مسکن

Housing is a crucial domain for testing human interactions and serves as a physical framework where social, cultural, and economic resources intertwine. In order to achieve social progress, the realm of housing encompasses not only the residential units themselves but also their surrounding environments. The focus on housing quality indicators is essential for attaining sustainable housing, which in turn lays the foundation for sustainable urban development. However, the increasing demand for housing and the prevailing quantitative approach have led to the neglect of the fundamental issue of housing quality in its true essence. Insufficient access to suitable housing can contribute to or worsen various psychological and social challenges. Hence, this research aims to identify the main indicators and components of housing quality and prioritize them, assuming equal weighting of their influence. The research methodology employed in this study is practical in its objective and descriptive-analytical in its approach. To achieve the intended objective, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model is utilized to determine the weight and prioritize each indicator and component of housing quality. Subsequently, after evaluating the indicators using the ANP model, the results indicate that among the examined indicators, housing facilities and amenities with  0.318, housing security with 0.218, housing comfort with 0.145, compatibility with complementary uses with 0.142, housing durability with 0.109, and housing climate adaptation with 0.065 have been assigned the highest weights, respectively.

Tourism has become a vital component of development strategies in many countries, playing an active and effective role in improving the economic, social, and cultural structures, especially in developing nations. In this context, neighborhood-oriented housing provision has gained increasing importance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of neighborhood-based housing provision on tourism development with an environmental approach in the city of Arak. The research is applied in purpose and employs both field methods (questionnaires) and documentary methods (library studies) for data collection. The research sample included tourism officials and operators in the studied area (15 people), operators, employees, and activists in tourism (8 people), geography and tourism experts (5 people), civil engineering experts (3 people), water resources engineering experts (3 people), and professors and researchers with experience or knowledge in Arak tourism (6 people), resulting in 40 completed questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the Iranian matrix method (Leopold modified Makhdoom, 2017). The results showed that the effects of housing provision on tourism in Arak have minimal negative environmental effects. In fact, the findings highlight that neighborhood-based housing provision not only avoids significant environmental harm but can also contribute positively to tourism development. Therefore, it is essential to minimize negative effects while leveraging this potential for economic and social development.

Housing is recognized as a basic human right in the constitutions and declarations of many countries, with various policies addressing this need. In Iran, housing policy initiatives began with the Third Development Plan and were reinforced after the Revolution when housing became a constitutional right. However, housing provision remains a challenge. Therefore, it is crucial to examine Iran's housing policies over time and compare them with global strategies. This study uses library-based data collection to examine Iranian housing policies through historical-comparative content analysis. It explores how the goals and content of housing policies have evolved from the Revolution to 2021 and identifies which global housing approaches were adopted in each period. A public-policy content analysis framework was selected, focusing on objectives, tools, and key institutions. Major policy documents from each period were analyzed within this framework to identify the global approach applied in each phase. The findings indicate that Iran’s housing policies throughout the analyzed period largely aligned with global approaches used until the early 1980s, with a focus on social objectives, shifting to economic goals thereafter. Correspondingly, the tools utilized predominantly included special concessions and loans, regulatory delegation, command-based laws, financial support for stakeholders, and direct provision of goods. The pivotal role of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development has led to the dominance of administrative agencies as the main implementing bodies, with citizens emerging as a secondary group of stakeholders, particularly in light of the increasing importance of public participation in policies.

Although enhancing earthquake resilience has become a primary research objective in the country, the focus has predominantly been on urban areas, with less attention paid to rural regions. However, a significant portion of the rural population in the country is exposed to earthquake risks. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the stability of the physical structure of rural housing against earthquake hazards in Lenjan County. The research method is descriptive-analytical and was conducted through a survey approach. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population of the study consists of the rural residents of Lenjan County, with a sample size of 378 individuals selected using Cochran's method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through face validity, and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, the Friedman test, and fuzzy TOPSIS. The results indicate that, in the economic dimension, the index of changes in food consumption patterns in the village; in the social dimension, the index of satisfaction with the internal architecture of rural housing; and in the physical dimension, the index of housing access to welfare facilities play the most significant roles in the stability of the physical structure of rural housing

Humans seek locations that offer a high quality of life, which is significantly influenced by environmental factors. Consequently, these factors play a crucial role in determining real estate values. This research aimed to explore the extent to which spatial variations in residential property prices in Tehran were affected by ecological factors. Data were collected from various sources, including real estate websites, meteorological synoptic stations, air quality monitoring stations, a GIS file of Tehran's land use, and the Information and Communication Technology Organization of Tehran Municipality. The data were integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS), focusing on 400 points representing the geometric centers of neighborhoods in Tehran. These points served as the basis for analytical calculations with information gathered for all relevant variables. Using ArcGIS software and Spatial Analyst Tools, we generated the necessary data. The findings indicated a decreasing desirability of ecological factors from the north to the south of the city corresponding to a decline in housing prices. The correlation coefficient of +0.71 demonstrated a strong relationship between housing prices and desirability of ecological factors. Notably, there was approximately a threefold difference in average housing prices between District 1 (the northernmost district) and District 20 (the southernmost). In conclusion, despite the influence of political and economic factors and the profound changes brought about by modernity, the socio-economic gradient from north to south in Tehran remained aligned with the gradient of ecological desirability, suggesting a shift from natural environmental qualities to the role of capital in shaping real estate values.

In today's urbanized world, the value of housing, influenced by its location and amenities, can reflect the level and quality of residents' lives. This research investigates the satisfaction level of residents in Tehran's District 10 regarding their quality of life, considering locational factors and housing value. A variety of statistical methods were used to assess the quality of life. Results indicate that the quality of life in the district is unsatisfactory, and residents have a low level of satisfaction. Security, educational facilities, accessibility, vitality, transportation, and economic status significantly influence residents' quality of life. Moreover, the location of a dwelling, rather than the dwelling itself, plays a more crucial role in determining quality of life. Economic variables, including residents' income and living expenses, were identified as the most influential factors affecting urban quality of life. Physical and environmental factors and identity followed in terms of importance. This study concludes that to improve the quality of life in densely populated urban areas, targeted interventions should focus on enhancing economic conditions and implementing physical improvements. Additionally, while housing value is a significant factor, it is essential to consider locational factors when developing urban development strategies to improve residents' well-being.

The possibility of the Tehran metropolis's vulnerability due to seismic activities, location near fault lines, dense population, and various environmental factors is undeniable. Accordingly, this study investigated the resilience of housing in the southern regions of the Tehran metropolis (Regions 15, 16, 19, and 20) against seismic activities. This research is practical and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method, respectively. The required data and information were collected through library and survey methods and analyzed using the best-worst (BWM) method and Excel and Arc GIS software. For this purpose, by studying the background of the research, 24 critical criteria were identified, then using the (BWM) weighting method, and their importance coefficient was determined. Finally, the layers were combined using the fuzzy gamma operator to create a resilience map for the studied regions. The results showed that 43% of southern regions showed very low resilience, and 12% showed low resilience. On the contrary, in the physical-environmental index, 7% of the regions had very low resilience, and 22% had very high resilience. Overall, 50% of the regions showed low resilience, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing socio-economic factors in resilience planning and suggest that a comprehensive approach, a combination of socio-economic and physical-environmental indicators, is necessary to increase housing resilience against earthquakes in southern regions of Tehran.

Evaluating the health of the environment and its detailed analysis is one of the priorities that city managers should address because it can be very effective in spatial differences in the quality of the environment and housing prices. This article aimed to investigate the status of environmental health indicators and the impact of their spatial differences on housing prices in Hashtpar, a city in Guilan province with an area of about 1,378 hectares and a population of about 55,000 people. The data was collected through observation and survey. To collect the data from 14 components of environmental health, the area was divided into 34 parcels. In each parcel, the data was collected separately. The data with the UTM coordinates of the central point entered into the geographic information system to produce zoning maps using the Kriging tool. The spatial correlation coefficient was calculated by means of TerrSet Geospatial Monitoring and Modeling System software. Findings showed that moderate weather and permanent humidity, diverse and extensive animal life, modern agriculture, eco-tourism, poor waste management, and crossing a road through the middle of the city are the sources of threats to environmental health and consequently, human health. There is a positive correlation of 0.73 between 14 environmental health components and housing price. In the central parts of the city, the components revealed a more favorable situation than the fringes of the city, and housing prices are relatively higher in this part. Enjoyment from safe drinking water, exposed to pesticides, green space, and the beauty of the space are four components with better condition. The conditions of the natural environment and weakness in urban management have caused many weaknesses in the environment's health despite many blessings. Fixing these shortcomings requires careful planning and precise implementation.

The metropolis of Tehran is one of the most vulnerable cities in the world against the danger of earthquakes, which, in addition to being located around numerous faults, faces rapid urbanization, high population density, and weak infrastructure. The present study seeks to analyze the physical resilience of urban housing in the northern neighborhoods and regions of the Tehran metropolis (regions 1-5 and 22), which are directly adjacent to the northern fault of Tehran. Therefore, this study is practical in terms of descriptive-analytical methods and terms of purpose. The data and information needed in the research have been collected from two library and survey methods and analyzed using the SWARA model and Excel and ArcGIS-Pro software. For this purpose, first, by studying the background of the research, 13 key criteria were identified, and then by using the SWARA model, their weighting and importance coefficient were determined; respectively, the criteria of "type of structure", "distance from the fault" and "access to the road network" were assigned the highest importance. The findings of the research indicate the poor condition of urban housing in the study area in terms of physical resilience against earthquakes, where more than 60% of the localities have low or very low resilience. Only, about 19% of the neighborhoods have favorable conditions and can withstand possible earthquakes. In this survey, "Golha", "Hazarsang" and "Moradabad" neighborhoods had the lowest level of resilience, and "Tehran Pars West", "Hakimieh" and "Javadieh" neighborhoods had the highest level of resilience. Among the six investigated regions, Region One showed the lowest and Region Four the highest level of resilience against earthquakes. The research results indicate the high instability and vulnerability of the studied area. In the meantime, the northern and western parts of the range are less resilient and therefore more vulnerable; on the contrary, the more we move towards the south and southeast areas of the range, the physical resilience of the housing against earthquakes increases.

The housing crisis in Iran has many hidden and unexplored social aspects. Due to political discontinuity, the measures and measures of the governments have systematically increased social inequalities and multi-dimensional urban poverty rather than being aimed at providing comprehensive and inclusive and justice-oriented housing and reducing social inequalities. Is. In this regard, this research aims to model the barriers of housing social policy in Iran with emphasis on the tenants' strata and designing the relationships of these factors. This research is applied in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method. In order to identify factors, content analysis method was used. In the interpretative structural modeling section, the opinions of academic experts in the field of housing have been used through the Delphi method. The data collection tool is a double-ended questionnaire, and face validity was used to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. The relationships between the factors have been determined and analyzed in an integrated manner using a new analytical methodology called Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and finally by using the MICMAC analysis of the type of variables with regard to their impact on other factors. The variables were identified and clustered. The findings of the research showed that the challenge of weakness in the implementation of the rent control law with the influence of 10 is the greatest impact and the lack of definition and explanation of the examples of harassment of tenants by landlords in the field of residential disturbances and the lack of criminalization of harassment of tenants by landlords in the field of The compulsion to move with the level of penetration power of 2 has the least impact among the barriers of housing social policies in Iran for low-income groups.

Attention to quantity and failure to pay attention to quality as well as voidness of apartment housing of meaning, lack of meaningful relationships between Islamic-Iranian housing architecture culture and the imitated Western-styled apartment housing have caused disruption of the identity and link between the Islamic-Iranian housing architecture and the bright history of architecture of this land. Thus, this research was carried out with the question: What are the Qur’anic approach-based components affecting contemporary apartment housing? Moreover, the goal was to present a model of Qur’anic approach-based components affecting the contemporary apartment building architecture in Tehran. This quantitative and qualitative method (which involves a mixed method) was performed concurrently in three complementary phases. The most important components affecting the contemporary apartment housing architecture were 33 cases which Table 6 shows that 12% of those components have affected the contemporary housing architecture, and 88% affected the traditional housing architecture. Meanwhile, the most specific components by the percentage of their importance as a valuable Islamic model were introduced as the final components of the [model] as they included peace and security (98%), intimacy (96%), human dignity (94%), servitude (94%), privacy (92%), safety, strength and firmness (92%), humiliation (90%), bio-sustainable factors (90%), creativity (88%), and dynamism and activity (82%). A comparative review of the research results and six papers on urban housing revealed that the components derived from the present research were both materially and spiritually comprehensive. As for the contemporary apartment housing architecture pathology, various apartment spaces in architecture have suffered serious damages due to diminishing role and loss of effective components.

Housing is one of the most basic human needs that humanity faces. Paying attention to housing and its condition in metropolises like Tehran has always been the focus of researchers. The main goal of the research is a "comparative evaluation of the housing physical conditions in the selected neighborhoods of the 2nd district of Tehran". The current research method is applied. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used together with face-to-face interviews. In the current research, seven indicators have been verified and it is assumed that the physical conditions of housing can be defined with the determined indicators. These seven indicators are: the area of the residential unit, the number of floors, the compatibility of adjacent uses with the house, the number of rooms in the residential unit, the age of the building, the quality of the building and the housing pattern. The results of the research show that due to the relatively large difference in the amount of the “housing physical conditions” factor in the neighborhoods of Shahrak Gharb and Saadat Abad, which are in very favorable condition, with the neighborhoods of Shadmehr and Tarasht, which are in an average condition, inequality in terms of housing physical conditions is very noticeable in the selected neighborhoods of District 2 of Tehran. Therefore, the way of distribution and access to the physical indicators of housing in the mentioned neighborhoods is not fair and there is a difference and spatial injustice in the distribution of the studied indicators among the selected neighborhoods of the 2nd district of Tehran.

Informal settlement is the prominently dominating factor which contributes urbanization and provides the city's poor people with housing. In fact, these settlements are unreasonable and disorganized agglomeration places for low income people who live in deprived areas of the cities. Given the importance of housing, especially in informal settlements, the current research intends to outline the changes in housing indicators from margin to context and vice versa, especially in informal settlements of Tabriz metropolis. A descriptive-evaluative methodology was used together with a field- documentary method applied for data collection. Here, in order to analyze the data and weighting of housing indicators (data layers), ANP model was used with Super Decision software. Also, GIS software was applied for generating maps. Additionally, the statistical community of the research included informal settlements of Tabriz metropolis. The findings together with consideration of changes in housing conditions for the statistical blocks of the informal settlements indicated that, of 1318 blocks, 43/17% didn't change, 14/19% changed from deprived category to wealthy, 7/36% changed from medium to wealthy level, 15/85% changed from deprived to medium level, 5/16% changed from wealthy to medium level, 7/21% changed from medium to deprived level, and 7/06% changed from wealthy to deprived category. Generally speaking, the results showed that, of all blocks, 37/4% promoted, 19/43% plummeted while 43/17% remained unchanged. Therefore, it could be contended that the housing indicators for informal settlements promoted, especially with a shift toward urban contexts.

The quantity, quality and optimal distribution of the population in the territory and more importantly population growth is one of the influential indicators in the process of sustainable development. One of the basic challenges of the third millennium, which has involved many societies and Iran is no exception to this rule, is the problem of population, population youth policies and population goals in general. demands Iran, like other parts of the world, has entered the initial period of demographic crisis in recent years, and it is expected that this trend will intensify in the coming years if there is no revision of demographic policies and programs affecting it. It seems that the governance model of urban development plays an irreplaceable role in this regard. Based on this, this research aims to investigate the pattern of governance of urban development and its impact on population goals, trying to identify favorable and unfavorable patterns.

The present research method is descriptive-analytical and its nature is applied-developmental. Data and information have been collected in two documentary ways (books, articles, upstream documents, statistics, etc.) and field (questionnaire from experts). The statistical population of the research includes experts and specialists in the field of urban planning and population, from among whom 100 people were selected non-randomly and purposefully (according to the time and cost of the research as well as the theoretical saturation of the data) and the questionnaire was provided to them. took The data analysis was done in two descriptive and inferential parts, in which the demographic information of the respondents was stated in the descriptive part, and in the inferential part, the independent one-sample t-test was used to calculate the obtained averages and confirm the significance of the difference. Has been used. In the final step, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to infer the normal distribution of the data.

In order to identify the favorable and unfavorable governance model of urban development, with emphasis on population goals, which is considered as one of the innovations of the research, the obtained data has been aggregated. Proprietary, horizontal, connected, large-scale and non-dense development is identified as a desirable urban development model, and the highest desirability is related to the large-scale development index with an average of 4.37. The total score of the indicators of the desirable urban development pattern is 3.86 with an error rate of 0.000. On the other hand, the total score of the indicators of the unfavorable pattern is 2.41, which indicates its negative effects on demographic goals and upstream documents. Patterns such as non-proprietary development with an average of 1.80 and small-scale development with an average of 1.92 are considered the most unfavorable patterns of urban development governance. In fact, the more the urban development policies and programs are based on the optimal governance model, the population goals will be achievable in the future, and the more the non-proprietary, vertical, detached, small-scale and dense urban development governance model, the more population goals will be achieved. Negative shape will affect.

Achieving the population goals, especially the family and youth protection law and general population policies, requires a review of development governance policies, and it is necessary to revise the upstream documents in accordance with the new patterns to avoid partial and non-integrated development of the territorial space. Avoided. In the end, things like revision of preliminary, comprehensive, detailed and guiding plans, revision of the country's housing construction plans such as the National Housing Movement Plan, formation of a special working group with the presence of urban development experts and demographic experts to formulate the ideal governance model, harm It is suggested to study the current policies and programs and formulate a new agenda to achieve the demographic goals.

The issue of housing and foresight in this field in the city of Tehran is more important than in other cities due to factors such as the concentration of facilities and services, having diverse political and administrative roles, having various job opportunities, etc. Therefore, this research identifies and analyzes the factors affecting the housing planning system with a future research approach. Based on this, the interrelationships of economic opportunities and political challenges, and urban and economic planning of rulers, also the interaction of political, social, economic, and environmental indicators have greatly affected housing policy and planning, and housing planners should pay serious attention to the index and their relationships in order to solve the housing problem. Therefore, the research tries to answer this question:-What are the driving factors in Iran's housing planning system with a future research approach?

The following article is practical in terms of purpose, and according to the investigated components, the dominant approach is a descriptive and analytical method. The Delphi technique has been exerted to identify variables and indicators. In this regard, in the first stage, scientific research and review articles published on the research topic were used to collect the variables. Then, the semi-structured questionnaire was distributed among experts in the field of research. In the current research, to select the participants, a purposeful sampling method was used. The statistical population of the upcoming research consists of 74 experts in the field of housing, including university professors specializing in the studied field. The number volume considered for the Delphi technique was 10 people, and for the Mic Mac technique, the sample size was 64 people, according to the experts' familiarity with this software. In this research, to achieve the research goals, Mic Mac software has been used.

Thirty factors have been analyzed with Mic Mac software to extract the main influencing factors. The dimensions of the matrix are 30x30. The degree of filling of the matrix is 82.35%, which shows that the selected factors have a relatively large and scattered effect on each other, and the system has enjoyed stability. Out of the total of 11560 relationships that can be evaluated in this matrix, 2040 relationships are zero, meaning The factors did not influence or were not influenced by each other. In 4120 relationships, the number was one, which means that they had little influence on each other; in 2760 relationships, the number was 2, which means that they had a relatively strong influencing relationship; in 2640 relationships, the number was 3. This means that the relationships of the key factors have been very high, and they have had a lot of influence and effectiveness. The research findings showed that ten drivers in the impact column had the largest contribution to direct impact, and the same ten variables were in the first ten indirect impacts. It should be noted that the green lines indicate the promotion of the desired factor. Indirect effects and red lines also mean the downgrading of the desired factor in indirect effects. For example, the VAR6 factor was ranked third in indirect effects, but this factor has been downgraded to the sixth position in indirect effects. However, the first ten drivers in direct effects are repeated on the indirect side as well. Therefore, the key drivers of this study are housing rules and regulations, inflation rate, currency and gold prices, liquidity volume, macro economy, urban management stability, banking facilities, land and housing prices, international sanctions, and supply and demand situation.

This research investigated the key factors affecting the future of the housing supply planning system in Tehran. For this purpose, mutual effects analysis methods were used in the environment of Mic Mac software. At first, 30 driving factors were identified using the Delphi technique, and then by implementing the identified factors in the Mic Mac software environment, four categories of two-faceted, influential, independent, and influential factors were identified, and finally, by evaluating the 30 identified factors. As a result of the analysis of the master plan, the effectiveness and effectiveness of ten key factors that had the most significant impact on the future state of housing planning in Tehran were known. The first factor was the construction rules and regulations; this factor emphasizes the strength and resilience of urban housing. This issue is of particular importance and necessity since natural crises, especially earthquakes threaten the city of Tehran. In the second place was banking facilities.Concerning the mentioned factor, it can be said that by providing low-interest bank facilities, many families can hope for housing. This facility allows many vacant residential units in different parts of Tehran to be bought by citizens, and the problem of uninhabited units is solved. The basic issue in this field is to review the process of providing facilities, which the operating banks should avoid the usual strictures. Based on the results, the price of land and housing played a key role in providing housing. In fact, the rising trend of land and housing prices can be prevented by seriously monitoring the market. The high demand for housing in the capital has led to a corresponding increase in the price of land and property. In the conclusion of the present research, it can be said that success in achieving the goals of housing planning is dependent on the effective interaction of the identified critical factors; using the identified factors and taking into account their priority and effectiveness, it can be concluded achieving the goals of housing planning provided sufficient attention from planners, policymakers and decision-makers to the influential factors for explaining housing planning, prioritizing and considering the relationships with each other, the necessary platforms for the realization and development of the desired development and a housing planning model will be created.

Nowadays, when societies are moving towards industrialization, it seems that the psychological dimensions of humans are disregarded. Self-actualization can be proposed as a solution to reduce the negative impacts caused by this. This motivation leads to improved psychological health and well-being in humans. It seems that environmental capabilities can be used to pursue self-actualization in people. Considering the mentioned necessity, this study aims to provide effective design components for responding to the self-actualization of residents in residential complexes. In the first step of the research's first phase, which is the document mining method, the sample population was available resources, and in the Delphi method, the sample population was 20 experts. The sample population in the second phase of the research to survey users was 290 residents of residential complexes in Shiraz city. Research was started using document mining and Delphi techniques, and sources were assessed. Then, experts were interviewed, and users were surveyed using the researcher-made questionnaire. Finally, the information obtained from the users' survey was entered into SPSS-23.0, and data analysis was performed using factor analysis and Pearson correlation tests. The findings of factor analysis present the components of creative environment, collective environment, environmental safety, event-able environment, diversity, discoverability, and social interactions as environmental components that are effective in responding to the self-actualization needs of residents of residential complexes, and the results of the correlation test show that all factors are positively and significantly correlated

Nowadays, a significant number of residents in developing countries live in informal settlements. The process of urbanization, accompanied by rapid population growth in cities, has led to the formation of consequences such as informal settlements around cities and metropolises, developed outside the official development plan. Marginal neighborhoods are mostly lacking in safety, stability, social security, services, and urban infrastructure. One of the most important symbols in recognizing informal housing is the physical and structural indicators and characteristics of housing. Housing and environmental conditions are one of the most influential factors affecting people's satisfaction with living in a neighborhood. One of the concepts that affect the quality of life in settlements is the concept of territory and territorial behavior of residents. The concept of territory refers to the formation of a limited area that individuals or a group of individuals regularly and sustainably benefit from, and feel a sense of belonging and ownership towards the space. Any personalization and marking of the environment or defense against interference is considered territorial behavior. Despite the high importance of the concept of territorial behavior and its role in the physical characteristics of housing, a comprehensive study has not yet been conducted on the relationship between these concepts, especially in the context of marginal neighborhoods in Iran. In line with this goal, the marginal neighborhoods of Ilam city have been selected as one of the areas with the highest rate of marginalization in the country for field study.

This study has been conducted using a mixed-method approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods. Since the main objective of this research is to identify the relationship between residents' territorial behavior and the physical characteristics of housing in marginal areas, the research questions have been formulated based on the nature, methodology, and background of the study. In order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the research topic, a combination of in-depth field interviews with residents, field observations of selected housing in neighborhoods, and quantitative evaluations by architecture and urban planning experts have been used to examine this bidirectional relationship between the physical characteristics and territorial behavior of residents.

A comprehensive review of theoretical studies has shown that limited research has been conducted on the physical characteristics of housing in marginal areas of Ilam city. Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on how behavioral, social, cultural, and cognitive factors influence the formation of these physical patterns. Field visits and in-depth interviews indicate that residents, driven by self-interest, have made extensive changes to public and semi-public spaces, and due to the lack of order and regulation, this behavior has become normalized. These actions include unauthorized construction, relocation of high-pressure cables, and encroachment on public lands to create personal spaces. The findings of the research indicate that the perceptual-cognitive framework of residents plays a significant role in shaping the physical characteristics of marginal areas. Additionally, based on the findings, household economic status, social proximity such as kinship ties, and personal relationships play a crucial role in the formation and location of houses in these neighborhoods.Experts have emphasized the strong correlation between housing affordability, housing and economic issues, and the cost of construction in central areas of the city when explaining the physical characteristics of housing in marginal areas based on residents' territorial behavior. Furthermore, environmental factors, access to services, and personal relationships are among the most influential criteria in defining the physical characteristics of housing in marginal areas. Based on the findings, principles of interior aesthetics, order, law enforcement, spatial compatibility with residents' needs and desires, have the lowest average rank and importance in defining the physical characteristics of housing based on residents' territorial behavior. Additionally, among the main concepts, the economic concept has the highest average rank. The results of the correlation analysis show that perceptual and physical concepts have the highest mutual influence, indicating that perceptual concepts such as privacy and security play a significant role in shaping the physical patterns of housing in marginal areas. Perceptual criteria can be considered one of the key criteria in the formation of the physical patterns of housing in marginal areas based on residents' territorial behavior.

In conclusion, it can be inferred that the physical characteristics of housing and residents' territorial behavior in marginal areas have a close and bidirectional relationship, playing a significant role in shaping the design patterns of housing in these areas. The findings of this research highlight the importance of considering residents' territorial behaviors, cultural beliefs, social relationships, mindset, and attitudes, as well as their economic status and income level, in the design of residential environments. Architects and urban designers should pay attention to the territorial behavior and the significance of these concepts for residents in designing the physical characteristics of housing in these areas. By considering the needs and desires of residents, they can create safe, comfortable, and functional living spaces that cater to the specific requirements of the inhabitants.

Today, housing has found a concept beyond a shelter and plays an important role in how the physical quality of cities. In fact, one of the most important ways to know the status of housing in the housing planning process is to use housing indicators. These indicators, which indicate the quantitative and qualitative status of housing in any period of time, can be considered as a suitable guide to improve housing planning for the future. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of leveling the neighborhoods of Bojnourd city based on housing indicators. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied according to its purpose. The method of collecting information in the form of documents is library. In this study, 11 indicators related to housing quality were used to rank neighborhoods, and the Waspas model was used to rank neighborhoods. The statistical population of the study includes 42 neighborhoods of Bojnourd. Based on the results, it was found that half of the neighborhoods (22 neighborhoods) of Bojnourd  are in a favorable and completely desirable housing condition, in contrast to 28% of the city neighborhoods are in a relatively favorable condition that the number of population at this level is equal to It is 31% of the total population of the city. Finally, there is the unfavorable housing situation, which includes 8 neighborhoods of the city. The total population of these neighborhoods is equal to 17% of the city's population, which is located in an area of ​​973 hectares.

This article has tried to identify and cluster the effective requirements on the design of biophilic architecture of interurban spaces in the first phase of Ekbatan settlement of Tehran, using the method of structural analysis. Theoretical data has been prepared by documentary method and experimental data by survey method based on Delphi technique. The statistical samples were 20 urban experts and specialists who were selected by snowball sampling method. 55 primary drivers in 6 statistical categories and identified by structural interaction analysis method were processed in MICMAC software. According to the results of the general dispersion pattern of the studied requirements, in terms of mutual effects analysis, it indicates the state of an unstable environmental system in which the design requirements of biophilic interspaces are complex and intermediate in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness, and the requirements are more concentrated in the cluster of independent factors. General patterns, composition of components and habitats and ecosystems have been ranked first to third by obtaining the direct influence of 311, 296 and 278, respectively, and as the most key requirements for the design of biophilic interspaces in the phase 1 residential complex of Ekbatan settlement, Tehran. were chosen. General patterns, composition of components, habitats and ecosystems, inspiration from nature, geographical connection to the place, ecological connection to the place, building form, space as shape and form, coordinating factor of shape and spatial form, natural light, defining spaces. Inside and outside, light and shade, and growth and effectiveness were selected as 13 key requirements for the design of biophilic interspaces in the residential complex of phase 1 of Ekbatan. Key forces in terms of system performance in the design system environment have a role of high effectiveness and low effectiveness. As a result, as stable requirements, it controls the macro state of the system and its changes; The key requirements of the entrance effect of the design system of biophilic spaces in the residential complex of phase 1 of Ekbatan town of Tehran are considered.

Housing is a fundamental component in fulfilling the biological, economic, and social requirements of every household. The rapid urbanization, burgeoning urban populations, rural-to-urban migration, degradation and demolition of aging structures, diminishing household sizes, and housing supply challenges are prevalent issues in many cities, particularly in developing nations, such as Iran and India. This study focused on the housing exchange values in the 10th district of Tehran. The research was purpose-driven and employed a descriptive-analytical approach with a quantitative methodology. Regression and Moran methods were utilized for the investigation with housing prices for villas and apartments as dependent variables and 14 indicators as independent research variables. Spatial analysis was conducted using ArcGIS software. The results of the multivariate regression analysis indicated that household income had a direct impact of 17% among economic factors, while density had a direct effect of 77% among social factors. Additionally, structure age and type accounted for 63% and 31% of the most significant negative impact on housing price fluctuations in the 10th district of Tehran, respectively. Access to medical facilities had the most adverse effect on housing prices in the southern part of District 10, whereas access to commercial centers had the most substantial direct impact on housing exchange values in the district. Consequently, the highest concentration of hot spots indicating the highest housing exchange was observed in the northern and central parts of the 10th district of Tehran.

In recent years, the housing sector of Iran as a developing country has experienced significant fluctuations, resulting in widespread adverse effects on households, other economic sectors, and even the banking system. Consequently, the impact of monetary policy on the performance of housing market has become a primary concern for policymakers, necessitating appropriate responses from monetary and financial authorities due to the sector's pivotal role in the country. Housing and its market have been the subject of extensive urban studies, particularly in urban economics, over the past 4 decades. The municipality of District 10 of Tehran has undergone rapid physical and economic expansion in the last two decades accompanied by increased investment in construction. Urban management initiatives have further exacerbated this situation, leading to unbalanced spatial developments at the regional level. Weaknesses in the housing sector within the municipality of the 10th district of Tehran include the housing supply-demand gap, particularly among low-income groups, a high number of households requiring assistance, a low proportion of durable residential units, a high prevalence of non-professional constructions, and the greater profitability of land transactions compared to housing construction. Additionally, there has been a surge in trading activities, a disproportionate increase in land prices compared to construction, and an intensified expansion in recent years. Therefore, this research conducted a spatial analysis of urban housing exchange values over a 1-year period (2022). By examining the spatial analysis of housing prices and exchange values, variations in income, culture, urban infrastructures, and perceived social and environmental comfort across different areas and localities could be observed. Consequently, the findings of this study could offer valuable insights for urban planners, managers, and housing investors. 

This study was applied in its purpose and employed a descriptive-analytical method using a quantitative approach. Multivariable regression analysis was utilized to explore the relationship between factors influencing the exchange value of housing from both consumer and producer perspectives, identifying key determinants affecting housing prices. The research findings were presented through descriptive tables, explanatory tables, and numerous maps created by the researcher. The results highlighted the components and factors with the greatest and least impact on the land and housing market in the neighborhoods of District 10 of Tehran. The study drew on documentary sources, statistical data, censuses, official information from relevant organizations, internal and external information databases, as well as comprehensive and detailed urban development maps and plans to collect theoretical foundations and extract data. Given the significance of direct observation in geographical research, the researchers’ observational method and familiarity with the study area served as the primary research tools supplemented by a researcher-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire primarily focused on gathering land and housing prices from real estate consultants for 2022. The research methodology integrated both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The theoretical framework was developed based on the subject under study and the study employed statistical description and analysis, image processing, and analysis using spatial databases and geographic information systems. Additionally, Excel, SPSS, and ArcGIS software were utilized for data preparation and processing. 

One of the most notable and distinctive aspects of this study in comparison to others was the spatial analysis of housing prices in District 10. This involved the integration of geographic information system software and quantitative models, such as hot and cold spot models, Moran, Vansim, and vector map conversion to raster. These were recalculated at the level of study units (statistical blocks of the 10th district of Tehran) revealing the spatial analysis of independent (economic, social, and physical) variables. Despite the highest density of apartment buildings being in the neighborhoods of Hashemi, South Karun, South Salisbil, and North Salisbil in Tehran's 10th district, it appeared that the value of multi-story buildings in the neighborhood of South Zanjan was more influenced by land prices, household income, and employment rates. Three spatial autocorrelation patterns (clustered, scattered, and random) were observed with Moran's coefficient indicating a clustered pattern in relation to the price of villa buildings at the level of North Salisbil, South Karun, and South Karun localities. The economic factors influencing housing prices in 2022 at the level of residential blocks in Tehran's 10th district included land prices, household income, mortgages, and rents. The regression analysis conducted in Excel software revealed a 0.64% correlation between economic indicators and housing prices. The highest correlation between socio-cultural indicators and housing prices in the southern areas of Tehran's 10th district was observed in Imam Khomeini, Hashemi, Karoun, and Kimel streets, the beginning of Nematullah Shah Parori Street, and the end of Malik Ashtar Street. According to Moran's spatial autocorrelation model, the coefficient for the correlation of the indicators of access to uses and services and housing prices was 0.050658%. The highest correlation to all factors was observed in District 10 (north of the region) corresponding to Karun and North Salisbil localities. Access to urban services, military uses, and facilities like airport had led to a significant decrease in prices, while access to commercial, medical, and educational centers had a positive effect on increasing housing prices. 

Housing stands as a fundamental necessity within any society and fluctuations within this sector exert a profound impact on the broader economy. Therefore, precise forecasting of housing prices holds significant importance for homeowners, investors, and other stakeholders in the housing sector. The presence of a reliable method for predicting housing prices can enhance efficiency of the housing market. The surge in urban population over recent decades coupled with limited access to resources, services, and essential infrastructure has transformed housing into a scarce and invaluable commodity. The housing predicament is a consequence of the industrial revolution and subsequent developments leading to a detachment of its exchange value from its consumption value. Its significance has continued to escalate across diverse societies. This study leveraged spatial descriptions and analyses available in geographic information systems (ArcGIS software) complemented by statistical analyses conducted using Excel and SPSS software.