شهر کرمانشاه

Parks and public green spaces are part of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that the environmental life and sustainability of cities depend on them. This study aims to assess the level of satisfaction of women with women's parks. For this purpose, Pardis Women's Park and Shahed Women's Park in Kermanshah were selected. The better design of green space in women's parks leads to attendance, promotion of social interactions, reduction of depression, and ultimately their satisfaction with this space. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of satisfaction of citizens with the quality of urban parks in Kermanshah.

The effective components in their satisfaction were identified and a researcher-made questionnaire was developed from the review of texts, related studies, and expert opinions. It was designed with the approval of relevant experts in the form of a Likert scale (five options) and completed by 400 women from Pardis Women's Park and Shahed Women's Park in Kermanshah. The data were analyzed using Spss software. The statistical population of this study includes all women visiting Pardis and Shahed Parks during the period from June to January 1403.

The effective components of green space in urban women's parks were introduced in the form of 23 components, with the average satisfaction level of women in Pardis Women's Park being 3.43 and Shahed Women's Park being 3.07, meaning that women's satisfaction level with Pardis Women's Park is higher than Shahed Women's Park. The frequency distribution of interests of the studied individuals showed that 30.0 percent of women were interested in green space and 24.5 percent of women were interested in sports.

23 components were examined in this study, which should be significantly prioritized in the optimal design of green space in urban parks to increase their satisfaction.

Weather causes many natural hazards. Throughout history, these hazards have continuously affected human life and caused damage to the environment. In this regard, atmospheric hazards, which are considered as subsets of natural hazards, operate with the origin of the atmosphere. Atmospheric hazards are recognized only when extreme events put heavy pressure on human societies. In fact, extreme events are considered a hazard when they impose a minimal level of damage on human societies and their assets (Smith, 1997). Atmospheric hazards occur almost everywhere on the planet and there are few places in the world that are immune from their effects or are less affected by them. Each of the atmospheric elements alone can cause important atmospheric hazards such as heat wave and heatstroke, strong winds, storms, heavy rain, hail, frost and frostbite. However, the most human and financial losses are caused by combined weather phenomena and secondary hazards caused by them (Mazandaran Meteorological Department, 2013).According to international statistics, about 43 natural hazards have been identified so far. Among the natural hazards, the most frequent hazards are tornadoes, most of which occur in the United States of America. At the end of the 20th century, the occurrence rate of this atmospheric hazard has been higher than any other natural hazard (more than 250 occurrences per year). Floods and tropical cyclones are after hurricanes in terms of frequency. Tsunami is also in fourth place. Meanwhile, about 86% of the natural hazards of the 20th century are climate hazards (Mohammadi, 2007). Out of this number, 34 hazards occur in our country, and nearly 90 to 95% of them are weather-related. On the other hand, the situation of our country is worrying both in terms of earthquakes and changes in precipitation, temperature and phenomena caused by them, so that it is known as the tenth most unstable country in the world.In this research, in order to identify synoptic patterns leading to the phenomenon of temperature inversion in Kermanshah city, first the inversions that happened between 2000 and 2010 at 00 GMT were identified. The reason why the data at 00:00 GMT was used was because the inversion layer that occurs in the morning is more specific due to the large temperature difference, but around noon (12:00 GMT) due to the sunlight and the warming of the earth. The inversion layers gradually disappear (Jahanbakhsh, 2012). The data obtained using the information transmitted from the radiosonde at 00 GMT include the height of the base and top of the inversion layer, the starting temperature and the final temperature of the inversion layer, the difference between the base and the top of the layer, the starting pressure and the final pressure of the inversion layer, and the thickness They are inversion layer. Atmospheric hazards are one of the hazards that have affected different regions in the country. In this regard, and to investigate the atmospheric hazards in the west of Iran, including Hamedan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, from the observation data of 16 meteorological stations, including precipitation (rain and snow), minimum temperature, maximum temperature, wind direction and speed, visibility and the weather conditions from the beginning of the establishment of meteorological stations until 2012 were used for 8 hazards named 1-blizzard 2-dust 3-heavy rain 4-fog 5-frost 6-hail 7-heavy snow 8-thunderstorm extraction and Finally, the spatial distribution should be zoned. For this purpose and to better understand the effects of each of the mentioned hazards, a regression model was used to model latitude and longitude and altitude and their relationship with each of the hazards. The results showed that the highest correlation coefficient between the model is related to blizzard, thunderstorm and frost parameters, on the other hand, the lowest correlation coefficient is related to fog, hail and heavy rain. Investigations showed that Hamedan province suffers from the aforementioned weather events more than blizzards, frost and fog, Kurdistan province from hail and heavy snow, and Kermanshah province from thunderstorms, heavy rain and dust. The results of the regions with the same potential for occurrence of atmospheric hazards also showed that the northern half of Hamadan province, the northeastern Kurdistan province, and the western and southwestern regions of Kermanshah province are more affected by atmospheric hazards than other regions.

The expansion of the urban population to more than two-thirds of the world's population by 2050 on the one hand and the prediction of the growth of the risk of natural hazards in the future, on the other hand, necessitate the attention of managers, planners, and urban policy makers to the issue of greater resilience of societies in the face of natural hazard. The aim of this research was to analyze the spatial resilience of urban areas against earthquakes in Kermanshah. This study used a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population consisted of the citizens of Kermanshah city, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula. For analyzing the data, one-sample t-test, Friedman, Kruskal Wallis, and CV method were used. The findings showed that the resilience of Kermanshah city in all indicators (awareness, knowledge, skills, attitude and social capital) is average. The attitude index is the most important regarding resilience and awareness, social capital, knowledge, and skill are respectively in the next ranks. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there is a significant difference between the eight regions in Kermanshah metropolis in terms of all resilience indicators and that the status of the eight regions are not at the same level. Among the indicators, the highest inequality is related to the awareness index and the lowest is related to the social capital index. In general, the spatial analysis of resilience in Kermanshah city is average and there are differences between regions.

The growth of Kermanshah urban population and the rapid process of migration from rural areas, has led to the development of cities and the emergence of new urban areas and has led to some urban environmental problems. Therefore, considering the vulnerabilities of urban environment in Kermanshah metropolis and the intensification of its degradation in recent years, the present study has assessed the situation of urban areas in Kermanshah in terms of sustainable development indicators. The most important question addressed in this article is: What is the situation of Kermanshah urban areas in terms of sustainable development indicators in various dimensions (social, economic, environmental and physical)?

The present research is methodologically descriptive-analytical and applied targeting. Data collection in this research has been done through library studies and surveys. A field study used a questionnaire and the data collection tool is a questionnaire that was conducted in in Kermanshah. The statistical population of this study includes citizens living in Kermanshah. The number of selected samples according to the population of people in Kermanshah in and based on the Cochran's formula with an error of and a confidence level of , was estimated at people. The sampling method is random. Research has been done in economic, social, physical, environmental and managerial dimensions.

Accordingly, emphasizing the management structure in the city of Kermanshah and paying attention to it in the dimensions of sustainable urban development is more necessary than other sectors of sustainability. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the status of indicators and dimensions of sustainable development in Kermanshah and their differences in urban areas. The means obtained were in the numerical range of . to . . The highest average for economic dimension was . for region one and the lowest average for economic dimension in region was eight times. To examine the indicators of sustainable development in Kermanshah based on regions, analysis of variance was performed at a significance level of . Based on the results, the f-statistic for social, economic, physical-spatial, environmental and managerial dimensions was obtained at a significance level of p≥ . . 

Conclusion:

Findings indicate that social, economic, physical, environmental, physical and managerial dimensions in Kermanshah are in an unfavorable situation. Also, it was found that the situation of the management dimension in region one is significantly different from other regions and the region is in a more favorable situation in terms of management structure than other areas of Kermanshah. Zone two has a more favorable situation than zones five, seven and eight and is in a relatively similar situation compared to zones three, four and six. Zone three was in a better position than Zones five, seven, and eight, in a more unfavorable position than in zone four, and in a relatively similar position compared to zone six.

The city of Kermanshah, due to the large increase in population and unbalanced expansion, has many issues and problems related to sustainable urban development. With the increase in population growth rate in recent decades, the city has witnessed unequal urban spaces, so that the areas of the city show an inequality trend in terms of development indicators. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate sustainable development based on structural equation model in Kermanshah. The type of research is applied and the method of its study is descriptive-analytical. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information and data. The study area is Kermanshah and the statistical population of the study includes 946,651 citizens of Kermanshah, of which 356 were the sample size selected by Cochran's formula, which was distributed using a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. Data analysis tools are SPSS and Amos software. The results of one-sample t-test, at a moderate or normal level, indicated that the social, economic, physical, environmental, physical and managerial dimensions in Kermanshah are in an unfavorable situation. Therefore, the situation of the management dimension in the eight districts of Kermanshah was more unfavorable. Also, in this article, the deterrent and accelerating factors on the sustainable development of Kermanshah city have been studied using the structural equation model in AMOS software. Based on the results, it was found that all research indicators have a significant effect on sustainable development in Kermanshah. The most important accelerating factor in sustainable urban development in the study area is the managerial factor. Based on the results, the factor load or regression weight for the managerial factor was 0.87 at a significance level of 0.000. After the management factor, the physical factor with regression weight was 0.8. The factor load or regression weight of the environmental factor was 0.77, the economic factor was 0.75 and the social factor was 0.69.

Urban public spaces have become increasingly vital in the functioning of cities, serving as primary sites for citizen interactions. These spaces play a significant role in understanding human behavior and in shaping behavioral settings. This article examines the factors that influence the establishment of behavioral patterns in Azadi Square, the main square in Kermanshah. Despite its communicative function, the social role of this square remains limited. The research conducted for this article employed a descriptive and survey-based methodology. Data collection techniques included observation, photography, face-to-face interactions, and physical presence within the study area. Additionally, interviews were conducted with randomly selected individuals based on pedestrian flow in the square. Each interview lasted an average of approximately 12 minutes. Analysis of behavioral pattern maps in the area revealed a mismatch between the form and function of Azadi Square. Dynamic and static activities within the square were of short duration, while the haphazard arrangement of details hindered its visual expression. The lack of human-scale dimensions in the space resulted in a decline in quality for activities such as meetings, exercise, play, sitting, stopping, and even walking. Overall, the quality of Azadi Square in Kermanshah has not adequately met the functional needs of its users. Consequently, this research emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationship between behavioral patterns and the environment, enabling designers to enhance the quality of such spaces.

Urban rivers originated or flew in urban area, Man-made canals which have characteristics of natural rivers, are types of urban rivers as well. The urban river landscape is an important physical element and a kind of ecological corridor in urban landscapes. River corridors play important roles such as providing habitats, acting as filters and barriers, being water sources and water sink and etc (Forman and Godron, 1986). They also increase supply water resources and transportation ways, urban landscape diversity. Moreoverurban rivers enrich the life of urban citizens and contribute to stability, comfort, and sustainability in urban development (Cook, 1991; Baschak LA, Brown, 1995). Due to heavy disturbances throughout the urbanization process, urban rivers have become one of the most intensively influenced areas in the interaction between humans and natural processes. Human activities have drastically changed the structure and function of urban river landscape (Yue, 2012). Many methods have been presented to evaluate and monitor the morphology of rivers, which have variations in terms of concepts and goals. One of the most recent of these methods is the Morphological Quality Index (MOI) presented by Rinaldi et al. in 2013. MQI method was assessment the morphologycal quality of many rivers such as Ahr river in Italy (Campana et al., 2014), Cecina River in Central of Italy (Rinaldi et al., 2017), 122 rivers in Greec (Stefanidis et al., 2022), Lawej river (Esmaeeli and Valikhani, 2014), Taleghan River (Nosrati et al., 2019 and Rezaei et al., 2023) all in Iran.

In this research, an attempt will be made to investigate the geomorphological condition of the Qarasu River in Kermanshah by using the Morphological Quality Index (MQI) and evaluate the ability of this index to analyze the geomorphological conditions of the urban river. Finally, according to MQI method the difference between the goals of geomorphologists and municipal planners and experts  are going to compare and analyze.According to Rinaldi et al. (2013) we assessed three different hydromorphological features, i.e.,Geomorphic functionality, which is based on the observations of fluvial landforms and processes.Artificiality, which expresses presence, frequency, and spatial continuity of anthropogenic structures and/or activities, which could affect the considered river morphological parameters;River channel changes.We then calculated the Morphological Alteration Index (MAI) as follows (Rinaldi et al., 2016) MAL=S totS max Where Stot is the sum of the scores and Smax is the maximum possible deviation for the given stream typology. The MAI is equal to 1 in a completely unaltered river, while it is equal to 0 in a completely altered river. The final step was the assessment of the Qarasu River morphological quality by means of the calculation, for each RR, of the Morphological Quality Index (MQI), as follows:MQI=1-MAL
Based on the MQI values for each RR, we defined the Morphological Quality Classes according to Rinaldi et al. 2016.

Firstly, we divide Qarasu river into 5 segments with variable reaches. In the next step, according to the evaluation parameters of each index in the MQI model, and using field visits, satellite images, and analysis of historical aerial photos, each of the study areas was classified into A, B, and C classes. Then the selected segments of Qarasu River in Kermanshah city were scored. Finally, by using the algebraic sum of the points obtained in each interval as well as the total scores of class C (the condition of the river is in a very bad state) and using relations 1 and 2, MAL and MQI indices were calculated for each interval. The results of examining the selected intervals according to the indicators measured in the Morphological Quality Index method are presented in Table 4. According to table 4, only the first segments of Qarasu River in Kermanshah is in poor condition and other segments of the study area are in good condition. It is noteworthy that fourth and fifth Segments are almost in the same conditions and their scores are equal to 0.76. The second segment has the highest score (0.79). Moreover, the field surveys showed that human activities such as construction waste were observed in the Qarasu River in the first and second segments. The goals and priorities of experts and planners of municipalities in urban areas are issues such as citizens' health and safety, protecting the city against floods, communication between the sides of the river, preserving the visual beauty of rivers and finally paying attention to the aspect of tourism. While in the purely geomorphological view of rivers, any interference and possession in the course of rivers is considered to disturb the balance and is not allowed (table 5).

Due to the supply of agricultural water in the region, the favorable weather and passing through the city of Kermanshah, changes have been made in the bed and channel of the Qarasu River. On the other hand, the bed of this river has changed with the passage of time due to the discharge of construction waste on the side of Qarasu River in Kermanshah city. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the Morphological Quality Index of Qarasu River in Kermanshah city. In this regard, Qarasu River in Kermanshah city was divided into 5 segments. The scores of ranges using the Morphological Quality Index method showed that the first segment is in poor condition and others are in good morphological conditions. Also, the field survey showed that in the second segment of Qarasu River, the dam of this river has been destroyed, construction waste in the river and there are grooves along the river. As a result, the Morphological Quality Index is not successful in identifying the condition of the second segment of the Qarasu River. It seems that this model should be used more accurately and sensitively in the evaluation of rivers in urban areas. It is suggested that during the planning regarding the restoration and protection of rivers in urban areas, in addition to the attention and use of structural methods, special attention should be paid to the natural conditions of the river channel in the upstream, the city environment and the downstream flow.

In order to know the site, obtaining soil strength parameters is necessary and at the same time costly and time-consuming. In this research, using 135 geotechnical boreholes drilled in Kermanshah, zonation of soil shear strength parameters (friction angle and cohesion) using ArcGIS software and ordinary kriging interpolation method (with spherical, exponential, and Gaussian semi-variograms), Up to a depth of 9 meters in three-meter intervals has been done and using the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), the best model for predicting the characteristics has been selected. Based on the error evaluation indicators, the best variograms for zonation friction angle and cohesion at depths of 0 to 3 m is Gaussian, 3 to 6 m is exponential and 6 to 9 m are Gaussian and spherical, respectively. According to the results, mainly with increasing depth, angle of friction and cohesion (shear strength) has increased and the northern and southwestern parts of Kermanshah, compared to other regions, have soil with higher friction angle and lower cohesion (coarse-grained), and the northwestern parts of the city have clay and alluvial soils that the results are confirmed by the passage of the Qarasu river through this area and the location of the northern and southern regions of Kermanshah at the foot of the mountain.

Cities are the epitome and manifestation of any type of new technology. In the current era, which is the era of information and communication technology, the effects of this new technology in cities and especially the physical-spatial structure of the city are significant. In terms of information and communication technology infrastructure, Kermanshah has many issues and problems that have positive and negative effects on cities.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) indicators on the physical-spatial structure with the creative city approach in Kermanshah.

The method of conducting the current research is descriptive-analytical, the information of which is collected through library studies and by completing the questionnaire, and to analyze the findings, structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis test are used. A first-order factor was used. Studied Areas: The area under study is the city of Kermanshah.

The results of the research showed that among the measured indicators, information technology with a score of 0.79 and the items (reduction in the use of urban transportation means (ICT 4), increasing penetration in urban activities in virtual form) ICT 8), and the variable of providing information through new technologies (ICT 9), from among the indicators measured in the creative city, with a score of 0.64, the items of increasing creative activities (KH1) and the degree of reception and acceptance of Kermanshah's urban management of the idea creative activities (KH4) and among the indicators measured, physical-spatial structure with a score of 0.73 items (influence of urban spaces from visual data (p.s3), evolution in the concept of space and urban space (p.s8), The transformation of urban spaces into meeting spaces (p.s9), the dominance of urban activities on the body and its physical space (p.s11), the transformation of streets into pedestrian territory (p.s14)) are more important.

There is a significant relationship between information and communication technologies (ICT), creative city and physical-spatial structure of Kermanshah city.

Preventing crime and establishing security through environmental design in human settlements has always been of great importance throughout history.

The basis of this research is based on the inference and extraction of environmental design indicators and factors that have played an effective role in establishing security in the past neighborhoods, which deals with the application of these factors and experiences in establishing environmental security in new settlements.

The present research has been used descriptive-analytical method to infer and evaluate environmental security indicators in neighborhoods and traditional settlements. Then, by using the questionnaire tool (360 numbers) and analyzing it through SPSS software, through t-test and factor analysis, the data has been deduced and analyzed. Also, in order to analyze the role of spatial links in establishing security, Depth Map software has been used, as well as comparative tests and correlation matrix coefficients to check the relationship between the components of the variables.

Studied Areas: 

The sample under study is one of the most important traditional and luxury neighborhoods of Kermanshah, named Faiz Abad neighborhood. This neighborhood is one of the old neighborhoods that was formed around the historical center of the city and dates back to more than a hundred years ago.

The findings of the research show that the most important environmental design factors affecting the improvement of security in human settlements in traditional localities are: functional, physical quality and the amount of spatial links in these types of tissues, which pay attention to the physical and functional diversity in Urban neighborhoods play a greater role in the security of urban neighborhoods.

The results of the research show that among the indicators of physical-functional factors, the mixed use of spaces with mixed uses and entrances to the fabric of neighborhoods, and among the indicators of spatial connection factors, tissue ossification and density in the tissue have the highest priority over others. The indicators in environmental security are from the perspective of residents in this neighborhood.

The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Both library and field methods have collected the information required for this research. The statistical population of the research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size according to the Cochran formula was 364. The study results of the studied residential complexes from the perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among the investigated complexes, Rahan residential complex had the lowest connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes, and the highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with increase of sociability. Among the other results of this research, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient among the investigated components. In the first place, the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, the multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in the third place, the security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in the fourth place and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153

The importance of cities as the dominant form of human settlements is clear, on the other hand, the vulnerability of cities is increasing despite the natural disasters that have occurred in recent years. Today, the occurrence of natural disasters and the damage caused by these accidents have made making cities safer, becoming a long-term but achievable challenge; So that in order to quickly return to the pre-crisis situation when natural hazards occur, urban communities are determined to reduce the damages to some extent. Meanwhile, resilience is an important way to strengthen urban communities by using their capacities. The purpose of the present study is to identify the indicators of urban resilience to natural disasters. This research was conducted based on the development goal and "descriptive-analytical" nature in the survey method in 1401 in the city of Kermanshah. Data were collected using document reviews and questionnaires. The sample size was determined by using the census method, 20 people. Judgment sampling and snowball sampling were used for sampling. The data from the fuzzy Delphi method were analyzed to identify 38 sub-indices effective in resilience against natural disasters, weighting the factors or criteria of the proposed model and classifying them into four general groups: structural-physical, management-policy, socio-cultural and economic. After ranking the resilience indicators of Kermanshah against natural disasters, it was determined that the structural-physical index ranked first, the managerial-policy index ranked second, the economic index ranked third, and the socio-cultural index ranked fourth. The results of the examination of the sub-criteria related to the physical criterion showed that among the resilience indicators, the physical index was the most effective, therefore the zoning of the city of Kermanshah based on the level of physical resilience and active urban participation and sharing experiences to increase the resilience of the city of Kermanshah and lay the groundwork for Attracting participation and preparing people to face critical times seems necessary.

Today, cities are facing complex and interconnected challenges such as the increasing growth of urbanization and urban population, Imbalance in the age pyramid, lack of housing, inadequacy of urban infrastructure and services, environmental problems and polarization of economic growth. One of the new concepts to deal with the current challenges of cities in the field of urban planning is the development of a smart city which integrates physical and virtual capabilities together. The current research with a descriptive-analytical approach aims to determine the status of the eight regions of Kermanshah city in terms of benefiting from the dimensions and indicators of a smart city based on 5 dimensions of smart dynamics, smart people, smart life, smart environment and smart governance. Each of these dimensions also includes 6 items. From the total statistical population of the research, 384 people were considered as the sample size, separated by regions, and to analyze the findings, T-test, Anova, Tuky HSD post hoc test, and to draw maps of the spatial distribution of dimensions GIS has been used for indicators at the level of regions. The general results of the research indicate the relatively favorable situation of Kermanshah city in terms of benefiting from the dimensions and indicators of the smart city; But region 1, in terms of the total dimensions examined, with the first rank and the appropriate desirability status, is more compatible with the indicators of the smart city. in return, regions 2 and 5 in the last ranks and low - unfavorability status are far from smart city indicators; Therefore, in a prioritization, they are introduced as deprived areas in terms of smart city indicators and dimensions for development.

Cities are growing and developing at a high speed, and the urbanization process is one of the most important issues facing urban planners. Along with the high level of population growth, land use change and its conversion to urban uses is also an important issue. The present study is an attempt to explain the spatial patterns of Kermanshah city in the last 25 years. The research is applied in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and based on remote sensing data. First, the images of 1995-2005-2020 were obtained from Landsat 5 and 8 satellites in TM and OLI sensors. Then, using NVEI software and supervised classification method, the images were converted into land use maps in four classes: urban, agricultural, mountain and water. Then the maps were prepared using ARCGIS software to enter FRAGASTATS software and in the next step, they were entered to this software to analyze the landscape of the land. In the next step, these maps were analyzed using spatial metrics (PALAN-PD-NP-LSI-LPI-AWMFD-ENN-MN). In the last stage, by entering these metrics into the Shannon entropy model, a general overview of the spatial growth pattern of Kermanshah city in the last 25 years was obtained. The results of this research showed that the city of Kermanshah has experienced different growth patterns in the last 25 years. Patterns can be categorized into 3 periods. In the first period (year 1995), due to the rapid growth of urbanization and the inadequacy of urban planning patterns, the city experiences a period of scattered growth in isolated urban spots. In the second period (2005), due to the reduction of migrations and the development of the city within the limits of the existing spots, the city spends a period of compact pattern. But again, in the third period (2020), the city of Kermanshah has entered a period of dispersion pattern, which has approached the spatial pattern of a scattered city in all the metrics of the landscape.

Conducting urban studies from social justice perspective has been recognized as one of the most important approaches in recent years. In this approach, various indicators such as the level of access to urban services is considered as the one of the most important indicators in studying social justice. Planning on urban services without considering social justice means that the equality of all society and fair allocation of urban services for everyone will not be accomplished. The aim of this study was to analyze the indicators of social justice and access to urban facilities and services in Region 1 of Kermanshah city. The importance of the injustice in Kermanshah, especially region 1, is related of domination of unfair allocation of facilities and services. The opinions of 42 experts, university professors, and researchers at research centers were considered. For testing the hypothesis, structural equation modeling technique was used by LISREL software. The results obtained from the path analysis showed that the three indices of difference (0.93), freedom (0.84) and equal opportunity (0.78) have the highest coefficient among the criteria and have the greatest impact on the realization of social justice and fair distribution of municipal services. In general, the independent variable of social justice with a path coefficient of 0.78 has a significant direct impact on the implementation of fair distribution of urban services. Also, regarding implementing the model in the second order, the criteria of equal opportunity, freedom and difference have the greatest positive impact on the fair distribution of urban services with the coefficients of 0.89, 0.88 and 0.80 .respectively. The results showed that the indicators of social justice have a positive and significant impact on the proper distribution of urban services in regions 1 of Kermanshah city.

Land subsidence is commonly referred to as vertical downward movements of the earth's surface that can be accompanied by a slight horizontal vector. Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors that may become a threat to humans and human achievements. The phenomenon of subsidence, although imperceptible and gradual, but is associated with many risks, including the creation of potholes, failure and cracking of buildings, skewing of high facilities, damage to agricultural facilities, breakage and destruction of stairs Roads and network of urban thoroughfares. Therefore, this issue affects the urban areas more, which if not addressed can lead to many human and financial losses. Accordingly, monitoring the rate of land subsidence in order to reduce the negative effects as well as controlling its development process, will be very important and it is necessary to regularly estimate the area subsidence trend. Due to the importance of the issue, in recent years, various studies have been conducted in the field of subsidence and advances in the field of remote sensing have led to monitoring the phenomenon of subsidence, unlike in the past, with greater accuracy and speed. One of the methods that has received a lot of attention in recent years is the radar interference method, which has high accuracy and speed in processing information and monitoring land surface changes, so in this study, this method is used to monitor the situation. Subsidence of cities located in Hamedan-Bahar plain has been used.

In this study, in accordance with the intended objectives of Sentinel 1 radar images (73 radar images during the period 16/01/2015 to 14/01/20120), the information of piezometric wells in the region (related to the Water and Regional Organization of Hamadan Province ) And the 30 m SRTM digital elevation model have been used as research data. Important research tools also include GMT (for radar interference measurement and SBAS time series) and ARCGIS (for mapping). This research has been done in 2 general stages. In the first stage, the amount of subsidence in the area is assessed using radar images. In order to perform this step, radar interferometry and SBAS time series method have been used. In the second stage, the annual drop in groundwater in the region is evaluated. At this stage, in order to assess the annual drop in groundwater in the region, information about 25 piezometric wells located in the study area in the period of 1375 to 1395 has been used.

The study of subsidence results in the study cities indicates that the average annual subsidence in the urban area of Hamedan was about 23 mm, the highest amount of which was related to the western regions of the city. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Bahar was about 9 mm, the highest rate of subsidence was in the southern areas of the urban area. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Salehabad with 6 mm was lower than other cities, but the average annual subsidence of Lalejin with 47 mm was the highest among cities. Also, in this research, information related to 25 piezometric wells (statistical periods of wells related to the years 1375 to 1695) located in the study area has been used. Examination of the level of water level drop in the studied wells indicates that these wells have faced a lot of water level drop, so the average annual drop of wells is calculated between 100 to 2070 mm. The study of the spatial status of groundwater depletion indicates that the middle areas of the study area have the highest average annual groundwater level depletion.

The results obtained from the assessment of subsidence in the studied urban areas indicate that the highest amount of subsidence occurred in the urban area of Lalejin, so that this area during a period of 5 years (01/16/2015 to 01/14 / 2020) had a subsidence between 26 and 234 mm (average annual 47 mm). In this study, the situation of groundwater resources decline has also been evaluated. The results show that the average annual drop of wells in the region is between 100 to 2070 mm, which is the highest rate of decline in the middle areas of the study area, and given that in this region, the highest rate of subsidence also occurred. Given that there is a significant relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level decline (correlation 0.7). In fact, a study of the subsidence of cities in relation to the decline of groundwater resources indicates that the city of Lalejin, due to its location in the middle of the area and the high annual rate of groundwater decline, had the highest rate of subsidence. Also, the results of evaluations have shown that in addition to the decrease of groundwater resources, constructions have also played a role in increasing the rate of subsidence, so that the city of Hamedan has faced less groundwater loss than the city of Bahar, but it had more subsidence. Considering that the highest rate of subsidence occurred in the western, southern and eastern regions of Hamedan urban area and these areas have faced a lot of physical development in recent years, so it can be said that in addition to water loss Underground, the development of construction has also played an important role in the rate of subsidence in this city.

In the last few years, various concepts of urban-regional spatial structure have been developed and the spatial structure of big cities has exhibited multi-core characteristics. The phenomenon of polycentric is inherent in metropolises, and studies indicate more efficiency and the effect of quantitative methods in identifying functional nuclei. The time frame of this research was cross-sectional and sample data of Kermanshah metropolis, statistical block and land use of the existing situation and comprehensive plan zoning. The variables of this research included 8 major urban uses. Spatial analysis and measurement of the density of mixed uses in Kermanshah metropolis has shown the existence of new sub-centers in regions 1, 3 and 4. In addition to the historical and old core of the city, there are two dense cores of mixed activities in areas 3, 1 and 4 between areas 5 and 8. Of course, the types of services provided in the sub-centric of the metropolis have a regional scale compared to the central core of the city and have been created to meet some of the daily needs of citizens at this level of access. The spatial distribution of commercial and administrative activities shows the concentration of most of these activities in the central core of the city; However, sub-centric in areas 5 and 8 can also be considered as a core in the southeast. The development pattern of residential activity has differences with other activities and that is the formation of several cores other than area 1 as a physical core; In other words, other residential cores have been formed as competitors in areas 6, 5, 4 and 2, which can play an effective role in the formation of other sub-cores.

The main purpose of urban planning and management research is to renovate and rebuild worn-out structures in Kermanshah. Kermanshah is one of the cities that suffers from the problems of worn texture. The method of the present study is "analytical-descriptive" and according to the nature of the research, data were collected through field studies by interview and objective observation, so the questionnaire was distributed to 385 citizens, experts and city managers. . Findings indicate that the real average of the distribution of worn-out tissues (2.9), the real average of the most suitable ways of reconstruction and regeneration of worn- out tissues (2.8), the real average of public sectors and urban management (2.1), the real average of success rate and Failure is (1.8). It can be concluded that these indicators are moderate. The results show that not only public motivations for social participation (due to high economic risk and low facilities) are low; Rather, the relevant organizations have conflicting views on the implementation of this plan; Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution to solve these problems.

Mountains and mountain systems become one of the tourism destinations having with diverse of features topographic and geographical, biological, climate, cultural and social features with high oxygen content, suitable temperature, favorable relative humidity and sophisticated landscapes. The purpose of the research, investigating and identifying of the mountain tourism potential of the city of kermanshah. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data analysis was performed using the SWOT model. The results showed that the average score for the total internal factors (strength) is 3.1 and the final weight is 1.15, the mean of total internal factors (weakness) is 1.37 and the final weight is 0.634. This indicates the high impact of the strong points in the development of the mountain tourism potential of the city of kermanshah. The average of the total external factors (opportunity) is 1.46 and the final weight is 0.54. The average of the total external factors (threat) is 1.34 and the final weight is 0.824. Paraw has great strengths and opportunities that can be influenced by strategies that influence the mountain environment in order to strengthen its growth potential.

The main objective of this research is toevaluate the effects of implementation of Rehabilitation and renovation projects on improving the quality of life of inhabitants of Kermanshah. this texture, which has a significant share of the city's size, is economically important due to the fact that the city's business centers are located there as well as the presence of important historical buildings in this area.the methodology used for data collection and analysis for libraries and documentary studies and field studies (observation, interviews, surveys and questionnaire). the research is descriptive and analytical. methods of data collection instruments and questionnaire the survey was conducted using two methods.according to the research and evaluation of urban renewal and development plans in the context of improving the quality of urban life the content and questionnaire analysis using cochran formula (200 samples) is used SPSS software is used Kermanshah city as the cradle of civilization, is now faced with poverty and extreme deprivation that cause the appearance and texture spatial crystallization of poor, disadvantaged families and provide.the research findings of socio-cultural indicators with an average(2.39),environmental(2.57),managerial(2.43), economic(2.79), physical indicators and the structure of urban space (2.97), and overall assessment of the quality of urban life upgrade (2.64) that use single-sample T test the quality of urban living standards are lower than average.economic promotion of urban life quality index highest average(2.79) have.the results show improvement and modernization of old texture of Kermanshah plan to improve the quality of life and environment and its citizens have achieved major attention.