گردشگری

Heritage concepts with an emphasis on identity reflect the material and non-material lives of societies. Therefore, expanding the scope of tourism, as a field of study, reflects an increasing role in the protection of heritage in parallel with the documentation of museums. In the meantime, the tourism industry's development in the heritage field and economic growth are concerned with protecting cultural resources.

Thus, investigating the synergy of the tourism industry and intangible heritage will prevent the orientation of passive criteria. Therefore, the present study, to answer the question "What is the synergy effect of intangible heritage and tourism industry on sustainable development?", extracted the development criteria in the House of Museums of the World Heritage Protected Area of Tabriz Historical Bazaar, to explain the insights in acknowledging the relationship between these two articles, from library studies and historical documents approved by experts and specialists of the Cultural Heritage Organization of West Azerbaijan Province. Also, in terms of answering the question "How important are the tourists' experiences of the Tabriz Museum House in the development of tourism?", to measure the visitors' satisfaction with the quality of the infrastructure and resources available in the 8 houses of the museum in the historical area of the case study, structured questionnaires were distributed among 78 tourists on a five-point Likert scale.

In the integration of the extracted components and analysis of SPSS software with T-test, it was found that if the managers and stakeholders in the field of cultural heritage have a combined attitude towards the synergistic categories of tourism industry and intangible heritage, the procedure of conservation and transfer of intangible cultural heritage in the houses of museums in the study area will be improved.

The coronavirus pandemic has brought many challenges to countries around the world, and the tourism industry has not been left out. To address these challenges in the tourism industry, recovery and adaptation measures are a topic that requires more attention. The aim of the present study is to examine the measures to revive and recover urban and rural tourism in the post-corona era. The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and its method is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The data and information collection tool is exploratory and in-depth interviews. The statistical population of the study is experts and specialists in the field of tourism, who conducted 50 in-depth interviews using non-probability sampling and purposefully. The qualitative method of grand theory, Strauss and Corbin method, was used to analyze the information. According to the experts, 32 concepts were identified for the revival and recovery of urban and rural tourism in the post-corona era; of these 32 indicators, 6 indicators were related to rural tourism, 6 measures to urban tourism, and 20 indicators to tourism of both urban and rural destinations. The effect of 2 indicators was also described as insignificant. The results showed that; compensation for tourism losses, prevention and control of the coronavirus pandemic, smart tourism, tax exemption and subsidy, revival of the tourism market, construction of quality tourism places, safety of accommodation and hospitality, improvement of health facilities, ensuring the safety of international tourism, restoring the trust of travelers, providing clear information to travelers, strengthening cooperation within and between countries, are the most important measures for the revival and recovery of urban and rural tourism. The results of this research can also be used to revive and recover urban and rural tourism in the post-corona era in other parts of the country.

Cultural-heritage tourism is important in representing the identity of its society as a distinctive aspect of the culture of any society. Visitors' dissatisfaction with the infrastructure disrupts the nature of the heritage. Therefore, paying attention to the category of tourism infrastructure to promote awareness, provides one of the effective grounds for the development of cultural-heritage tourism. The Takht-e-Soleiman World Heritage Complex welcomes domestic and foreign tourists every year due to its luxurious capital located in the city of Takab in West Azerbaijan province, but it is centralized in terms of the quality of tourism infrastructure.

The present study seeks to answer the question "What are the indicators of the quality of infrastructure in the field of heritage cultural tourism?" It deals with the role of infrastructure. Also, the answer to the question "From the tourists' point of view, what is the quality status of each of the cultural-heritage tourism infrastructures in the Takht-e-Soleiman World Heritage Area?" was investigated in explaining the achievement of the principles of tourism development in this valuable complex. The research method was analyzed as a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) applied type using structured questions in a five-point Likert format in SPSS software and 57 internal and external variables of 7 levels were identified to investigate the problems in the quality of infrastructure.

The results showed that most of the points of collision and interference happened in the marginal parking area of ​​commercial-service uses and with the area of ​​influence from the whole city that has not even provided the minimum parking area specified in the approved detailed plan of this city. Therefore, for any request for creation, development, or change of land use, its traffic impacts must be checked in addition to complying with the established principles and criteria.

Historical sites and buildings are considered to be among the most important urban spaces that can play a significant role in sustainable urban development. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the role of historical buildings in urban tourism.

To collect data, library resources were used to write an introduction and semi-structured interviews were conducted in two stages to achieve research indicators. In the first interview, the experts were asked to introduce the main actors and important goals related to the research objective. In the next stage, after forming the actor-actor matrix and the actor-goal matrix, they were provided to the experts and they were asked to complete the aforementioned matrices according to the guidelines. After collecting data related to the actors and targets affecting the research objective, actor-actor and actor-target matrices were formed and then provided to the experts in Word format. They were asked to indicate the actors' effects on each other with the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, where 0 indicates no effect and 4 indicates the most effect. Then, they were asked to indicate the actors' level of agreement and disagreement with the goals through the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, and -4, where 0 indicates no opinion, 4 indicates the most agreement, and -4 indicates the most disagreement. After entering the experts' opinions into the MACTOR software, analyses related to the desired topics, such as the most influential actors and other required items, were conducted, and the results obtained were used in the present study.

The results showed that the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department and the Islamic City Councils were recognized as the most influential and competitive tourism actors and experts, and tourism and travel service companies were recognized as the most impressive actors. Also, installing advertising banners on historical buildings throughout the city was identified as the most important goal by the actors. In general, it can be stated that decisions made in the Department of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Islamic City Councils, and municipalities have the greatest impact on the planning process for a better role for historical monuments and sites in urban tourism, as well as the performance of other actors related to the aforementioned process. Therefore, the three mentioned bodies must put specialized decisions on their agenda that are in line with the conditions of the region in question, so that these decisions serve as a bridge of communication and a guide for other actors in carrying out their roles. Also, history experts, archaeologists, urban planners, urban tourism experts, and tourism and travel service companies, as other players in the planning process, must strengthen their connections and make consistent decisions so that these decisions complement each other and prevent obstacles and problems from occurring.

Contemporary urban planning in many developed cities faces challenges in fostering children's social development. For the sustainable development of Bandar Abbas, it is crucial to consider the creation of urban environments that facilitate and encourage children's social interaction. The child tourist is an inspiration to the world of tourism, a missing link that has received less attention. Tourism, by exposing children to experiences beyond their everyday lives, offers significant opportunities for cognitive development, fostering learning and potentially exceeding the educational impact of parental guidance. These novel experiences can have profound and lasting effects on a child's understanding of the world. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the indicators of tourism development in regional development with an emphasis on a child-friendly environment, a case study of the city of Bandar Abbas. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this study is 200 seventh-grade students (first secondary school in Bandar Abbas), one hundred of whom are girls and one hundred of whom are boys. For descriptive and inferential analysis of the data, the T-Test statistical test was used in SPSS software. The results of the T-test indicated the significance of the indicators of fatalism, social trust, and cultural capital in social mobility. This study's findings indicate a strong correlation between the future of tourism and the well-being of future generations, particularly children. Furthermore, the trend toward smaller family units underscores the increasing importance of addressing children's needs and preferences within the tourism sector. From the perspective of the statistical population, that is, children, most of the studied variables are significant. Among the tourist destinations, the sea is the priority. Tourism in desert areas is lower than the average. Regarding travel vehicles, the tendency to use buses is not approved, but personal and public vehicles such as trains and aeroplanes are approved. Regarding the season for traveling, spring is the most popular of all seasons, however, winter is not very popular. Regarding the safety and security index, having health services and related equipment and proximity to treatment centers and medical emergencies was more important than other variables and of great importance for planning tourist areas.

Two platforms are placed at the entrances of houses. Passers-by can use them to rest for a while and the residents of the house can be there during the day to socialize or to be informed about the neighborhood.The vestibule as the first interior space of the house draws a boundary between the outdoor and the indoor. The angle between the door and the hallway hides the indoor from the strangers. The yard is the first space after the vestibule. Aligned with the financial status of the proprietor, the yard can be small or large. However, its structure stays always the same. A shallow pond of water, square or rectangular sits in the middle of the yard surrounded by several small and large gardens. A bed stands out on the pond. The height of the yard wall is between three to five meters or can be more. The house is kept away from wind, dust, cold, heat, noise, and outside view. There are rooms around the yard. They come in different sizes and have a variety of uses. The room facing the sun is for winter and the hallway or room facing the sun is for summer: living room and sitting room or parlor. One has a windshield and maybe a small pond under the windshield. Closets in the corners of the house, whose uses need a separate discussion.The kitchen is generally in a space in the basement where food is stored and equipped with vents that let the smell of food go out.The underground space also has an identity and is used in summer for the storage of materials, clothes, and equipment. Sometimes it shows the path of the aqueduct ( Qanat in Persian) presenting the residents of the house with special tranquility. Qanat water outlet is both a place to supply water to the yard and house and a place to sit and rest.The physical structure of the traditional house is built in the heart of the desert, and the combination and array of its various elements gives its residents a sense of tranquility more than anything else. High and wide walls, unique landscapes of water and plants as well as quiet and cozy spaces seem to be deliberately designed to be a source of comfort. House is a peaceful environment and its components are peaceful.The space serves the peace of the people of the house, and for this reason, the house is designed to be a spot to unwind and experience matchless tranquility. The space requires people to talk more quietly and there is less movement between parts. The people of the desert have always been away from the hustle and bustle of life. That justifies such an alignment. Time even seems to move more slowly to maintain serenity.Interestingly, renovated houses can evoke the same feeling in visitors. The rare silence, the smell of clay and water and plants, the color of the wall and the door, and nature, give a different feeling and mood to tourists who have reached a house amidst the hustle and bustle of the city, where peace is a part of its identity. Those hotels and guesthouses that have been able to preserve this element in the renovation are favored by tourists.The landscape approach demands that this identity be prioritized and scrutinized from different angles. It should be determined what amalgamation of elements has caused this meaningful image and how this identity has affected other functions of the house in the sense of home. A meaningful identity that has not been lost after years, even in the physical reconstruction, but it has attracted more attention in contrast to the busy current society, and the fast rhythm of life.

Despite the value of cultural heritage and its role in facilitating cultural exchanges within the host society through tourism, the complexities inherent in the architectural dimensions, compared to other forms and products of heritage tourism, result in fewer tourists being able to fully engage with its cultural values, particularly its aesthetic perception. According to Bourdieu’s framework, cultural capital, as a key component of aesthetic tendencies, refers to the talent and ability of individuals to comprehend and evaluate artworks. This study aims to validate Bourdieu’s theory within the context of heritage tourism (architectural tourism), a subset of cultural tourism focused on cultural exchanges with the host society. It examines how the dimensions of cultural capital influence the levels of aesthetic perception of heritage (architectural) works. The research adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing a correlation method, which, due to its nature, integrates both quantitative and qualitative strategies. In the theoretical section, a qualitative content analysis method was employed to identify the dimensions of cultural capital and the levels of aesthetic perception in architecture, based on Bourdieu’s framework supported by library resources. In the field research section, a questionnaire was administered to explore the relationship between cultural capital and aesthetic perceptions of heritage (architectural) works, following the indicators outlined in the theoretical framework. The data collected from the questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling (PLS). The statistical population included tourists visiting the Blue Mosque of Tabriz, with a sample size of 140. To ensure the adequacy of the sampling, the KMO and Bartlett’s tests were employed. The goodness of fit index was used to assess the measurement model, including factor loadings, validity, and reliability of the variables, as well as the structural model, incorporating the path coefficient, effect size, and mean and standard deviation. The findings reveal a positive (direct) and relatively strong relationship between cultural capital and aesthetic perception. The significant and positive effect of cultural capital on social aesthetics (higher levels) and the significant and negative effect of cultural capital on formal aesthetics (lower levels) confirms the hierarchical nature of aesthetic perception. Furthermore, the variable of embodied and institutionalized cultural capital exhibits an insignificant and positive effect on aesthetic perception, while objectified cultural capital demonstrates a significant and negative effect on aesthetic perception.

This study aimed to investigate the key factors influencing the development of tourism in Al Muthanna Province based on sustainable development principles. The research is framed within the context of survey research. The statistical population included the experts, managers, and specialists in the urban tourism sector working in Al Muthanna Province, Iraq. A purposive sampling method was used to select 20 participants for the study. It is important to note that the content validity ratio (CVR) method was used to assess the validity of the ISM questionnaire. The results of the ISM model analysis revealed that factors such as improving the transportation system and communication infrastructure, developing amenities, enhancing the quality of services and infrastructure, and increasing social security are key dependent or influencing variables. These factors are themselves influenced by many other factors and have limited capacity to serve as the foundation for other variables. Variables such as investing in the development and modernization of information technology infrastructure, removing cultural and religious restrictions for foreign tourists, and creating leisure and entertainment centers are among the linked variables that possess high influence and power. The factors of international presence through advertising, attracting foreign investment for tourism development, and formulating short-term, medium-term, and long-term plans to increase public security are key independent variables with high influence but lower dependence.

Tourism is the third-largest industry in the world, and its interaction with the environment has exacerbated environmental issues in tourist villages, such as soil degradation, pollution, land use changes, and rising land prices. Given the close connection between villages and nature, the need to protect the environment is evident. Environmental challenges are among the social issues that are tangible and measurable. This research aims to examine the positive and negative environmental effects of tourism in the village of the historical city of Radkan. The study is descriptive, analytical, and applied in purpose, utilizing a survey-based approach through a researcher-made questionnaire designed on a Likert scale. The statistical population consisted of 300 individuals, selected as the sample size using Cochran’s formula. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software, while GIS software was employed to prepare maps. Since the indicators lacked a normal distribution, the one-sample Wilcoxon test was used for analysis. The results indicated that factors such as environmental pollution and land use changes are among the negative impacts of tourism in Radkan villages, with responses significantly deviating from the neutral value of 3, highlighting the destructive effects of these factors. Conversely, factors such as the sanitary collection of garbage and waste and the protection of nature and the surrounding environment were rated positively, with medians higher than 3, reflecting their beneficial effects as perceived by respondents. Using the Friedman non-parametric test, the ranking of environmental factors showed that “natural landscapes,” “clean air,” and “agricultural and historical attractions” were recognized as the most important positive environmental factors of tourism. Based on these findings, practical recommendations are provided to mitigate negative effects and enhance positive outcomes.

The use of ecotourism as an approach in urban tourism for sustainable development with an emphasis on environmental protection, tourist education, assistance to the local economy and citizen participation. Although the use of this approach shows contradictions within itself, the necessity of reducing the negative effects of tourism has caused attention to it in various scientific and practical dimensions.

The research method is qualitative and based on the seven-step metacombination method of Sandelowski, Barroso& Voils, which was carried out using Maxqda software.

The research method is qualitative and based on the seven-step metacombination method of Sandelowski, Barroso & Voils, which was carried out using Maxqda software.

The research results indicate that having an ecotourism approach in urban tourism in physical, managerial, cultural, social, economic and environmental categories helps the sustainability of cities.

The current research seeks to identify e-tourism strategies in the post-corona era by using the competitive intelligence approach (case study: leisure tourism sector of Kish Island). This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of research method. The statistical population of this research was the owners of recreational tourism businesses in Kish Island as well as tourists who use recreational tourism services. These people were selected through purposeful and snowball sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data related to theoretical foundations and to extract primary factors and indicators from the interview method, library and internet sources, and to collect the information and data needed to check the opinion of experts. In order to check the indicators, the average answer test was used. The research findings show that in the evaluation of external factors, the score of threats (386) is higher than the score of opportunities (195), and in the evaluation of internal factors, the score of strengths (327) is higher than the score of weaknesses (182); Therefore, the results indicate that in the evaluation of external factors, the points of threat outweigh the opportunities and in the evaluation of the internal factors, the strengths prevail over the weaknesses, and also the results of the interviews are on the same side as the results of the questionnaire; Therefore, it can be said that in formulating strategies,

Several factors contribute to the development of tourism in a region, among which climate is one of the most significant. Climate acts as a key driver or deterrent for tourism in any given area. This study aims to compare the results of two models, TCI (Tourism Climate Index) and UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index), and to provide a climate zoning analysis for comfort and discomfort in various locations across the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan on a monthly and seasonal scale.

Methods and Material: 

In this research, based on the thermal thresholds of the TCI and UTCI indices, a bioclimatic atlas for the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan was developed on a monthly and seasonal basis, and the results were compared. The UTCI index was calculated using RayMan and Bioklima software. The data were interpolated using the Kriging method in ArcGIS, and the corresponding maps were created.

According to the results of the TCI index, the months of May, June, July, August, and September generally show favorable conditions across all stations, except for Parsabad in September, Mianeh and Khoy in August and July, Kaleybar in May, and Jolfa in June, which exhibit less favorable conditions. The seasonal analysis indicates that most stations in spring and summer are suitable, except for Parsabad in summer, Kaleybar in spring, and Jolfa and Khoy in summer, where conditions are less favorable. The results of the UTCI index reveal that, during May, June, July, August, and September, all stations exhibit favorable conditions except Parsabad and Sahand in May, which display less favorable conditions. In the seasonal analysis, all stations show suitable conditions in spring and summer, except for Sahand in spring. Based on the results, due to the mountainous nature of the studied provinces and the presence of snow and winter conditions conducive to winter tourism, planning can be undertaken to promote winter tourism, considering the months with more favorable numerical index values.

Cities are among the important tourist destinations, attracting tourists from nearby regions every year. In addition to tourist attractions, facilities, equipment, and service facilities are essential factors in developing the tourism industry. Hamedan is considered one of the most important tourist destinations in the country due to its thousands of years of history and various tourist attractions. For this reason, this research investigates the mediating role of tourists' experiences in the influence of tourist destinations' infrastructures on the behavioral tendencies of tourists in Hamadan city. SPSS 24 and Smart PLS 2 software were used to analyze the research data. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to measure the relationship between the indicators of the designed model and the main components of the model. The results of intellectual factor load coefficient (0.88), word of mouth (0.87), desire to visit again (0.86), hard infrastructure (0.86), sensory (0.84), educational (82. 0), emotional (0.81), and soft infrastructure (0.71) were calculated; all of which are higher than the minimum figure (0.4), and indicate the appropriate explanation of the underlying variables by the dimensions and indicators used. Obtaining coefficients of determination (0.435) and (0.709) by the variables of tourists' experiences and behavioral tendencies shows the strong prediction of the endogenous variables by the exogenous variables of the model. In fact, tourists' behavioral tendencies result from the evaluation of city services, facilities, and equipment, and this feeling of satisfaction is formed from the tourist's overall perception of comfort, health, and safety facilities.

Urban tourism with a focus on creativity, quality of life and welfare of citizens is an approach to urban development that cities have used to achieve sustainable urban development. Creative tourism has a positive effect on the cohesion of the local community and is effective on the interaction between tourism and the host and leads to the intention of re-traveling tourism. There is a possibility of developing creative tourism in cities such as Babolsar according to social, economic, cultural and environmental characteristics. With the help of documentary and library methods, the concept of creative tourism city was studied from a theoretical point of view, definitions of thinkers and related concepts. Models and indicators of creative tourism city were identified and components in this field were extracted. To extract the influential factors and potentials of Babolsar in the field of tourism, the factor analysis model in SPSS was used and factor loads of each of them were extracted in compiling the native model of the creative tourism city of Babolsar. The results show that the factor of business processes with a factor of 16,247 is the most important among the indigenous indicators of creative tourism. creative and innovative thinking, cultural and spiritual capital with a factor load of 13.229 and 8.76 are ranked second and third. Sustainable infrastructure, attractiveness and diversity, tradition and identity, quality , knowledge, education, deepening , multiplicity and diversity , participation are other effective factors in developing the native model of the creative tourism city of Babolsar.

The present study aims to provide a model for tourist fascination with emphasis on its antecedents and consequences. Descriptive research method from is a type of survey. Statistical population of research Includes Iranian tourists in 2019 and 2020 in least Once the experience of traveling abroad (Turkey, Malaysia, Dubai, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) Have. Using available sampling method, 450 people were selected for the study. To collect research data from Researcher-maden questionnaire. Based on theoretical foundations and Experimental background related used. Validity of the questionnaire through the opinion of experts, Second-order factor analysis And reliability of the questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Composite reliability (CR) and Mean explained variance (AVE) Confirmed, research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using Amos and SPSS statistical software analyzed. The results showed that the antecedents of tourist fascination Includes destination identity, tourist experience and perceived image They had a positive and significant effect on tourist fascination, Consequences of tourist fascination include tourist trust, tourist loyalty, co-creation, content production and word of mouth is Which have a positive and significant effect on tourist fascination.

In order to attract more tourists and travel again to Bandar Abbasbeach, the present quantitative research, conducted by a descriptive-analytic method, aims to assess the satisfaction of tourists with the facilities and services provided to them andidentify the most important problems in tourism development in Bandar Abbasbeach, as well as determine the most significant strategies for the tourism development in this area from tourists’perspectives. The research statistical population consisted of all tourists of Bandar Abbasbeach. Using Cochran formula, 384 participants were considered as a statistical sample and they were randomly questioned. The research results showed that although more than 50% of tourists held university education, more than 40% of them had a five-day stay in mind, the their degree ofsatisfaction with facilities and services provided for them was 2.817 which is below the moderate level.The research results regarding the most important challenges to the facilities and services offered to tourists in the study area showed that 5 identified basic challenges could explain 71.78% of variance of the research dependent variable. The identified challenges are the following: Welfare infrastructure services (17.45), health (16.51), management supervision (16.16), security (12.88), and legal services (8.71). Moreover,

In conceptualizing tourism, spatial displacement has been a major concern. The concept of tourism has been often defined as going from one place to another. Even though time is a main element in tourism, it has not received much attention. The issue of time in tourism can be examined from several perspectives.Seasonal feature of tourism. The most important feature of tourism is its seasonality which has been influenced by climatic conditions. Tourist destinations in different seasons, mild spring and autumn, hot summer and cold winter, attract tourists and create busy and quiet periods. Moreover, seasonality affects tourism businesses meaning that some jobs are only performed at a certain time. Tourism infrastructures are also affected by seasonality. Infrastructures are sometimes used at periods while they provide service at other times with a capacity beyond the standard.Limited time to provide services to tourists. Traveling time is limited. The duration of a tourist's stay and service use in a destination has been affected by time constraints. For instance, the duration of time the tourist spends in a taxi is a few minutes while this value for a restaurant is a few hours, and for a hotel extends to a few days. Hence, tourism services have limited time to interact with tourists, create a positive mentality in them, and meet their satisfaction. Interacting with them, understanding their characteristics, and analyzing their behavior, and needs are among the concepts that should be taken into account by tourism service providers. The value of time in tourism. Apart from service providers, tourists are also affected by travel time constraints. That is why tourism is one of the services that on top of financial costs, time has value. When a tourist selects a destination service such as a hotel, or an attraction to visit, he/she thinks if it is worth his/her time. In fact, in specific cases, choosing a place or an event in the trip is not a matter of analysis and economy, and the tourist must conclude that, for example, visiting an attraction or participating in an event is worth his/her. This assumptive analysis, which is done individually or in a group, can affect the tourist's degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.Using the time of day and night. Due to the travel time limit, tourist destinations attempt to provide services at different times of the day and night. Night tourism in tourist destinations can be promoted for this reason. Some tourism services are provided at times that are of particular value to tourists. The creation of night tourism routes has been formed to address such a need. These routes provide not only tourists but also the local community with services.Travel time distribution. One of the reasons explaining the seasonality of tourism is the holiday time in different countries. Holidays encourage people to move from different sources to tourist destinations. On long holidays, distant destinations are visited while on short holidays, closer destinations are preferred. The weekends can help the time distribution of holidays and the development of tourism. Designers of tourism packages can help to promote tourism in some destinations during low-visit hours via short-term tours. In addition, time distribution can also affect the density of tourists during peak times.

Given the pivotal role of tourism in the economic framework of localities, a conceptual paradigm is requisite to underpin a research agenda aimed at the co-implementation of tourism and net-zero policies. This investigation aspires to elucidate the intricate relationship between urban tourism and the planning of net-zero cities by concentrating on tourists and tourism operators as pivotal stakeholders in the decarburization initiatives of urban environments; a process that appears inherently paradoxical. Indeed, should this process be actualized, it is imperative to ascertain the prospective outcomes for touristic cities and fundamentally, how these two seemingly antithetical categories can be harmonized. Notwithstanding the significance of such a comparative analysis, a limited number of scholars have ventured into this domain. Consequently, the current research was executed in a descriptive and analytical manner to elucidate some of the obscured facets of this field. The requisite data was amassed utilizing survey and field methodologies. To facilitate data collection, a researcher-developed questionnaire was employed, grounded in the strategies for achieving zero-carbon cities and the regulatory frameworks governing the tourism demand sector, alongside the interaction of urban management with these advancements. Prior to the practical application of the questionnaire, it underwent a thorough evaluation concerning its validity and reliability. Based on the evaluations provided by experts in tourism, urban management, and policymaking, as well as a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.80, the suitability of the questionnaire was affirmed. The data procured through this methodology were subjected to analysis utilizing SPSS software, employing correlation tests and multivariate regression analysis. The findings indicated that the efficacy of tourism development on carbon emission efficiency is primarily contingent upon direct effects. Conversely, the implementation of policies pertaining to carbon-neutral cities significantly impacts the volume of tourists and the duration of their stays. However, if these policies align with the preparedness of urban management to execute appropriate strategies in the demand sector (Acceptance, Accessibility, Adjustment, Aid, and ‘Attractiveness), it not only does not yield adverse effects on the influx and presence of tourists, but also serves to fortify the tourism sector.

Due to the changes and developments of recent years, the nomadic society of Iran has faced relatively serious challenges in various fields, so that in some regions of the country, the nomadic population is drastically decreasing. In order to reduce the increasing problems of nomadic society, tourism is mentioned as a new strategy in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to identify the optimal strategy for the development of nomadic tourism, which was conducted as a case study in Fars province (which has the largest nomadic population in Iran). The method governing this study is the descriptive-analytical approach, and the main tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire that was completed by 15 experts. SWOT model has been used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that the final weight of identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was 3.052, 3.049, 3.252 and 0.344, respectively and in total, the external factors affecting the development of nomadic tourism prevail over the internal factors. The results of the identification of the optimal strategy for the development of nomadic tourism in Fars province showed that the offensive strategy (SO) has been identified as the most appropriate strategy and for the development of nomadic tourism, the main emphasis should be focused on internal strengths and external opportunities.