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This research aims to deepen the understanding of the role of culture in the sustainability of urban environments, particularly by identifying and introducing the key components and indicators essential for evaluating cultural sustainability in cities

The meta-synthesis method has been used to identify and extract the components and indicators of cultural sustainability in urban areas.

The research findings indicate that the primary components for measuring cultural sustainability can be categorized into 12 key components: cultural identity, cultural infrastructure, cultural discourse and interactions, cultural heritage, cultural diversity, cultural vitality, cultural participation, cultural capital, cultural governance, cultural economy, cultural resilience, and sense of place. Among these 12 identified components, 11 are common in both Persian and English literature, with only one distinction: cultural discourse and interactions in Persian literature versus cultural resilience in English literature. The prioritization of the identified components reveals that, in Persian texts, the three highest-priority components are cultural identity, cultural infrastructure, and cultural diversity. In contrast, the three prioritized components in English texts are cultural identity, cultural heritage, and cultural economy. The components with the least representation are cultural participation and cultural capital in Persian literature, as well as cultural participation and resilience in English literature.

Given the existing gaps in measuring cultural sustainability in urban areas and the minimal number of studies conducted, there is a pressing need for further theoretical and empirical research to establish objective indicators for assessing cultural sustainability and to evaluate the reliability and validity of measurement tools. 

 The most significant innovative and practical aspect of this research is that a comprehensive study addressing the identification of cultural sustainability components based on a meta-synthesis method and reviewing over 40 domestic and international studies has not yet been conducted.

As the first global trade route in history, the Silk Road played an important role in commercial, technological, and cultural exchanges between the civilizations of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe for more than 15 centuries. It is still often cited as a historical example of international trade and cultural exchanges and is an inspiration for modern initiatives such as China’s Belt and Road Initiative. This article aims to examine the multifaceted legacy of the Silk Road in shaping world history through intercultural exchanges. It attempts to answer the question of what effect the Silk Road had on intercultural exchanges, intellectual discourse, and the way countries understood and cooperated and how it had this effect. The present study employed a qualitative approach to evaluating the effect of the Silk Road on various aspects of societies by delving into the literature review, including specialized scientific articles, books, cultural studies, etc. The findings of this study show that the Silk Road significantly facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, artistic motifs, and religious beliefs, creating a rich context of shared heritage. It also shows how these interactions paved the way for modern cultural expression, the transmission of artistic styles, and the fusion of cultures. As a result, the Silk Road can be considered a pivotal force in the evolution of intercultural interactions that significantly influenced global trade and cultural exchange. The enduring legacy of the Silk Road continues to shape contemporary society and confirms its relevance in understanding the interconnectedness of cultures and the importance of dialogue in a globalized world. Hopefully, this study can serve as a foundation for future studies and an incentive to explore more closely specific regions, cultures, or periods influenced by the Silk Road.

In the world of contemporary architecture and urban planning, the interaction of architecture with culture, identity, and history of a region is an important subject of study. Kish Island, as one of the prominent tourist destinations in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, possesses a remarkable and diverse culture that has gained attention in recent decades. Through the interplay of economic growth, environmental conservation, and nature preservation, the island can highlight the issues of culture and identity in the Persian Gulf region. This research focuses on examining the cultural and identity components in indigenous architecture on Kish Island and the relationship between indigenous architecture, culture, and the natural environment.

The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, where the descriptive part is based on library studies, and the analytical part is conducted field-wise on Kish Island, relying on the outputs of theoretical foundations.

The research findings indicate that the indigenous architecture of Kish Island is significantly influenced by the climatic, social, and cultural conditions of the region. The use of local materials, specific designs for natural ventilation, and the incorporation of traditional forms are among the prominent features of Kish's indigenous architecture. Additionally, cultural elements such as decorative motifs, natural colors, and traditional patterns can be observed in the buildings.

Recognizing and preserving the cultural and identity components in Kish's indigenous architecture can contribute to sustainable development and the preservation of the region's cultural identity. Incorporating these components into contemporary designs not only enhances the beauty and functionality of the buildings but also strengthens the sense of belonging and indigenous identity among the residents. This research can serve as a model for other regions with distinctive indigenous architecture

In the situation of responsible consumption, the tourist considers the impact of consumption behavior on the environment, economy, society, and culture of the destination, and consciously maximizes positive effects and minimizes negative effects. Considering the importance of responsible consumption, especially the importance of this type of behavior among tourists, the present research has tried to provide a sociological analysis of responsible consumption with an emphasis on Bourdieu's theory.

Design/methodology/approach: 

This research was done with an emphasis on a quantitative approach and focusing on survey strategy. The statistical population of this study was tourists visiting tourist places in Mazandaran province. The research information was collected through a questionnaire from 385 tourists using a multi-stage cluster sampling method.

The results of the research show the impact of various types of social, economic, cultural, and symbolic capital on the responsible consumption behavior of tourists. The capital structure (with 4 dimensions) has had a direct and positive effect (Beta = 0.76) on the responsible behavior of tourists. In fact, with the increase in the capital level of tourists, their consumption will also become more responsible. Also, the capital structure (with 4 dimensions) has been able to explain 57% of the dependent variable (responsible consumption).

Conclusions and suggestions: 

Among the dimensions of capital, cultural capital has played the most important role in responsible consumption among tourists. Therefore, the design of cultural policies to promote the responsibility of consumer behavior, especially among tourists, is of great importance.

Originality/value: 

Based on the research findings, culture is an important factor in the discussion of the tourist's buying or consumption behavior. In fact, in addition to influencing the buyer's personal and psychological characteristics, culture also affects the buyer's decision-making process.

Globalization is a broad and multi-process phenomenon that has affected globally and in all parts of the world, including the Persian Gulf region. In the Persian Gulf region, globalization has caused significant changes in economy, culture, politics and communication. One of the important effects of globalization in the Persian Gulf region is the increase in trade and economic growth. The opening of markets, the facilitation of traffic and the movement of investments have brought significant growth in the export, tourism, service and industry sectors. Also, globalization in the Persian Gulf region has led to the expansion of communication and cultural exchanges. Many communities in this region are being influenced by global cultures and are adopting new ways of thinking and living. Also, globalization in the Persian Gulf region has played an important role in the political changes of the region. Some countries in the region have tried to increase their power and capability by making political and economic changes in line with globalization. Therefore, it can be said that globalization in the Persian Gulf region has had important effects on economy, culture, politics and communication. However, these effects may vary among countries and communities in the region and include positive and negative effects.This research has tried to investigate different aspects of globalization in the Persian Gulf region and the impact of these aspects on this region by using research tools such as questionnaires and computational methods.The main question of the research: "Given the international developments and the effects of the globalization process on the Persian Gulf region in its various dimensions, what is the most important way to achieve economic development, scientific progress, social welfare, sustainable security and the withdrawal of extra-regional powers from this region?"

In this study, since the main purpose of this research was to influence globalization on the countries of the Persian Gulf region, descriptive and analytical methods of inferential and inductive type were used; in which the inductive role of various theories of globalization was investigated. Also, this research was specific and objective regarding its fundamental theoretical goal and the results had a fundamental aspect.Considering that the use of a research method (quantitative or qualitative) alone was not enough to achieve the goals of this research, a mixed research design was used.

The result of the quantitative and qualitative findings of the research, an analysis of globalization and its impact on the countries of the Persian Gulf region, has had a great impact in both positive and negative aspects. The process of globalization with all its complexities has also been implemented in this region and the results of this process in the last few decades are various consequences that have become more visible from political, economic and security points of view. Although these consequences are carried out with the orientations and plans of trans-regional powers to obtain the wealth and oil resources of the countries of this region, they continue to take full advantage of the negligence and ignorance of the heads of these governments, but the resulting economic consequences for all countries in the region and countries outside the region should not be ignored. Because of the commercial, commercial, service and industrial activities that have caused economic prosperity in this region, he ignored it. The efforts of the countries of the region to sell more oil, which is the legacy of their ancestors, to gain more windfall wealth, has created an oil-arms competition, and the necessary excuse is the lack of trust in the neighbours and the fear of trespassing on their country's borders. In this way, what the governments of this region have gained is the high costs of buying weapons and establishing military bases. However, in addition to these issues, the relative welfare of the people of the Persian Gulf countries has changed tremendously compared to the past, and the heads of these governments have taken such actions for more survival and to bring about the relative satisfaction of the society. Most of the wealth obtained from the sale of oil and gas condensates is deposited in European and American banks after spending the above expenses, which means that the money and wealth of these countries are not in their own hands, which is one of the new approaches to the concentration of wealth among the superpowers.

In this research, it was tried to present a new approach to cooperation and communication between the countries of this region by expressing the different features of globalization on the one hand and the other hand by examining the geopolitical, geostrategic, geoeconomic and culture capacities of this region to achieve more success through this way. In all fields, reduce the possibility of the presence of foreign powers in this region. We have achieved the following results in reducing the influence of big powers in the region: Reducing the influence of big powers in the Persian Gulf region is one of the important challenges for the countries of this region.

Rural tourism, as one of the fundamental elements of development, contributes to the economic, social, cultural, and environmental capabilities of rural areas, and by utilizing its countless potentials, it significantly aids in the sustainable development of rural regions. However, in rural development programs and plans, tourism is often either overlooked or, if considered, solely focused on increasing the number of tourists without taking into account the spatial, historical, social, and geographical characteristics of the villages. This has resulted in existing development initiatives not only failing to significantly increase the number of tourists in rural areas but also causing serious damage to the natural landscape and socio-historical fabric of the villages. This research aims to examine rural tourism from an epistemological perspective and explore its dimensions of development. How can a place-based approach be utilized to optimize the potential of rural tourism, capitalize on available opportunities, and achieve sustainable rural tourism development? The research methodology employed is primarily exploratory, with some library-based components. The findings indicate that adopting a holistic and integrated approach to tourism development, considering the local characteristics of each village, can reduce the negative impacts of fragmentation and compartmentalization. Additionally, an epistemological approach to tourism can contribute to strengthening rural tourism, not only through physical interventions but also by leveraging the cultural, social, and identity capacities of each village. Operational strategies, including the preservation of ecological and natural landmarks, revitalization of local qualities, updating livelihood practices, and establishing local cooperation networks, contribute to improving tourism development and enhancing the spatial capacities of rural areas.

There have been many changes in geographical names throughout history. After the formation of the modern nation-state in the Middle East and then the spread of nationalism in the region, geographical names played a significant role in their national identity. This method of naming also holds true for the name of the Persian Gulf. The name of the Persian Gulf has been used as the most common name in history. In this respect, despite a great deal of research on the name of the Persian Gulf, there has been little research linked to the Persian Gulf entry in Ottoman and Turkish lexicons and encyclopedias.
This paper focuses on the entries of the Persian Gulf in early modern Turkey and the Ottoman lexicon and encyclopedia, which were written before the establishing of modern nation-states in the Middle East. This research is new to his field, as no research was found regarding the Persian Gulf entry in the Turkish and Ottoman lexicons and encyclopedias. In this research, by adopting a descriptive-analytic method, the associated entries in the seven Turkish and Ottoman sources were translated and analyzed.
The results of this study show that the entries of the Persian Gulf hold a special place in modern Turkish and Ottoman sources. When it comes to the Persian Gulf, they used Baṣra Körfezi, Baḥr-i Fârs, and ʿAcem. These names are equal to one another, and there is no preference for their use. Furthermore, it was only used in the Ottoman era. However, the Persian Gulf has always been used both before and during this period, and also in the post-Ottoman period.

The success rate of cultural spaces has always depended on human presence and utilizing the spaces. The cultural spaces have sought to increase social interactions and human solidarity in addition to the revival of culture and art. One of the primary views of Iranian architecture is to pay attention to the social dimension of man and his need to be present in society. The present sought to investigate and evaluate the impact of Iranian architectural indicators and their unique features on the social interactions of humans in cultural spaces based on library and field studies and content analysis about the theoretical foundations. It has been hypothesized that cultural spaces are a platform consisting of social and human activities and relationships. The analyses revealed that the identity of iranian architecture and its constituent elements are in line with the identity needs of man and his social identity, and always paying attention to these indicators and the elements invites him to communicate and participate in social interactions.

Today, tourists visit many areas due to branding. Hospitality is known as an intangible source of tourism development in Iran, which is less introduced to tourists and proper planning has not been done in this field. Therefore, the aim of the research is to identify the effective factors in the branding of hospitality culture in Iranian tourism.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The descriptive-analytical research method is based on field data collection. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this research. In the interview section, 11 people and 75 experts in the field of tourism were studied in the questionnaire. Analysis was done by content analysis and statistical tests.

The results showed that 15 factors are effective in branding hospitality culture in Iranian tourism. The test showed that the most important factor is the registration and introduction of hospitality culture as a tourism brand of Iran with an average of 4.493. The two factors of reducing foreign political disputes with an average of 4.213 and improving the security index of foreign tourists with an average of 4.173 are known in the next ranks. Modeling confirmed that the effective factors of hospitality culture branding have a total effect of 0.54 d. In this context, the most influential factor was related to advertising and introducing intangible attractions with an explanation of 0.871.

All in all, various factors are influential in the branding of hospitality culture, and these factors can also lead to the growth of Iran's tourism. It is suggested that different aspects of hospitality culture should be studied for branding.

Originality/value:

 The innovation of the research is that little research has been done in the field of hospitality culture branding in Iran.​

One of the main factors in increasing income and employment, as the most important pillar of livable cities, is attracting the creative class and investors. Implementing innovative plans and making basic investments in line with sustainable development requires many conditions and fields, one of the most important of which is the availability of cultural and social fields. But so far, this field and categories have been less in the focus of attention. For this purpose, in this study, an attempt was made to take into account the role and position of culture and social contexts in attracting investors to the city of Mashhad by using the descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, emphasis was mainly placed on the main drivers of this field. To reach this goal, the required information was collected from library and field sources. In the field part, the research sample included 30 qualified people in this field, who were selected by purposeful sampling. Micmac software was also used for data analysis. The results showed that the factors that influence the attraction of the creative class and investors and the increase of targeted investments in the city of Mashhad are: Investment in research and development, laws and regulations, number of resident foreigners, information and communication technology, appropriate financing, flight destinations and active airlines, rate of invention and innovation, level of literacy and education, performance evaluation and reward system, financial policies, flexible financial systems, scientific and technical exchanges and interaction between university and industry.

Handicraft art has many spiritual and material values, which is one of the essential components of cultural tourism. A society is definitely on the path of growth and development if art is one of the ways to expand cultural and economic development. Our country, with its diverse and high-quality handicrafts, can be among the leading countries in the tourism industry, but it also faces challenges. This article aims to identify the strategies and consequences of handicrafts in the development of the cultural tourism industry using grounded theory and via open and in-depth interviews and the study of related articles and documents. The research analyzes the subject during three stages open coding, axial, and selective coding using data analysis software (MAXQDA). The obtained results show that the variety of cultural and artistic products in the country can make a great contribution to the non-oil economy. If the export of handicrafts is put on the agenda, it will be profitable. The important point here is that the industry has a dialectical relationship with tourism, and handicrafts are an important part of the tourism industry and are closely related to it. The output of the model showed that the participation of villagers, artists, and cultural artisans is largely dependent on government support. For example, the import of new and diverse workshop equipment requires bank and monetary facilities as well as the support of governmental and semi-governmental cultural organizations. Also, the existence of a comprehensive system and specialized websites in the field of handicrafts is one of the important needs of this field, which will lead to the production of cultural wealth the growth of the art economy, and the elimination of unemployment in the country. Also, the existence of a comprehensive system and specialized websites in the field of handicrafts is needed seriously, which results in the production of cultural wealth the growth of the art economy, and the elimination of unemployment in the country. The result of the development of handicrafts will contribute to the development of the economy of culture, strengthening of national pride, and gross national growth.

Ritual Tourism is a fundamental concept in the field of tourism that can breathe life and meaning into a landscape. A ritualistic landscape can be defined as a fusion of continuous historical behaviors in a space that has, over time, forged a distinct identity for that location. One such ritualistic landscape is the Haft-Cheshmeh Bridge in Ardabil, which serves as the venue for the NOUSTI ceremony. In this present study, with a special focus on this site, we delved into the roots of this ritual and explored the impact of the ritualistic landscape on people’s perceptions and its utilization potential for the advancement of tourism.This research aims to introduce the “NOUSTI” ritual alongside the Haft-Cheshmeh Bridge in Ardabil and examine the roots of this ritual and the cultural landscape’s influence on the mindset of the citizens.To fulfill the goal of the study, we used library research, field observations, interviews with local residents, and discussions with informed experts in the field of NOUSTI ritual and the cultural landscape’s impact on the bridge. The research findings were analyzed and examined using MaxQDA 2020 software.The results indicate that the NOUSTI ritual at the Haft-Cheshmeh Bridge in Ardabil has its roots in mythological beliefs, the sanctity of water, and the desires of ethnic communities stemming from social and climatic characteristics. Water, as a sacred element since ancient times, has been the primary source of life and the formation of societies for the Iranian people. Various rituals are held based on the connection with nature and the mastery of the four elements: water, fire, wind, and earth. The findings of this research can lead to a deeper understanding of the relationship between culture, landscape, and the people’s mindset in creating cultural tourism and collective behavior at this location, enhancing the sense of place among citizens. Furthermore, recognizing and developing these rituals can contribute to the development of cultural tourism and the elevation of the local identity of the Haft-Cheshmeh Bridge.

The urban landscape is the surface of contact between a man and the phenomenon of the city, and therefore a significant part of the knowledge and environmental emotions of the citizens is formed under its influence. One of the things that has a significant impact on the sustainability of the urban landscape is culture. In addition to the components of the public arena and the cultural body, urban culture emphasizes the component of performance (social and cultural interactions and the relationship between the individual and the space) and the component of meaning (the prevailing atmosphere in the sense of the dominant values and concepts hidden in the cultural space of the city). Therefore, this research aims to measure the relationship and influence of cultural indicators on the urban landscape of Urmia. The current research is of applied type and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population cited in this research includes experts who were selected with the guidance of professors and the scope of the research topic and includes more than 35 people, all of them available in the field of research. The statistical population of citizens based on the population and housing census of 1395 of Urmia city, which is equivalent to 750,805 people, which is calculated by Cochran's method, is 384 people, which is distributed according to the population of all 5 regions. Then the resulting data were analyzed through SPSS software. The results showed that cultural indicators have different effects on Urmia's urban landscape. Using the multivariate regression method and according to the weighted average of each of the cultural hands; In general, it can be said that regions 4, 1, 5, 2 and 3 have the most significant impact on the urban landscape of Urmia with the numerical values of "2.86 - 2.73 - 2.47 - 2.32 and 2.29". Have had. In general, it can be acknowledged that cultural, historical, economic and religious indicators have had the most significant impact on the urban landscape of Urmia

The purpose of this study is the cultural components of border residents and its role in the development and sustainable security of Kermanshah border areas. The present study was conducted by a combined method consisting of two parts, quantitative and qualitative. The statistical population in the qualitative section included experts and specialists aware of the subject of research. The sampling method in the qualitative section was purposefully snowball, which reached a theoretical consensus with 30 elites and experts. A small part of the statistical population included citizens of border areas of Kermanshah province. The number of these people was 540 according to initial estimates. Data collection tools; Semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. In a small part of the study, SPSS software was used. The results show that sustainable border security from the respondents' point of view has 19 semantic units in six common categories: "economic security", "social security", "political security", "environmental security", "military security" and "cultural security". Were located. On the other hand, the cultural dimensions of the frontiersmen included six dimensions of "participation and cooperation", "cultural cohesion", "two-way interaction", "insight and awareness", "ideology" and "zeal and chivalry". Correlation matrices between cultural categories and sustainable border security show that there is a significant and direct relationship between each of the components of this matrix. It can be said that the two categories of the core of sustainable border security and the six cultural components of border guards are in a dialectical relationship; In a way that in the bilateral interaction of these components, social order is formed at the borders and the border residents witness a kind of lasting security.

Culture includes concept and value of life, approach to life and also the creation of meaning. So, culture contributes to the general elevation of "self-esteem" in a region, and socially develops a community. Besides, it is considered as a source of people's confidence and security. Urban plans and new models of urban economic development have been emerged along with the fifth wave of economic development in the last 20 years. So far significant advances have been obtained in our understanding of cultural development, urban designs, economics, and life cycles, from early efforts to embrace culture and the arts to achieve urban regeneration to public space, public art, and street revitalization and development of cultural industries. At the end of the last century, sustainable urban regeneration, which  cared much about the protection of historical-cultural values and the preservation of social context, gradually became the mainstream. District 8 of Tabriz, as the historical-cultural context of the city, has undergone many changes in the process of modernity and urban renewal, and many of the historical-cultural objects of the region have been either destroyed or deserted. Therefore, in this study, by considering the improvement of physical space and cultural heritage in Tabriz city and considering their related relationship as the cornerstone of urban development, we will examine culture-oriented urban regeneration.

The research method is descriptive-exploratory, survey based and has been done based on a questionnaire. Besides, the components and indicators of the case were categorized. The statistical population of the research is Tabriz city experts. The sample size includes 40 people, which includes 20 urban planning professors and 20 managers and experts related to the historical context of Tabriz city. In this research, the structural equation method was used for data analysis. The structural equation modeling is a powerful analysis technique that explains the relationships between multiple variables. Structural equations are able to examine more than one relationship simultaneously, which is different from other multivariate tests. Measurement model and structural model are two main components of structural equations. The measurement model examines the relationship between the measured components and the latent variable, while the structural model measures the interrelationships among the latent variables. For a better conceptual understanding of this model, the latent variables are divided into two types: endogenous and exogenous variables. The structural equations are defined with the help of the following basic model.

The results showed that 16 features might be used for the evaluation of  the level of satisfaction of three underlying variables at a significance level of 0.001. As a result, these characteristics are known as acceptable and satisfactory parameters that can be used for evaluating urban regeneration with a culture-oriented or culture-oriented approach. Further, the results showed that the form obtained the maximum estimation value (γ=0.85), followed by "Function" (γ=0.78), "Meaning" (γ=0.69). There is a high correlation between performance and meaning variables with loading (γ=0.715). The results showed that the reconstruction of the.

As a result, direct involvement of citizens in creating cultural events and activities are among the important factors that affect urban regeneration based on culture.The attribute "social participation" has a lower loading than other factors.Cultural resources are more related to residents' personal experiences and feelings, which are more likely to resonate with residents and reflect the depth of urban culture.As a leading part of the "revitalization of the historic part of the city", cultural-oriented urban regeneration is expected to solve the real problems of incomprehensibility of cultural information, lack of access to cultural places, and lack of use of cultural resources. then the innercity area is stimulated so that cultural destruction is avoided.

The house facade has an influential role in the general order of the face of the city. What we see today in the cities is an indication of disorderliness that is affected by various factors. The present research aimed to investigate the role of social relations as one of the factors affecting the main facade of the houses in Isfahan between 9178 to 2197. In the present research, 935 houses were selected in the city of Isfahan through snowball sampling. In the present research, the social relationships are considered independent variables, and the main facade of the house was considered the dependent variable. Following the studies, they used the building facades for showing differentiation and exposing more their social relations. Therefore, the researchers conducted a qualitative study to investigate the process of distinction of the houses' facade and examined the value of the display of the facade of the houses, both qualitatively and quantitatively, during four decades after the Islamic revolution. The results indicated that social relations have a considerably influential role in the houses' main facade in the city of Isfahan during the last four decades.

"Meme theory" considers cultural evolution as biological evolution and along it. Throughout millions of years, genes have been transferred from one body to another. However, those that have brought more adaptation to the environment have remained in place. Since the emergence of humans, the building blocks of culture, or memes, have been transferred from one mind to another and have become permanent through cultural adaptations. Memes evolve by natural selection and contribute to the reproductive success of a subject through the processes of variation, mutation, competition, and inheritance. The spread of the meme occurs through behavioral reproduction in its host. Memes that spread less gradually die out, while others spread, mutate (positively or negatively), and persist. The proponents of this theory argue that the memes with the best replication are easily imitated and spread the most, no matter how harmful they are to the well-being of their hosts. In other words, a meme is a basic unit of ideas, symbols, or cultural actions that can be transmitted from one mind to the minds of others through expressions, behaviors, customs, and other ways that can be spread and imitated. In general, Memetics is based on the imitation of humans, and the strongest memories that are frequently evoked in most minds contribute to the creation of human culture. In this evolutionary process, memes are reproduced better and faster. Ritual tourism is a trip motivated by participation in ritual ceremonies. This participation can appear on two different levels: imitation and critical participation. Is it not true that tourism is a wisdom-raising system? If this is the case, in the ceremonies, the ritual tourist is expected to go beyond imitation and get involved in critical thinking. The main purpose of memes is reproduction. The more imitative minds there are, the higher the reproduction power will be. It is replicable and can be adapted to the imitator's mind. However, if critics outnumber imitators, the meme loses its adaptability. It will not be imitated or reproduced. Gradually, it gets rid of its fat to have a proportional size; sometimes it becomes so thin that it strikingly resembles the time when it was born, and the foliage added to it over the years is pruned. The point is that the promotion of ritual tourism in the world through a thoughtful critic's view can reproduce rituals whose ruling spirit is much tied up with finding meaning in life, rationality, peace, humanity, and ethics. Since a ritual tourist uses a different perspective from the local society to look at rituals, he can go beyond the level of imitation and spread his critic's view.