جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کشاورزی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Climate change may cause severe droughts with heavy economic-social damages; In addition, vulnerability assessment is the first step in the field of risk management and increasing the ability of farmers against drought, so the purpose of this study is to assess the regional vulnerability of Sistan and Baluchistan and provide appropriate strategies to reduce vulnerability to drought. In this article, biophysical and socio-economic indicators were used to measure vulnerability to drought risk and its three components (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity); The results showed that the cities of Chabahar (2) and Khash (1.79) are more vulnerable to drought. In addition, this study showed that vulnerability to drought is related to the social and economic development of the region. In general, places with the highest level of exposure, in the overall index, experienced the most vulnerability, also, places with high adaptive capacity were not necessarily less sensitive to drought.

Agriculture has a fundamental and decisive role in the fate of the rural society of Iran, and it cannot be expected to achieve rural development without having a stable and logical solution for agriculture. The statistical population of this research is all the people of Gomand village in Haris city, there are 891 people, equivalent to 251 households. The results showed that among the strengths, boom of livestock activities and production of dairy products due to having rich pastures around the village with a weight equal to 4.40 and relatively suitable topography and easy access to the main roads and Tabriz-Ahar road with a weight equal to 4.36 are the most important strengths, and among the weaknesses, weakness of people's participation With a weight of 4.74, and the low income level of the villagers With a weight equal to 4.52 are the most important weaknesses point for sustainable rural development in Gomand village was recognized from the farmers' point of view. Also, among the opportunities, non-agricultural employment opportunities in the village with a weight of 4.54, and The existence of a committed and efficient villager and Islamic council in the village with a weight of 4.48 are the most important opportunities, and among the threats, the lack of job opportunities in the village and the migration of young people from the village to obtain more income. With a weight of 4.70, and Instability of laws and policies of the country with a weight of 4.62 are the most important threats to sustainable rural development in Gomand village was recognized from the farmers' point of view. The results of the evaluation matrices of internal and external factors showed that according to the overall final score obtained for internal and external factors, the sustainable development strategies of Gomand village are revision strategies.

The emission of greenhouse gases is the main cause of global warming and environmental problems. The agricultural sector is one of the major sources of emissions so one-third of the greenhouse gas emissions in the world are related to agricultural systems. Today, forecasting is considered an important planning tool for policymakers. Forecasting the amount of greenhouse gas emissions can show a picture of the future for policymakers and help them in making strategic decisions. There are various methods for predicting variables. This study aims to compare the methods of forecasting and the emission trend of the most important greenhouse gases (methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide) from Iran's agricultural sector. The necessary statistics and information were collected annually between 1990 and 2019 from the websites of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Bank, and the energy balance sheet of the Ministry of Energy, and to predict the variables from univariate methods of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), single exponential smoothing with trend, double exponential smoothing with trend, Holt-Winters multiplicative and Holt-Winters additive and multivariate model of vector autoregressive were used. Based on the research findings, methods of Holt-Winters additive, artificial neural network, and single exponential smoothing with trend provided the best forecast for methane gas, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide, respectively. The results showed that the emission trend of methane and nitrogen oxide gases will be downward and the amount of carbon dioxide emission will be upward. The results can help predict the greenhouse gases released from the agricultural sector and apply appropriate policies accordingly.

The population of South Khorasan Province is a village that has experienced severe weather events in the last two decades, this part of the population is vulnerable due to significant dependence on climate change. Agriculture as the most important climate-sensitive livelihood option in rural areas of the province is the main source of local economy, so this population in recent years as environmental and climatic migrants have created the main body of peripheral areas, especially in the city of Birjand. In order to discover the dimensions of vulnerability in suburban areas, 20 quantitative biophysical, social and economic indicators were used. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to analyze data. The results of this study showed that the current socio-economic conditions and increasing environmental pressure as a result of human-environmental interactions are the main causes of vulnerability in most peripherals of Birjand, which have different capacities based on the degree of vulnerability to climate change. Peripherals areas located in the west and southwest of Birjand, including Chekond, Hajiabad, Kalateh Ghaeni, have the highest vulnerability to the consequences of climate change. The results of this study can be used to decide on the selection of strategies for adaptation to climate change in the metropolitan areas of Birjand based on the vulnerability of these areas for managers and planners

The agricultural sector is one of the main pillars of a country's economy to such an extent that in the vision document, the very heavy task of food security and helping to preserve the environment is assigned to the agricultural sector. Most of the conducted research has considered natural factors to measure agricultural qualities; in this research, an attempt was made to measure agricultural capabilities with two ecological models, such as measuring agricultural capabilities with natural qualities and a land preparation model with a view more comprehensive. In addition to natural criteria, it also considers human characteristics. For this reason, by using models of land use, which consists of measuring the power of a region or region, or in other words, the land, along with paying attention to the population living in the region, to reach a balance, the capabilities of any part of the earth can be measured, and anywhere on the earth is proportional to the capabilities of the land natural and human-provided facilities.  After the era of hunting and barbarism, the early man thought of a better life outside the hunting era, where he could continue his life without the troubles and dangers of the hunting era. It was there that they started agriculture by planting in the early era. The first period has passed primitive agriculture, the same as traditional agriculture. Due to the small number of early humans and less use of such a capability, the issue of land development should have been considered. Gradually, with the increase in human population, more and more limited lands were cultivated. On the one hand, numerous hectares were under construction, and on the other hand, the importance of paying attention to these limited-quality lands has increased. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, one of the deprived provinces, rely on an agriculture-based economy and are no exception. Evaluation of the ecological potential means that the land in question is capable of what type of use, such as agriculture, forestry, residential, industrial, etc. Considering the world's increasing population and the increasing pressure on land resources, it requires using technology such as geographic information systems as one of the analytical models to help identify areas in the most suitable sustainable agricultural production communities for food supply, according to environmentalists.

The study area is Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. According to the census of Statistical Centre in 2013 has an area of ​​15,504.073 square kilometers, seven cities, a population of 658,629 people, and an average annual growth rate of 0.76%. The research is of an applied type, the method of collecting library information and referring to Statistical Center's website and to Itis different organizations. In terms of practical nature, the method is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose; firstly, based on the criteria of the Makhdoom model, natural factors such as slope, direction, water level, climate, depth, texture, fertility, soil structure, and human factors that the authors of the model definition. The opinion placed in the geographic information system environment of the agricultural situation of the province has been evaluated. Finally, two models have been evaluated in ARDES software.

In this research, an attempt was made to measure the agricultural capabilities of the province with an ecological model, which consists of measuring the agricultural capabilities only with natural criteria, and a model based on land use, which has a more comprehensive view. In addition to natural criteria, it also includes human criteria. The method of collecting library information and referring to different institutions, in terms of practical nature, is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose. To measure the agricultural capability of the province based on the ecological model, only natural criteria slope percentage, slope direction, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and weather, according to Mr. Makhdoom model in the geographic system environment is combined and after betting, the final map of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province is divided into seven layers; and the next stage is the agricultural capability of the province, based on the land use model, natural criteria include the percentage of slope, the direction of slope, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and weather and human criteria include roads access, population, unemployment, poverty, protected areas, and rural areas are combined after evaluation by experts in this field in the environment of the geographic information system, and after betting, they are divided into three categories.

The agricultural potential of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province has been evaluated based on the criteria of the Makhdoom model, natural factors such as slope, direction, water level, rain, climate, depth, texture, fertility, soil drainage using the ecological power model, and the next stage is the agricultural capability of the province based on land use model, natural criteria include the percentage of slope, direction of slope, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and climate and human criteria: access roads, population, unemployment, poverty protected areas, and rural areas are combined after evaluation by experts in this field in the geographic information system environment. Using ARDES software and adapting the maps made, considering the existing situation of Google Earth, the results indicate that the assessment of the agricultural capabilities of the province based on the land use model (which number is 87.62 according to the 400 points that have been determined) lead to more realistic results than the ecological model which is 73.58 according to the 400 points that have been specified.

In today's era, there is a growing trend in the exploitation of concepts related to tourism, especially in the field of agricultural tourism. The main goal of these efforts has been to create world-class and domestic attraction for tourists to be used for various political, economic and social purposes. The upcoming article has identified the factors affecting the sustainability of agricultural tourism and provided suitable solutions for its development with a hybrid approach. Using Sandelowski and Barroso's seven-step Meta-Synthesis method, a comprehensive review was conducted on all scientific-research and scientific-progressive articles indexed in domestic and foreign databases. In this research, an effort was made to review the published research until 2021, and as a result of this search, 110 articles were found with the approach of agricultural tourism and the factors affecting its sustainability, and after screening, the number of initial articles was reduced to 40 articles, suitable for coding and analysis. it placed. The findings of this research showed that the factors affecting the sustainability of agricultural tourism can be affected by several factors, and in this context, seven categories that can affect this matter more than other factors were discussed. These categories include institutional factors; infrastructure; educational; semantic and perceptual; environment and aesthetics; functional-structural and finally cultural factors. Also, the results of this study can be used by policy makers and planners of tourism, agriculture and entrepreneurship sectors.

Agricultura sector due to extensive interaction with the environment, the agriculture receives the greatest impact from climate change and threatens rural communities depending on agriculture activity with serious risks. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of climate change on agriculture and to choose adaptation strategies in Najafabad. The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical and the data was prepared by field work and a questionnaire. The statistical population is Najafabad Farmers. The sample size is 300 farmers who were selected through Cochran's formula in the simple random. The main tool of the research was a questionnaire, the validity and reliability of were confirmed by experts with Cronbach's alpha 0/760. The analysis of the collected data was done with statistical methods and SPSS software. Results showed that farmers are aware of the increase in drought and the decrease in precipitation and the weather getting warmer. For 51% of farmers, crop diversity is one of the adaptation strategies. Almost 53% of farmers believe that the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increases the capacity to adapt to climate change. 66% of farmers have chosen advanced irrigation systems to deal with climate change. The results of logistic regression showed that the variables of gender, awareness of climate change, information received from extension service offices and adaptation to climate change play an important and decisive role in the production of agricultural products. Three regression models as agricultural product, unemployment and food shortage were compiled all of which were significant.

What is perceived as a fundamental gap in Iran's agricultural development and following it in West Azerbaijan province is a lack of recognition and awareness of the potential of border areas in agriculture, which requires special attention. The main goal of this research is to investigate the role of the agricultural sector in the development of border towns in West Azerbaijan Province. The criteria that have been evaluated in this research include the area under cultivation of crops, the production of crops, the area under cultivation of garden crops, the production of garden crops, and the area under cultivation of greenhouse crops. The research data was collected from the statistical yearbook of the Statistics Center in 2019. The analysis of the collected data has been carried out quantitatively and through the VIKOR decision-making model, and finally, using GIS software, the stratification of the cities of West Azerbaijan province was displayed for the spatial analysis of agricultural development in the province. The results of this research show that based on the ranking of the border cities of West Azerbaijan province, Urmia City is in first place, Salmas City is in second place, Piranshahr is in third place, Khoi is in fourth place, Oshnavieh is in the fifth place, Sardasht is ranked sixth, Chalderan is ranked seventh, and Mako is ranked eighth. The status of leveling and clustering of the development of the agricultural sector of the border counties of West Azerbaijan province shows that Urmia city is in developed clustering, Salmas city is in semi-developed clustering, Piranshahr and Khoi cities are in relatively deprived clustering, and finally, Oshnavieh, Sardasht, Chalderan and Mako cities are in the deprived clustering.

The lack of optimal management of water resources as the main input of the agricultural sector is a major challenge on the way to realizing sustainable agriculture in the political geography of Iran.Various solutions have been proposed for this serious challenge, all of which go back to reforming the governance process in water resources management in Iran.Based on this, the aim of the current research is to investigate the challenges of water governance in the agricultural sector of Iran.The present research method is a qualitative and quantitative combined method in solving the problem.The statistical population includes experts and experts in the issue of water governance in the agricultural sector, who were selected through non-probability sampling in a targeted manner. 90 researcher-made questionnaires, which were the result of face-to-face interviews with 7 experts in the field of water governance in the agricultural sector of the country, were distributed among the studied community, and after collecting them, 83 questionnaires were analyzed.The collected data were analyzed in two parts of descriptive statistics (prevalence, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (exploratory factor analysis) with Spss-14 software.Based on the results of the research, the challenges of water governance in Iran's agricultural sector were summarized in six factors that explained 60.35% of the total variance. Social challenges contributed the most (25.63) and natural and human challenges contributed the least (4.46) in explaining the variance of the variables under investigation.Also, considering the participatory nature of governance and the results of this research on social challenges, it was suggested that the roles and powers of the actors involved in water governance should be carefully determined and the capacity building of the stakeholders should be seriously put on the agenda.

Sustainable land management is considered a sustainable way to combat the threat of various forms of land destruction and erosion. However, there is little information on the factors affecting the household's decision to implement sustainable land management practices. In the present study, the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management practices by rural households applied in Sib and Souran county have been analyzed. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research is the Rural Households of the Sib and Soran area, which was selected by 230 sample formulas by random sampling method. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data and information. Descriptive statistics were used to identify sustainable management practices. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to identify the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management practices by rural households. The results of the methods used showed that in this area more basic and simple methods do not require much cost and capital. Using animal/ animal fertilizer, use of organic and green fertilizers, plowing the land for the slope of the land, creating an empty and rocky dam at the top of the land, and creating earthy seals and the most important sustainable management methods in the Sib and Souran area. The results of the structural equation model factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management methods by rural households also showed that the properties of agricultural farms with a coefficient of 0.79 had the most impact on the implementation of sustainable land management practices in the Sib and Soran area. The factor of Agricultural Ecology Properties with an Impact Coincision of 0.73, Organizational Support and Infrastructure Factor with an Impact Coincision of 0.69, Household Properties of 0.68, and Social and Economic Properties Factor with an Impact of 0.65, are subsequent.

The study area of the present study is Sib and Souran county in Sistan and Baluchestan province. In the county of Sib and Souran, the income and livelihood of many rural households is dependent on land. Due to the drought and lack of water in the area, the lack of sufficient nutrient supply, and the reduction of soil organic matter, causes soil erosion, which can affect the quality of agriculture and consequently affect the income of farmers. As a result, the use of sustainable land management practices can reduce soil erosion and thus increase the efficiency of agricultural products, which is essential for rural development in this area. One of the necessities for the use of sustainable land management is to identify the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management practices. To increase sustainable agricultural productivity, a good understanding of the causes and factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management methods from the first and most important forecasts to use sustainable land management practices and beneficiaries is resources. Therefore, in the present study, the present study examines the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management practices by rural households in the Sib and Souran area.

The present study has been part of applied research. In terms of collection/ collection of research information and data, research is a type of research and research. In terms of research methods, it also includes descriptive-analytical methods. The theoretical foundations and literature of the research have been developed and presented through the study of the library. The data collection and field data collection tool has also been a freelance researcher and interview. The statistical population of this study has been farmers in the area and city of Sib and Soran in Sistan and Baluchestan province. To specify the research samples, a simple random sampling method was selected using the Cochran formula. Accordingly, 230 samples were selected. Descriptive statistics and structural equation models (SEM) and Amos graphics software were used to analyze information and investigate sustainable land management practices. The validity of the questionnaire is measured using content validity. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to evaluate the reliability of the measurement tool.

The results of the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management methods showed that all 5 factors can have an impact on the implementation of sustainable land management as a hidden factor. In the meantime, the agent of farms and properties of agricultural fields and land with a factor load of 0.79 has had the most impact on the implementation of sustainable land management practices. Characteristics of Agricultural Land Ecology with a Factor and Coincision of 0.73, Organizational Support and Infrastructure with a Factor Coefficient and Coefficient of 0.69, Factor Household Characteristics and Coefficient of 0.68, Social and Economic Characteristics The factor load and the coefficient of 0.65 are subsequent. Standard estimates of the factors affecting the implementation of sustainable land management methods showed that the properties of agricultural farms and the direct impact of 0.79 had the most impact on the implementation of sustainable land management practices in the county of Sib and Souran. The results of indirect effects and non-standard estimates Model Factors Affecting Sustainable Land Management methods showed that out of 25 micro-variables (index), most indirect effects related to variables such as experience and native farmers' knowledge, number of family/ family workforce, Type of ownership, credit and banking access, soil fertility and land slope, cash money; Capital and farmers' income and costs have been the implementation of management practices.

The results of the methods used showed that in this area more basic and simple methods do not require much cost and capital. Using animal/ animal fertilizer, use of organic and green fertilizers, plowing the land for the slope of the land, creating an empty and rocky dam at the top of the land, and creating earthy seals and the most important sustainable management methods applied in the Sib and Souran county. The results of the structural equations model also showed that the factors of agricultural farms had the most impact on the implementation of sustainable land management practices in the Sib and Souran area. The factor of agricultural ecology properties, the cause of organizational support and infrastructure, the factor of household characteristics, and the factor of social and economic characteristics have been subsequent.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in evapotranspiration and to predict the agricultural sector in the northern part of Zahedan station, the central part of Iranshahr station and the southern part of Chabahar station, taking into account climate change. Also, the effect of management on planting date on reducing the negative effects of this phenomenon was investigated.After testing the LARS-WG model, the climatic components in three meteorological stations of Zahedan, Iranshahr, Chabahar and under three scenarios A2, A1B and B1 in HadCM3 model until 2060 with the base period of 1987-2020 were scaled. Based on the root mean square error statistics and model efficiency coefficient, the LARS - WG model had sufficient capability in simulating minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation parameters.  Significant increase in temperature reduces the length of the growing period in different stages between one to 20 days, which will reduce the water requirement of wheat between 4.45-0.05.  Although postponing the planting time intensifies the effect of climate change and reduces the length of the growing season by 10 to 23 days, it will increase the water requirement between 1.29 and 774 cubic meters per hectare.  Due to these climatic conditions for future periods, farmers are not able to control the climatic conditions, but proper management and change in factors such as crop yield and optimization of cultivation pattern in accordance with the climate of the region and awareness of current and future climatic conditions.  It can play an important role in reducing the harmful effects of climate change on the growth and yield of agricultural products and sustainable food production, and comprehensive planning and resource management is an important step towards sustainable development.

An area of 632,112 square meters is reserved for residential use, which is equivalent to % 50.16 of the entire area of the city. According to the population of 1395, which is estimated at 7,465 people, it is 84 square meters per person, which is 34 square meters more than the maximum per person approved for cities with less than 20,000 people (which is equal to 60 square meters). The usable residential area of 195,912 square meters is more than the desired area and indicates that there is no deficit of housing in Kalvanaq. With the forecast of 8718 people for the 1408 year, the number of residential units needed in the current situation for the city of Kalvanaq is equal to 409 units. Considering that there are about 29 hectares of cacant and small-scale land within the confine city, of which% 60 of this use will be allocated to housing in the proposed plan, the deficit of housing in the city of Kalvanaq will be solved publicly; But the lack of legal transparency and the existence of various clauses and notes about the change of land use, has caused the development of the city to take place more by destroying agricultural lands. The research is applied in terms of type and in terms of essence and method combined, using the facilities that existed in the FUZZY function of IDRISI Kilimanjaro, it was used to standardize maps, which aims to protect agricultural lands. and a garden has been done outside the confine city. The results show the capabilities of the Gis system in using prominent elements and indicators of the country in zoning the susceptible (arid) areas of the confine city for future urban expansion so as to cause the least damage to agricultural and garden lands.

Statistical detection is a method to reveal significant changes that cannot be attributed to natural variations. The agricultural sector heavily relies on climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation, thus demonstrating a higher degree of responsiveness to climate change with increased intensity and speed. Climate change can also influence the cropping patterns and agriculture of a region over a long period. To enhance the quantity and quality of agricultural production in Golestan Province, it is necessary to study the climatic background and precipitation and temperature regimes over a long period (at least 25 years) to examine the trend of changes. Therefore, the Mondal and Papadakis methods were utilized on statistical data from meteorological stations in the province to obtain suitable winter and summer cropping types for Golestan Province. The climatic data used in this research includes monthly average minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures, monthly average absolute minimum and maximum temperatures, and annual average temperature and precipitation from 9 meteorological stations in Golestan Province within the time range of 1990-2018, obtained from the National Meteorological Organization. The results of statistical analysis showed no significant changes in the cropping pattern of the region during the study period (1990-2017), which can be justified by the defined temperature thresholds of the Papadakis model. For instance, the dominant winter cropping pattern was dual-headed barley, which requires the average maximum temperature of the coldest month to be above 10 degrees Celsius, a threshold observed in the region during the statistical period, thus indicating the continued cultivation of this crop in the future. Additionally, the prevalence of maximum temperatures above 20 and 25 degrees Celsius in the region and the prolonged absence of frost during the season are reasons for the stability of dominant summer cropping types in this province.

The peasant exploitation system is an undeniable fact in the rural economy of Iran. Many rural families’ incomes are based on this agricultural system. Despite many problems, peasant farmers are considered as the most important factor for achieving agricultural and rural developments due to their knowledge of the countryside and agriculture. In this research, we studied the problems and challenges of peasant farmers in Zanjan Province. This research was an applied one in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in nature. The data required for the research were collected by using a survey method (questionnaire, interview, and observation). The statistical population of this study included 40 villages from 8 cities with peasant cultivation. Finally, 340 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the rural households by using Cochran's formula and the exploratory factor analysis was used for analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire research questionnaire was obtained to be 873., which confirmed its overall reliability. The results of factor analysis showed that the 5 economic, managerial, infrastructure-environmental, social and local community factors were finally able to explain 66% of the variance of the rural farmers’ challenges. In the above-mentioned factors, farmers’ low incomes from cultivation (773.), lack of timely and appropriate government support of the farmers (715.), destruction and change of using orchards and agricultural lands (746.), the farmers’ lack of self-confidence and skills (695.), and low quality and dispersion of agricultural lands (609.) were the most important and influential challenges for the agricultural operators, respectively. Based on the results, it could be said that most of the challenges and rural problems in Zanjan Province could be solved with principled management and purposeful and practical planning.

In today's era, the field of creativity and innovation is to produce new services and products, based on this, entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as an important factor for creating change and transformation towards sustainable products and processes.Therefore, paying attention to the capabilities of sustainability and creating a positive attitude as well as using sustainable entrepreneurship can help agricultural activities.The purpose of this research is to explain the impact of the livability of rural settlements in Javadabad district of Varamin city on sustainable entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector.The current quantitative and applied research has been carried out in a survey form and in terms of methodology with a combination of descriptive-analytical methods.The main research tool for data collection is the researcher's questionnaire.The results of the research showed that according to the Pearson correlation test, the economic and environmental dimensions of livability have a positive and significant relationship with the intention of sustainable agricultural entrepreneurship.Also, the viability of rural settlements has a positive and significant relationship with the intention of sustainable agricultural entrepreneurship.The multiple regression model using the combined method was able to explain 0.235% of the changes in the dependent variable. Clarifying the impact of viability on sustainable agricultural entrepreneurship and localization of agricultural sustainability entrepreneurship indicators of the Global Entrepreneurship Development Institute in the scope of studies is the innovation of the present research.

Nowaday, there are wide applications for satellite images in agriculture monitoring and management. According to high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution of Sentinel-2 images, we used them for precise agriculture in Qorveh country. Proposed methd consist of five step: firstly, multi-temporal images are collected based on agriculture calender of crops. Then feature space is generated based on spectral reflectance and vegetation indices which consists of 70 features. According to high dimensionality of feature space, principle component analysis is applied to reduce its dimension. Four power classifiers include support vector machine, k-nearest neighbour, multi-layer perceptron and random forests classify the reduced spectral feature space. On the other hand, spatial information are extracted from multi-temporal multispectral images. For this pupose, strandard deviation (STD) maps are generated for red, NIR and SWIR bands of each epoch. Then, by averaging the STD maps, final STD map is obtained. Edge detection is performed on STD map and it improves by removing small lines, smoothing, thining, etc. Finally, crop mapping is done by fusion of four classification maps and agriculture farm boundaries. The obtained results show that classification accuracy of k-nearest neighbour, support vector machine, multi-layer perceptron and random forest classifiers are 77.78%, 79,16%, 76.41% and 76.89%, respectively. The overall accuracy of the proposed method improve up to 94.72% which proves high potential of the proposed method.

The coronavirus epidemic is first and foremost a great human catastrophe. The Covid-19 virus has many economic consequences and has affected almost every country in the world, so it is expected that the global economy will pass 2020 with a significant recession. Meanwhile, Iran, like many other countries, is embroiled in this global pandemic and is suffering as a result of the economic consequences. This necessity led to the economic consequences of this disease on rural areas. Due to the prevalence of this disease in the world and in Iran, this study was conducted to investigate the economic consequences of coronavirus in rural areas, which in terms of purpose is part of applied research and is descriptive based on the nature and method of research. The statistical population is all the villages of the country. The required information has been collected through the library method and a collection of articles and Internet resources. The results show that the corona has an impact on the supply chain, supply and demand, labor supply, consumption of goods and services, and especially by reducing the income of consumers and producers of agricultural products, tourism, and handicrafts in the short and long term. Rising unemployment and inflation, shortage of labor for farms, the difficulty of delivering products to the market and its waste affect the rural economy.

Since food security is an indicator of health at the household and individual levels and food insecurity can be a predictor of developmental, health, and nutritional problems, it is necessary to determine its related factors in any society. It is one of the phenomena affecting all economic, social, and political dimensions. The concept of food security is very broad and is defined by the interaction of a range of biological, economic, social, agricultural, and physical factors. Understanding the food security situation of each region can make planning more efficient with more promising results. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the zone of food security in the rural areas of the two cities of Heris and Bostanabad. This was an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in terms of methodology. In this study, 22 agricultural indices derived from the results of the 2014 General Agricultural Census were used and the outputs were classified into very good, good, medium, poor, and very poor categories. The information was gained through Fuzzy Logic and Shanon Entropy methods. The research findings indicated that out of 293 rural areas studied, 8 (2.73%), 22 (7.51%), 50 (17.06%), 110 (37.54%), and 103 (35.15%) villages were in very good, good, moderate, poor, and very poor conditions, respectively. Overall, from the agricultural perspective, food security was in a dangerous situation in 72.70% of the villages in the study areas and required the officials’ special attention, especially in the area of sustainable development of agricultural sector.

Given the source of water inflows to Sistan in Afghanistan, water scarcity is one of the main factors limiting the development of agricultural activities in the region. Recent droughts have led to the drying up of vital arteries and the destruction of productive bases in the region. In this regard, the irrigation project of 46,000 hectares of agricultural land in Sistan in order to transfer current floods from Afghanistan to natural pits known Chah-nime and the possibility of proper use of these floods for development Agriculture and sustainability of the region were approved and implemented. Therefore, in this study, while analyzing the satisfaction of villagers with the project of piped water supply from wells to agricultural lands, the level of satisfaction of villagers in relation to the technical-executive and social indicators of the national project of 46,000 hectares of water transfer The agricultural lands of Sistan plain should be explored. The results of village leveling based on the WasPas model show that 35% of villages have low satisfaction, 45% moderate and 20% of villages have high satisfaction with the implementation of the plan. The situation of the movement of villagers' satisfaction in the area in terms of space is such that the satisfaction of the villages increases from east to west and south. In other words, the residents of the villages located near the Hamoun International Dry Wetland are more satisfied with the implementation of the water supply pipeline project. Based on other research findings, the components of theft and structural quality with the amount of 0.319 and 0.251, respectively, the most impact and the components of intelligence and compliance with technical requirements and design of lines and location of ponds with the amount of 0.155 and 0.157, respectivelyhas the least net effect on villagers' satisfaction with the implementation of the 46,000-hectare irrigation project on agricultural lands.