level, three cities of Mehran (14,309), Arqavaz Malekshahi (12,333) and Sarableh (10,869) in the third population level and thirteen urban points Asman Abad (5,886), Chavar (5,753), Badre (4,215), Pahle (4028), Murmori (3518), Zarne (3113), Lomar (2655), Mimeh (2628), Sarab Bagh (2557), Musian (2480), Delgosha (2201), Saleh Abad (1707) and Towheed (1475) They are at the fourth level of population.The results show; The only urban point of Towheed, on the first stable level, 4 cities of Mimeh, Lomar, Sarab Bagh and Badreh on the second or semi-stable level, 10 urban points; Sarablah, Musian, Saleh Abad, Delgosha, Chavar, Asman Abad, Murmuri, Pahle, Dareh Shahr and Zarneh are in the thirdor semi-unstable level and 6 urban points of Arquaz Malekshahi, Abdanan, Mehran, Ilam, Ivan and Dehlran are in the fourth or unstable level.The results of this research using the TOPSIS technique and cluster analysis to determine the level of social sustainability in 21 urban areas of Ilam province based on the statistics of 2015 using 51 social sustainability indicators show; The only urban point of Towheed, on the first or stable level, 4 cities of Mimeh, Lomar, Sarab Bagh and Badreh on the second or semi-stable level, 10 urban points; Sarablah, Musian, Saleh Abad, Delgosha, Chavar, Asman Abad, Murmuri, Pahle, Dareh Shahr and Zarneh are on the third or semi-unstable level, 6 urban points of Arquaz Malekshahi, Abdanan, Mehran, Ilam, Ivan and Dehlran are on the fourth or unstable level..Also, the analysis of the population of the cities of the province using cluster analysis in four levels shows that the city of Ilam is an intermediate city with (166,760 people) in the first population level, four cities of Dehlran (30,385 people), Ivan (29,351 people), Abdanan (22,420 people) ) and Dareh Shahr (20,371) at the second population level, three cities of Mehran (14,309), Arquaz Malekshahi (12,333) and Sarablah (10,869) at the third population level and thirteen urban points Asman Abad (5,886), Chavar (5,753), Badre (4215), Pahle (4028), Murmori (3518), Zarne (3113), Lomar (2655), Mimeh (2628), Sarab Bagh (2557), Musian (2480), Delgosha (2201), Saleh Abad (1707) and Tawhid (1475) are in the fourth demographic level.

The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient calculations to check the correlation between the population size and the sustainability of the cities of Ilam province by using the Spearman's coefficient show the value of -0.782, indicating the existence of a strong and inverse relationship between the city's population rank and the sustainability rank. it is them This situation shows that with the increase in the population of the cities, their stability decreases and on the contrary, and for this reason, small cities have more stability. In other words, cities with smaller (smaller) population size have higher social stability, which is a direct result of governments to create educational, health and medical services and other social indicators in these cities, and there is equality and proportionality between the population of cities with higher population and social stability indicators. is not observed; Therefore, any planning in the field of improving the social sustainability indicators of the cities of Ilam province must necessarily start from the cities with higher population such as Ilam, Dehlran, Abdanan, Mehran, Ivan, and Arquaz Malekshahi.

In fact, the growth of urban consciousness is a wise strategy to drive urban development and control dispersion and drive urban growth toward sustainability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of Bushehr city area in terms of growth indices. In this regard, this research is a goal-oriented, applied-developmental one, and a combination of documentary, analytical, causal and survey methods. Reliability of the research instrument based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the research was 0.749 which is higher than 0.7 and is appropriate. The statistical population of the study is Bushehr inhabitants which according to Cochran formula is estimated 384 samples. According to the statistical population, the questionnaire was distributed randomly among the citizens. In order to compare between two regions, T-test with two independent samples was used for evaluation of urban smart growth in District 1 and 2 of Bushehr. In this test, the first option to be considered is the significance level while the significance level or sig between the two regions is less than 0.05 indicates a significant difference between the two regions and vice versa. Significance level analysis (0.000) shows that there is a significant difference between the two regions in terms of urban smart growth. Meanwhile, the mean of Region 1 with 3.21 was higher than that of Region 2 with 2.86. Although there is a significant difference in Bushehr region in terms of smart growth indices, this difference is not significant and in general Bushehr regions are not in a good position in terms of smart growth indices.

Cities are open systems that constantly change and bring about changes in inside and outside neighboring areas. With the rapid growth of urban population in the world, cities sprawl and occupy surrounding lands. In this situation, attention to the developments inside urban space could be a key principle in urban planning. The aim of this study was determining and prioritizing economic, social and ecological factors which influence inside urban space indicators in City of Gorgan using Delphi method and literature review. Following the increase in population, developments inside urban space in the future is inevitable. Understanding and recognition of this process is essential to effective management in the field of conservation of the urban environment. Four expertize requirements should be taken into account: knowledge and experience of the field of study; ability and willingness to participate; adequate time to participate; and effective communication skills. Experts’ panel included fifteen specialists from municipality, city council, academics, cultural and medical service providers, police, urban planners and citizens, whose points of view were collected using questionnaires. Data collection for questionnaire was repeated 4 times to reach a consensus. Overall, twenty - four factors were identified for the economic, social and ecological factors, and then the degree and percentage of importance for each one was determined. Results showed that the most important indicator is feeling of security followed by the noise pollution and environmental pollution. Results could be helpful to urban planners and related organizations to improve inside urban space for welfare and life quality of citizens. Prioritization of these indicators provides an appropriate action agenda for the managers.

Climate indices by revealing the climatic diversity of the region, have led to the development of management policies in agriculture, water resources and environment fields. The performance of De Martonne, Ivanov, precipitation effectiveness, continental coefficient, temperature, rainfall anomaly, percent of normal precipitation, vegetation, aridity and Selyaninov indices were investigated using the data of 15 meteorological stations. The effective climate index determination was done using simple additive weighting (SAW), TOPSIS and simultaneous evaluation of criteria and alternatives (SECA). The sensitivity analysis of the SECA method rather to the β coefficient had a significant effect on the results. Based on the ranking results of three multi-criteria decision-making methods, Ivanov's index performs well in severe climate conditions (with extreme high and low values), and in other climatic conditions, it is better to use it together with another climate index. The percent of normal precipitation index was overestimated in most of the stations. Rainfall anomaly index also described the climatic condition of most stations as close to normal. In determining the effective climate index, the number of meteorological data, the type of their mathematical relationship and the way of climatic demarcation are of special importance. The highest amount of intensity and percentage of changes was in the case of SAW and SECA, TOPSIS and SECA methods. The highest number of first ranks in three multi-criteria decision-making methods is related to De Martonne, aridity, vegetation indices and then effective precipitation index.

Physical, social, economic, infrastructural and institutional vulnerability in cities has increased the need to pay attention to urban management and planning. The concept of resilience has been proposed in recent decades to recognize and provide solutions based on this need. The term resilience has various definitions in different sciences. Most experts in resilience studies measure physical, social, economic, infrastructural, environmental and institutional components

Identifying, zoning and ranking physical resilience indicators in Malayer city.

This research is applied in terms of its research objective, descriptive-analytical in nature and data collection method is also documentary and field. The data analysis method was to convert statistical information into a map using software capabilities (GIS) and using fuzzy logic. Also, the statistical normalization method was used to rank the indicators.

Studied Areas:

 Malayer city, as the second city of Hamadan province with a population of 170,237, 1,422 residential blocks with an area of ​​40.824 hectares, was the research scope.

Results :

The results and integration of different layers showed that in Malayer city, in terms of physical indicators, 53.36% of the total population is distributed in the area with medium resilience, 27.83% in the area with low resilience, and 18.81% in the area with high resilience. In addition, according to the standardized scores, the permeability indices, the strength of residential units, and the household density in the residential unit with the highest score were ranked high, the natural bed index with emphasis on urban floods was ranked medium resilient, and the fine-grained indices, the density of residential units per hectare, and the density of people per hectare were ranked lowest resilient, resulting in low resilience.

The study of the physical resilience of urban neighborhoods also shows that neighborhoods 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9, which often correspond to dilapidated areas and informal settlements, are less resilient and their resilience can be improved with solutions such as increasing the permeability and retrofitting of buildings, constructing surface water drainage channels, and increasing the number of residential units.

The city, as human life, plays a fundamental role in creating a feeling of satisfaction, and in fact, it shapes the lifestyle of a person and determines the quality of his life. It should be noted that the quality of housing is directly related to the quality of life and the social and economic development of different communities; in such a way that the accommodation of families in inappropriate housing has become the basis of social problems and anomalies, which in turn, unfavorable social conditions will cause negative economic effects for societies. Quality of life studies can identify problematic areas, causes of people's dissatisfaction, residents' priorities. In life, the influence of socio-demographic factors on the quality of life and to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of policies and strategies in the field of quality of life. According to the above, the purpose of this research was to measure the quality of life in Urmia city and five regions based on housing indicators. The originality and innovation of the current research can be expressed in the application of the new BWM (2015) and MARCOS (2019) models as well as the combined physical, economic, social and demographic indicators.

According to its purpose, this research is an applied research and according to the method of doing the work, it has a descriptive-analytical nature. The information was collected through library studies, field studies and census data of Iran Statistics Center in 2015. Thus, after studying the sources related to the research topic, 12 indicators have been selected to reach the research output, which include household density in a residential unit, population density in a residential unit, building age, building quality, building strength, land value, access to services. Education and treatment, housing ownership, plot area, infrastructure level, access to green space and residential density. Considering that each of the housing indicators used to model the quality of life has a different importance coefficient, therefore, in this article, the opinions of elites have been used to determine the weight of the indicators. In order to weight the indicators based on the BWM method, 10 questionnaires whose content is based on the pairwise comparison of indicators based on the preference of the best indicator over other indicators and the preference of other indicators over the worst indicator have been compiled. In the next step, the data of the questionnaires were entered into the GAMS software and were calculated and analyzed. The highest weight obtained is related to the building quality index with 0.201 and the lowest is related to the age of the building with an importance coefficient of 0.017. After calculating the weight of the indicators, in order to perform spatial analysis, first the information layers of the indicators were digitized and edited in the software of the geographic information system, and by converting the information layers into a raster and standardizing them based on the purpose of the research, the importance coefficient calculated from BWM in each of The indicators have been multiplied and the combination of the indicators has been discussed by applying weighting. In the last step, the MARCOS model was used to evaluate the quality of life in the five regions of Urmia.

Results & Disscussion:

After the 12 indicators of housing to measure the quality of life in the geographic information system software were classified and analyzed using the reclassification command and based on the research objectives, in order to model the quality of life in the city of Urmia by using the summation command and applying the obtained weights Based on the best-worst method, the indicators have been combined. The results of the combination of 12 housing indicators to model the quality of life in Urmia show that 23% of the city is in the very low quality of life zone, 34% in the low quality of life zone, 13% in the medium quality of life zone, 20% in the The quality of life is high and 11% is in the area of ​​very high quality of life. Based on the output obtained from the Marcus model, in Urmia city, region one, region five, region two, region three and region four are ranked 1 to 5 in terms of quality of life based on housing indicators.

The obtained results indicate that in general the quality of life in the eastern, northern, and northwestern parts of Urmia city is at an inappropriate level due to the presence of informal settlements, and the Shahrchai River border, which includes the 1st and 5th May areas. Due to the newly built area, it is in high quality. The results of the separate analysis of the indicators show that the quality of life in Urmia city based on the indicators of households in a residential unit, people in a residential unit, the strength of buildings, the area of ​​plots, access to educational and medical services and green space in a medium to high condition and based on the indicators The age of the building, the quality of the building, the value of the land, the level of infrastructure, housing ownership and residential density are in a medium to low condition.

Today, the "smart growth" strategy has been proposed as a new and comprehensive pattern of urban planning in the world, in order to solve the problem of sprawl urban growth due to relentless urbanization. The metropolis of Ahvaz, which has always suffered from the consequences of such growth in recent years, can not be an exception to this pattern. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, this study aimed to measure and rank the metropolitan regions of Ahvaz in terms of compliance with smart urban growth indicators. The type of research is applied with a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary studies and field observations. The statistical population of the study was Ahvaz metropolitan regions. As a result of documentary studies, 82 indicators were selected within the framework of 4 physical criteria - land use, socio-economic, access - transportation and environment and the data were extracted using available sources. The data were then analyzed using a combination of Shannon entropy weighting method and ELEKTRE technique. Based on the research results, there is a significant difference between Ahwaz metropolitan regions in terms of appropriateness to smart urban growth indicators; In this regard, District 5 of Ahvaz metropolis has poor conditions, so compared to other areas of the metropolis, it deserves more serious attention. Finally, based on the research findings, solutions were proposed.

Today, the expansion of urbanism has led to many problems for various countries in the world, especially developing countries. Iran is one of the developing countries that in recent years has faced numerous damages due to population increase, especially in urban areas. In recent years, countries in the world have tried to overcome the problems deriving from unsustainable urbanism via using sustainable urban development. Accordingly, the authors carried out this study to determine the similarities and differences among sustainability evaluation systems existing in developing and developed counties and explain the needs of developing countries, like Iran, to improve management of urban areas. Therefore, in the study at hand, the global urban sustainability indicators such as BREEAM Community، CASBEE-UD، GBI Township، LEED-ND، IGBC Green Townships، GRIHA-LD، Green Star, and IUSAF were examined and were compared with the intended system in Iran (IUSI). In this process, the similarities and differences of selected evaluation systems were compared with each other in terms of type and importance level of indicators. The obtained result showed that the urbanism challenges in various countries in the world are different based on the development level and environmental, social, economic, and geopolitical conditions. In addition, the most important indicators of urban development measurement in developed countries were identified as energy, resources and social welfare, smartening, and environment, while the prioritized indicators in the developing countries were determined to be planning and developing the society, managing infrastructure resources, transportation, local security and economy, employment, and – mostly importantly – access to healthy water. Moreover, the findings of this study indicate that via localization of the systems and indicators related to sustainability evaluation for every country, region, or province, a more precise evaluation can be attained. This can offer great assistance to future planning to advance the sustainable development goals.

Introduction of the research: 

The countries of the world that are on the path of progress pay special attention to infrastructures in national dimensions in order to maintain their performance and capabilities. Maintaining the performance and effective management of infrastructures with regard to limited resources requires a comprehensive model for prioritizing critical infrastructures.

The purpose of the research: 

to determine indicators and measures of criticality based on the intrinsic value of infrastructures

Thematic analysis method was used to answer the research question. In this method, by reviewing documents and scientific articles, prominent themes were extracted. The validation method of this research is interpretive validity. Final approval was done by presenting the results to five experts.

Based on the research findings, 61 initial codes were created. Due to the large number of codes, similar items were reduced to 11 themes based on conceptual affinity. Based on these themes, vital indicators were presented in the form of 9 main relationships.

The research results showed that the most important indicators include; The amount of investment, non-dependence on other countries in providing essential goods, gross domestic product, fair access to life facilities, sufficient access to clean water, access to health services, preservation and sustainability of resources (water, soil and air), usefulness of infrastructure in support and the production of military equipment that can be used to assess infrastructure.

A child-friendly city is one of the theories of urban planning, in line with allocating citizenship rights to children and taking care of their wishes and needs, with the aim of creating an opportunity for children to shape or change their surroundings (Sardar Masri,897:2017). Many studies have been conducted in connection with child-friendly cities in recent years. For the first time in 2007, UNICEF introduced the city of Bendigo, Australia, as the first city to successfully implement child-friendly city projects. Bendigo was introduced as a city where attention to children's rights is the priority in solving urban problems (Kiani & esmailzade kavaki,2012:51). Examining cities' current situation indicates children's neglect in urban planning, especially in Iran (Ghaffari et al., 2014:27). This is even though children, in addition to being an essential part of society, are strongly influenced by the environment and space. One of the urban places that require special attention in this regard is parks and green spaces because they play an essential role in children's leisure time.The present article has examined the studies that have been conducted in the field of the child-friendly city since 1980. Since the 1920s, Western countries have shown early attention to children and their relationship with the environment, and since the 1990s, they have begun to build child-friendly cities, and currently, they have made positive achievements in both the theory and practical examples (Yao & Xiaoyan,2017:699). This research is more about assigning citizenship rights to children and providing for their needs. Today, the child-friendly city is at the top of decision-makers agenda in urban affairs.Therefore, this article examines children's chances to have a share in creating their environment and highlights their ideas, especially in green space design.

The main goal of this study is to identify the indicators of child-friendly green spaces and, in the next step, to measure the realization of child-oriented green spaces in Nazhvan in Isfahan. The method adopted to conduct the present research is descriptive, analytical, and based on the library method and field studies. For this purpose, using the library and documentary method and referring to the available sources in this field, this theory's intellectual and theoretical foundations were studied, and valuable indicators for creating child-friendly green spaces were identified. These indicators were extracted from different scientific sources (including books, articles, and scientific reports). The framework of indicators is produced by collecting all the indicators in a matrix and deducing the most frequent ones. As the main and most important indicators of children's green space, these indicators include security, participation, and sense of belonging, a healthy environment, creativity, interactive spaces, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services. Then, the necessary information was collected by using the field method, including observation, interview, and completing the researcher-made questionnaire. The study sample was selected due to the uncertainty of the community's population size, which included the number of visitors to the green space; based on Cochran's formula in communities of unknown size, 384 cases were selected, including 200 children and 184 adults. Finally, data analysis was done using SPSS software and a T-test.The results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively. In order to improve the level of child-oriented in Nazhvan Park, measures such as: improving the level of services, increasing children's playgrounds suitable for different age groups with high safety, designing and implementing intellectual, group, and various games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park from Through public transportation, it is suggested to improve the safety of the environment and increase the participation of children.

The results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively.

In order to improve the child-friendly approach in Nazhvan Park, some solutions were suggested, including the following: Improving the service level, increasing playgrounds suitable for children of different ages and groups and with high safety, applying and using all kinds of intellectual games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park through public transportation, improving environmental security and increasing Children's participation. Based on the obtained results, we can determine the score of Nazhvan Park in nine sections based on the opinions of children and adults. This result shows the strengths and weaknesses of the park in order to improve the situation according to the child-friendly approach.

Due to the diversity and complexity of tourists' motivations, regular surveys of tourism destinations are considered necessary to help the needs and interests of travelers. Therefore, awareness of tourists' behavior and interests is also effective in marketing and can increase visitors to natural tourism products.

In the present study, the motivation and purpose of ecotourists and the role of advertising methods in increasing tourist attraction have been investigated.

To do this, 42 questionnaires were distributed among tourists. The validity of the questionnaire (49 items) was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test for advertising, motivational and cognitive-social index equal to 0.855, 0.892 and 0.918, respectively, and was determined to be good and excellent. Then, using factor analysis by principal component method and rotation by Varimax method, the questions of advertising, motivational and cognitive-social indicators were placed in 5, 6 and 3 components, respectively.Geographical Context: This research has been conducted in Iran by collecting questionnaires completed by domestic ecotourists.

Therefore, the first to fifth priorities of the advertising index "Internal Information Centers", "Area Identification Map", "Other Cases", "Tourism Guide" and "Road Sign", the first to sixth priority of the Motivational Index "Walking opportunities, mountains Hiking and diving "," Rest and comfort "," Nature experience "," Wildlife observation "," Visiting one of the symbolic places of Iran "and" Proximity to the place of residence ", and finally the first to third components of the cognitive-social index "Interest in obtaining information from ecotourism areas", "Satisfaction with watching protected areas / no hunting" and "Advertising for marketing ecotourism areas".

According to the knowledge gained from the type of advertising, it should be said that the use of the mentioned advertising media as well as emerging media in cyberspace such as Telegram, Instagram, etc., provides the necessary grounds for advertising indoor nature areas and Prevents currency from leaving the country. Also, introducing suitable places by considering the tastes and interests of tourists, as well as the extent of tourists' knowledge of the concept of ecotourism and the ultimate goal of their visit to these areas can be effective in formulating comprehensive tourism policies and programs.

An elderly-friendly city is a city that promotes active aging and includes those urban spaces where the distribution of public services is such that it is most in line with the needs and limitations of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to survey Sari situation in terms of urban space for elderly living with an emphasis on eight indicators namely buildings and open spaces, transportation, housing, social participation, revered elderly and social socialization, Citizen participation and occupation, information, communication, social support, and health services. This study naturally is applied research and methodologically is descriptive-analytical. Data and information collection were done in a library manner and field using a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study included all inhabitants of 60 year-ups of the city of Sari sampled using the Cochran formula who were 385 persons selected as statistical sample. To analyze the questionnaire, we used the SPSS software and ran a single-sample t-test. The results indicated that from the perspective of the elderly, the indices of open spaces and buildings, transportation, housing, social participation, elderly reverence, social and citizen participation, occupation, information and communication, social support, and health services are not favorable for the elderly, even to the extent of satisfying their basic needs.

Among the various dimensions and contexts of developments, rural development is a significant part of studies and development plans due to the main role of villages in the biological and demographic balance of communities and many researchers have demonstrated that rural areas are one of the best areas for effective use of communication technology. For this reason, the present study aims to discover and study the effective indices of the national media in Rudsar villagers based on the residents’ perspective in this area and to strengthen this relationship by providing appropriate solutions. Research method is descriptive analytical. After documentary studies, using the brainstorming technique and finally localization, 4components were identified and a number of variables were considered for each of them. Then, required data were collected through using questionnaire and rural households (38 numbers) and the indexing process was completed. Considering the villagers’ approach, it was found that the selected variables had a positive effect on the national media. After the personalization process and with the help of one sample t_test, the relationship between 27 indicators was found and the national media was measured and it was determined that there is a two-way relationship between the national media and the indices. Finally, it can be claimed that respected managers can use the effective indices of the national media to immigrate the shortcomings of this media and increase its advantages.