گرگان

As a source of development, cities have faced an unfavorable cycle of inequalities due to inefficient structures and injustice has been formed in the distribution of services in cities, therefore, spatial justice in the distribution of services for fair allocation is one of the goals of planners. This research, which  have done with the aims to evaluate the spatial distribution of service devices  Gorgan city ;

 It is of applied type and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method.  The collection of information is based on library sources, documents and field studies.  SPSS software was used in the analysis of different parts of the research.  The reliability of the questionnaire is based on Cronbach's alpha of 0.834 and the statistical sample size is 384 citizens.  The scope of the study is Gorgan city with an area of   3560 hectares, which has a population of 353,000 people in the 2015 census. 

  The findings show that the indicators of meeting the needs of citizens, the unfavorable cycle of services and class distance respectively have the highest average level in the distribution of service places and there is a significant relationship between the distribution of service places and satisfaction in the study area.  In the analysis of the role of urban management in improving the condition of service facilities, among the selected indicators, the inefficiency of urban management was ranked first, informed management was ranked second, and optimal service delivery was ranked third, and the index of continuous monitoring was ranked last.  For the indicators of effective urban management in the distribution of service places in Gorgan city, they were selected based on Friedman's test, and at the end, suggestions were made to improve the service status of service devices.

The concept of satisfaction refers to a wide range of desires and preferences to meet basic or transcendent human needs. Many people desire things they cannot have, and therefore, for various reasons, they must choose and satisfy their needs from areas with less desire for them. When we can pick and get what we desire, we are satisfied. Although this satisfaction may cover different spectrums in order to create more efficient spaces and improve the quality of residential open space, this research aims to evaluate the level of satisfaction of residents affected by the open space of residential complexes. Apartment living and small living spaces using It require public spaces, these complexes, with open spaces, can have a significant impact on people's lives and by responding to a part of their needs, they can seek people's satisfaction.This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, and according to the nature of the subject and the investigated indicators, the governing approach of this research is survey and correlation type. Because by using the methods of gathering information and setting up a questionnaire, we are trying to evaluate the level of satisfaction of the residents affected by the environmental quality of the open space of residential complexes (case example: Gorgan city). The theoretical framework and research literature are also using the Library method and collected documents. Cronbach's alpha method was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population in this research will be three different residential complexes, including the Cotton Organization residential complex located on 20-meter Kashani street, the Baharestan residential complex located on Resalat Blvd., the Sayad Shirazi residential complex located on Sayad Shirazi street.The open spaces between the residential buildings are the basis of the residents' connection with nature and the place to spend leisure time in the immediate exterior of the house. Therefore, it is necessary to review and pay special attention to the design of the open space of residential complexes as a common and collective yard in many types of residential buildings today.Satisfaction is a function of different aspects of human life and it is shaped by the combination of different perceptions of a person from daily life. Based on the existing research, the main constructive criteria of satisfaction with the location in the open space of residential complexes are based on spatial, functional, managerial, social, and demographic dimensions. Based on this, a five-dimensional model was extracted to evaluate residents' satisfaction.Therefore, according to the results of the data analysis, it can be said that there is no positive and meaningful relationship between the different personal characteristics of the residents of residential complexes and their level of satisfaction with the open space of the complex. What was obtained from the data analysis in this research also confirms that different individual characteristics of the residents of residential complexes, among other factors, do not play a role in their satisfaction with the open space of the complex. When the effect of factors and components was measured simultaneously on the level of satisfaction of the residents with the open space of the complex, it was found that this factor has no effect on attracting and increasing the number of residents. Therefore, considering that this factor does not have a direct and positive relationship with the attraction and quantitative increase of residents and as a result the residents' satisfaction with the open space of residential complexes, it is not necessary to consider it in the design of the open space of residential complexes. This difference may be rooted in people's different approaches to using space.The results of the research indicate the importance of the role of the architect as a creator of the space in the residents' satisfaction with the place, if the spatial and social characteristics have the greatest effect on the residents' satisfaction, then the functional characteristics are another effective measure in the residents' satisfaction. Management features have the least impact on the evaluation of residents' satisfaction with the space.Therefore, considering the importance of creating and maintaining people's satisfaction and ignoring this importance in today's designs and considering the lack of scientific-research studies in this field in the country, the present research aims to investigate and recognize Effective factors in the design of open spaces of residential complexes, provide solutions that will improve the satisfaction of the residents.

The purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of social capital and its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital and the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the country.

At the moment, the approach that is applied as the most effective, least costly and sustainable management style, introduces good urban governance in city management. A good urban governance pattern can be a new theory in response to new expectations and responsibilities, which can pave the way from the current state of affairs and a way to provide better public services for citizens. The purpose of this study is to study the existing situation in the city of Gorgan from the point of view of desirable governance indicators and in terms of urban sustainability. The research method was descriptive-analytic, which uses library-documentary materials, questionnaires and survey areas to collect the required information. The sample size in this research is 382 citizens of the neighbourhoods of the city of Gorgan (Mina gol, Qala Hassan, Gorganpars, Afsaran, Sar khajah, Mikhche garan, Ghazagh mahale, Golha and Villa shahr). The data analysis method has been used by descriptive and inferential statistics and using spss-Excel and GIS software to analyze the views of citizens. The tests used in this study were parametric tests (One-Sample T Test, ANOVA and PERSON) and non-parametric tests such as (Binomial, Kruskal-Wallis test). The results of the research show that the status of governance indicators in all neighborhoods (areas of Gorgan city) is in an unfavorable situation from the point of view of the citizens, and also in an unstable situation in terms of urban stability. According to the Kruskal Wallis test, there is no difference except for the participation index, which is the same in all localities, and other studied indicators are significant, which indicates the existence of differences and non-uniformity of the studied indicators in the localities. Among all neighborhoods, the studied indicators of Qala Hassan neighborhood have a lower rank compared to other neighborhoods. According to the Pearson test, there is no significant relationship between the optimal urban governance approach and urban sustainability. The reason for that is the low status of urban governance and urban sustainability indicators.

Organizing urban furniture as one of the most important elements of the urban environment, has a significant contribution to the desirability and pleasantness of the space from the citizens' point of view, and the lack of planning or incomplete planning in the field of urban furniture contributes to the inefficiency of these elements. Accordingly, considering the importance and role of urban furniture in the urban landscape and also the impact it has on the lives of city residents, the present study evaluates the design and location of urban furniture elements and variables in the city and the situation of Gorgan in terms of furniture. Urban has been examined. The present research is an applied research based on the purpose of the study and is analytical-descriptive in terms of research method. Two field methods and documentary studies have been used to collect information on the current situation. To analyze the data of the questionnaire, Spss, Excel software and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test and also for spatial analysis of urban furniture elements in Gorgan and preparing a map, Arc GIS software was used. The results obtained from the research show that in designing and manufacturing city furniture, standard principles and attention to local culture have not been observed. Also, in examining the location of urban furniture elements, no special attention has been paid to the selection and location of urban furniture components and the necessary standards have not been observed and it is not functionally in a favorable condition.

Today's urban and modern life, despite the latest and most up-to-date technologies, has been able to make people's lives much easier than in the past and remove the hardships that people had to endure in the past, but this type of life has brought a new problem with it. which was not predictable before; Depression and lack of happiness. Unfortunately, due to the unprofessional construction of big cities, the loss of natural spaces and visual pollution, exhausting traffic, noise and air pollution, life in cities has become very exhausting and the unpleasant conditions of life in crowded cities cause various diseases such as depression, anxiety and disorders. It has become mental and physical. This research aims to investigate the components of a happy city in the areas of Gorgan city, in line with the movement towards creating happy neighborhoods. The governing process of this research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and type of research method. The method of collecting data and information is library, document and survey. The scope of the research is 8 urban areas of Gorgan, which have been measured and analyzed with 7 criteria of a happy city. The research results show that in the AHP decision model, the human capital index with a score of (0.784) is the first priority, social trust with a coefficient of (0.372) is the second priority, and visual pollution with a coefficient of (0.330) is the first priority. Third, it has had the greatest impact on the movement of a district towards the happy city. Also, based on COPRAS multi-criteria decision making model, District 1 with a score of (1) ranks first in terms of the indicators of Shad City, District 2 ranks second with a coefficient of (0.975) and District 6 ranks first with a score of (0.946). The third is in terms of the indicators of the happy city.

Gorgan city with a very rich history and several thousand years of self-inherited Qajar architecture is one of the cities that is valuable in terms of morphological characteristics of IranianIslamic urban planning and should be considered by designers and urban planners. It seems that despite the rich and valuable historical culture and principles in the field of architecture and urban planning in this city, today's conditions indicate weakness, inefficiency and lack of identity. Lack of a suitable model in accordance with Iranian-Islamic urban planning approaches is one of the most important issues in Gorgan today. This issue finds a special manifestation in the destruction of historical and urban contexts,so that the architecture and urban planning of the past is forgotten and its identity is destroyed in the hands of modern architecture.The purpose of this study is to extract the morphological components of Iranian-Islamic citiesfrom the point of view of experts and to compare the old and new contexts in Gorgan from thisperspective.The purpose of this research is applied, which is a descriptive-analytical research problem. First,theoretical data on morphological components, quality of urban spaces, Iranian urban components andtheoretical issues are collected from the views of thinkers and theorists in order to extract selected criteriathrough documentary and library studies. To be.The research findings indicate that four main components and eight sub-components can bedetermined for the native architecture and urban planning of Gorgan.In terms of morphology, the ancient neighborhoods of Gorgan have not undergone extensivechanges in the structure of the Iranian-Islamic city of Gorgan, and valuable components of IranianIslamic urbanism are fully evident in them, but new constructions in ancient neighborhoods are far fromIranian-Islamic It has become urban.

The purpose of this research is to identify and select suitable sites for developing urban parks and green spaces. So that people in different areas of the city have suitable and convenient access to these areas.

In this research, site selection was used to determine suitable areas for developing urban parks in Gorgan city in Golestan province through a multi-criteria evaluation method and AHP approach. At first, effective criteria in site selection for the development the urban parks were identified by reviewing the previous studies and experts’ opinions. After that, the selected factors were weighed using the AHP method. Then, suitable zones for developing urban parks were identified using the ZLS command based on the area of zones and the value of the land area. The final zones were determined among these high-proportion zones in the next step, with field investigation and ownership review.

The results of weighting showed slope, barren lands, and proximity to residential areas by gaining weights of 0.2515, 0.1929 and 0.0757, respectively, had the highest weight and have the highest importance for identifying new areas for developing urban parks in the next step, the criteria were evaluated through WLC method, and the suitability map were prepared for developing urban parks.

Results showed that 32.19 hectares of the study area are suitable for establishing urban parks. The results of the present study, identifying and presenting suitable areas for developing urban parks and green spaces in Gorgan city, could help managers and decision-makers in this sector in providing green space and improving the people's quality of life and welfare.

High-rise and spatial development at the height of the product of population growth and urbanization, as well as lack of land for construction, in recent decades and is one of the most important trends in human habitation, which has turned into the dominant form of housing in cities after World War II and it is a good way to control the growth of the body of cities. It is necessary to identify the suitable areas for the construction of high-rises based on the principles of location, Because the lack of optimal location leads to unbalanced distribution and distances itself from social justice in cities, which includes concepts such as proportional distribution of functions and services, proper access to service and activity centers.This research is of applied type and in terms of nature and method is descriptive-analytical.Data collection was done by two methods of documentation and survey with a statistical population of 10 people as an example of urban planning experts.After reviewing, criteria was selected in four dimensions of physical, social and cultural, environmental and economic and weighting of indicators based on AHP has been done.In the other section, with the statistical sample of 322 people, the benefit of high-rise structures available with SPSS software was analyzed.he research area of Gorgan city with an area of 3567 hectares is the center of Golestan province.Findings of the research showed that the high-rise structures in Gorgan do not have a good location and social justice in them is not at an acceptable level.

The high-rise building has been on the agenda of urban policymakers following the growing growthof large cities in recent years and the issue of housing shortages and efficient land use.Due to their tall stature and the number of residents,these buildings have a great impact on the performance of cities;therefore,in order to prevent their negative effects on the quality of life and satisfaction of the residents of these buildings,the location of these buildings is especially important for cities.The aim of this study is to analyze the factors influencing the satisfaction of residents of high-rise buildings that exist in the city because the measurement rate is a good guide for city managers so that if in the future high-rise building is selected as one of the strategic policies in land use.Considering the results and findings of this research,a suitable solution should be planned for this purpose.The study area of this research is the city of Gorgan and the existing high-rise buildings above20meters or seven floors are based on the comprehensive plan of the city.The research method of this study is documentary studies,survey method and questionnaire distribution.The researcher-made questionnaire included322questionnaires distributed among citizens and after collecting information,its reliability was reduced by97%using Cochran's method using Cronbach's alpha;statistical analysis was performed inferentially and descriptively in SPSS software environment and the study results showed that there are the significant relationship between Access and satisfaction levels of citizens living in high-rise buildings.The results of the hypothesis test show in both hypotheses that due to the inadequate access of the residents of high-rise buildings and the decrease in the quality of services, their level of satisfaction decreases and the residents of high-rise buildings are not satisfied with the current situation.

Urbanization represents the most dramatic human alteration of the land surface, typically resulting in the formation of urban heat islands . Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter for surface energy balance and urban climatology studies. Understanding the spatial distribution of temperature is the basis for proper planning and environmental policy making. In this study, using Landsat 7 satellite imagery in two time periods of base year (2017-2010) and second interval (2000-2005) were used on average in three warm months of the year Then these images were first geometrically corrected; then these images were used to calculate temperature-related parameters using a single-window method in Gorgan. It was then used to improve the accuracy of the work using the hourly temperature data of the thermal islands analyzed. The results show that temporal and spatial variations of thermal islands in Gorgan have a high cluster pattern. However, the local Moran index and hot spots in the north, northwest and east and downtown have a positive spatial correlation (hot spots). However, there are cold spots in the southern areas of the city. However, many parts of the city of Gorgan have no significant patterns or spatial autocorrelation during the study period. It can be said that the thermal islands of Gorgan depend on two factors: one is the prevailing climatic conditions in the period under study and the second is the prevailing humanitarian conditions in the city. climatic conditions in the period under study and the second is the prevailing humanitarian conditions in the city.

Cities receive millions of tourists each year, and urban tourism has now become an important activity that has shaped the flow of work, social action, and spatial change, especially in countries.The role of cities in attracting tourists and shaping urban tourism as a spatial model of tourism in the present era has formed another dimension of the urban economy that is the modernization and development of urban appearance, transportation system, tourist resorts and improvement and organization Urban infrastructure leads and is influenced by various factors such as social trust and security of urban spaces, and plays an important role in attracting tourists. This study was designed to investigate the impact of social trust and security of urban spaces in the development of urban tourism. In terms of the purpose of applied research and in terms of research methods, it is a descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population consisted of incoming tourists to Gorgan. Due to the fact that the number of statistical population is unknown, Cochranchr('39')s formula was used for unlimited population and the sample size was 384 people. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that social trust and security of urban spaces have a significant effect on tourism development so that the impact of the variable security of urban spaces on tourism development is more than social trust.

The developments of recent decades have caused the new facilities of today's cities to be unable to provide peace and security to citizens as in the past. This issue has become a social anomaly and along with it, criminal behaviors have occurred in the world's urban housing system. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effective components on residents' sense of satisfaction with the social security of Gorgan settlements. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its statistical population is households living in residential complexes in Gorgan and the sample size is 200 households. The required information has been used through documentary studies and field surveys using a questionnaire. SPSS statistical software and Pearson correlation and one-sample t-tests were used to analyze the data. The results show that there is a direct and positive relationship between the feeling of satisfaction of the residents of residential complexes with the appropriate lighting components of the environment and the physical texture of the building. Lighting of passages and passages around the building and where people live at night creates peace and a sense of security in the movement of children and women. It also reduces stress and anxiety in people when walking on foot at night. Housing aristocracy is another component that is directly related to creating a sense of security among residents. Other effective components in creating a sense of security among urban dwellers include the occurrence of crime in the place of residence, neighborhood relations and environmental variables.

Since the beginning man has tried to improve the quality of life in their environment. Effective of socio-economic indicators in urban development are one of the effective factors in the quality of life of people. Therefore, Consider and importance to opinions of people could create suitable conditions for achieving the desirable environmental quality. General purpose from this study was to determine the satisfaction of the quality of the living conditions of people in different areas in Gorgan from the viewpoint of people. For this purpose, a questionnaire developed and then are distributed and completed. The data were analyzed in the software Spss 20 and were prioritized using a classification rating. Method of present study in its objective is applied, and, in perspective of method and theoretical basis is, descriptive- analytical. Identification of Influencing factors and indicators have been done on the basis of library studies. Assessment and analysis of data showed that the region 3 with a score of 886.34 is better quality than other areas and region 5 with a score of 540.45 compared to other regions is the lowest quality. Additionally gathered data converted to map using Thiessen interpolation method afterward the urban expansion map, was classified into four categories based on the socio-economic and ecological indicators. Since the development of urban areas in the future is inevitable, the need to understand the people's opinion is necessary in order to implement effective management by the urban planners in the field of improving the quality of life of people.

Landslides are among the most dangerous and hazardous natural hazards in mountainous areas, which are mainly caused by earthquakes or rains, destroying people's lives and property every year. The increasing population and expansion of human settlements in mountainous areas, the difficulty of predicting the time of landslide occurrence, and the numerous factors contributing to the occurrence of this phenomenon, reveal the necessity of landslide hazard zoning.Landslide hazard zoning is crucial for quick and safe actions and strategic planning for the future. Therefore, scientific study of landslide phenomena and risk zoning mapping are important on the one hand to identify landslide potential areas in human activities area and on the other hand to identify safe locations for development. New habitats or other human uses such as roads, power and energy paths, power plants, etc., are of interest to planners at various scales.Golestan province in the north of Iran, with 200 registered mass movements, is one of the most active landslide areas, which is not excluded from the study area between Tuskestan forest to Gorgan. The present study, while zoning the landslide risk in the study area, evaluates and compares fuzzy operator zoning methods using two methods (Qs) and (P), has provided a suitable model for the assessment and evaluation of landslide risk. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to select an appropriate and optimal model of fuzzy set of operators for mapping landslide hazard in the study area.

The zoning and preparation of landslide hazard maps in this study is based on the integration of landslides with effective criteria in landslide events. Initially, the landslide distribution data were collected in the study area, then transformed into sliding zones using high spatial resolution satellite imagery and Google Earth images.The layer obtained from landslide zones as the most important layer used in the present study is the dependent variable in the implementation of zoning models. Then, the parameters affecting the occurrence of landslides in the distance between Tuskestan forest to Gorgan were identified. Effective layers include elevation, slope, aspect, distance to road, geology, distance to river, land use and vegetation extracted from maps and images and then processed using various functions in Arc GIS software.After preparing these layers as effective variables, they were integrated with the landslide layer. integration and overlap layers were performed using the gamma function, which is a combination of multiplication and multiplication fuzzy multiplication, using the Raster Calculator tool in Arc Map environment. Next, the relative weight of each factor and its related classes was calculated using frequency ratio model. Then, after determining the final weights of the layers, by crossing the zone landslide map and hazard zoning maps, we evaluate and compare landslide hazard zoning methods using the Quality Sum Method and (Qs) and accuracy (P) were investigated and a suitable model was selected according to the study area.

Investigation of the results of fuzzy membership values (frequency ratio) and relationship between factors affecting landslide occurrence and landslides occurred in the study area shows that the lowest and highest altitudes were highest and lowest, respectively. The fuzzy membership of the effective slope classes indicates that as the slope increases, the threshold of slope instability also increases and the likelihood of mass movements such as landslides is increased.The north aspects play a more effective role in generating landslide motions due to their higher rainfall and moisture content. Zones with marl formations have the highest fuzzy membership among the other lithological units in the region. In terms of vegetation density factor, fuzzy membership value of 1 was obtained for parts of the region with lower vegetation density. The effective factor of the distance to road shows its prominent role in the occurrence of landslides with fuzzy membership values obtained for its different classes; the less than 250 m distance of the road having the most The fuzzy membership value is the lowest fuzzy membership category with distances greater than 1,800 meters. The combination of landslides in the stream network density layer indicates that the highest landslide distribution is in the low density class (1200 - 75 m / km 2) per unit area. Therefore, zones with loose formations close to the road have greater potential for landslides. As the study area has this discrepancy and the impact of most road and geological factors has overshadowed how other factors are affected.The zoning map with 0.7 gamma shows that the area of very high risk zone between Tuskestan forest to Gorgan is 0.47, high risk zone 0.82, medium risk zone 1.65 and relatively low classes risk and very low risk are 2.54 and 8.95 square kilometers, respectively. the landslide hazard zonation map with 0.8 gamma, the areas of very high, high, medium, relatively low and very low risk areas were 1.05, 1.74, 2.56, 4.43 and 4, 63 km2, respectively. The area of these zones in the zoning map with 0.9 gamma are 1.19, 1.94, 2.49, 4.62 and 4.18 km2, respectively. The value of Quality sum (Qs), which compares and evaluates the methods compared to each other, indicates that the 0.7 with 2.42 fuzzy gamma operator has the highest Qs among the other gamma operators. Therefore, this operator is introduced as the optimal operator in landslide hazard zonation of the study area.

The results show that zones with loose formations, close to the roads and zones with higher rainfall have more potential for landslides. Also, the results of the modeling using selected methods showed different accuracy of them in preparing the final map of landslide zoning in the study area. But Fuzzy Gamma Operator with Landau 0.7 has better utility in landslide zoning than other methods presented. Therefore, any planning and management of the environment should be done according to the results of this model.

Sidewalks are urban corridors where some of the most important social activities occur. Therefore, considering the criteria which affecting the beauty and optimization of these paths is of great importance in examining the views of the streets. Identifying the most important aesthetic criteria of the sidewalks is the aim of the present study. A total of four pedestrian paths from two cities of Mashhad and Gorgan have been investigated using visual quality classification and matrix approach approaches.The data obtained from completing 100 visual questionnaires were analyzed by 50 experts in two stages by using the visual quality classification methods and the matrix for achieving the measures, finally the most important criteria were identified.The outcome results of the questionnaire indicated that colour with 82/2% and green space with 77/7% had more effective role in beautifying the sidewalk paths respectively. Also, the results make it possible for researchers to prepare the possibility with intention of increasing more visual pleasure of urban landscape by using them .On the other hand, instead of effective abstract criteria on beauty of streets landscapes, more precise and practical criteria identified and the process of reviewing the beauty of streets landscapes have been speeded up and accurate for designers and planners.

The passage of time and the characteristics of contemporary cities have shown us that past planning approaches can not respond to today's city issues. The historical texture of cities suffers from some form of physical and functional burnout due to lack of attention and planning. Hence, the Future Studies approach has emerged in recent decades as a new model aimed at responding to unpredictable issues, possible and desirable future developments.. In this regard, the present study, with a futuristic approach, identifies the key drivers of the creative recreation of the historical context of Gorgan city and examines how these factors affect each other. In this research, 40 primary factors were extracted using Perl and Delphi scanning techniques. Then, using the Delphi method of administrators, the matrix of cross-component effects has been constructed.In the next step, using the structural analysis in MICMAC software, the matrix analysis was performed. Based on the results of software output and given the high direct and indirect impact, fourteen key factors in the future of creative recreation of the historical context of Gorgan city are influential. Out of the key drivers, financial resources, government macro policies and approved tourism projects have the highest impact on incentive policies, transportation network and entrepreneurship. Less impressive impact on future trends in creative re-creation of textures. Historic city of Gorgan.

Urbanization is a developing phenomenon and analyzing the appropriate location and the way of geographical distribution of urban green spaces has an effective role in development and future of city. Parks and urban green spaces are such applications which their division and distribution have great importance in the city. Green spaces as one of indexes of development of Societies have envirenmental, social, cultural, economic and physical dimensions, and for playing better the role and operation the Initial and the most important step is to consider the appropriate basis. The research is going to prove that meduim sized city Gorgan doesn't have optimal geographical distribution of urban green spaces; Therefore, by using appropriate patern it is going to distribute green space sufficiently, based on the concepts of sustainable development and social justice, calling for internal interaction of spatial organization on field of study with stressing on obtaining appropriate location to build green space indexes of neighborhood to cultural, commercial, residential, access points, and distance to industries, installation and existing green space are being used. Then, for every affecting factors on green spaces locating information layers in GIS being provided and for patterning, based on importance, each layer by using AHP in green space locating being weighted. Finally, obtaining results of composing layers based on AHP model is leading to classify the lands of the region to select the appropriete spaces in order to planning and building the green spaces.

More than half of the world’s human population has been living in urban areas. Irregular urban growth is considered a global issue; and it is predicted that more than 65% of the world population will live in cities by 2025. Rapid growth of urbanization not only has increased number of cities and population size, and accelerated their physical growth, but has also led to consequences for urban population health, environmental resources, climate and biodiversity. In some countries, rapid physical growth of cities has even surpassed their population growth rates, and this uncontrolled growth creates a phenomenon called the "urban sprawl" which is a complicated model of land use, transportation, and socio-economic development. Urban sprawl is a kind of urban development with a low, unordered and unorganized density. In this type of development, the urban land use model is changed; and further per capita urban land is available to people. Factors, which affect the incidence of these phenomena in cities, are among important aspects that should be studied in the field of urban sprawl. Many factors contribute to the particular pattern of urban development known as urban sprawl, e.g., consumer preferences for inexpensive lots, single-family detached housing, and for living in green low-density neighborhoods, and the wish for second homes. Existing studies have investigated numerous factors and processes ranging from macro level to local and micro levels such as failure of capitalist system (macro level) or local farmers' willingness to sell their lands with the aim of urban land change (local level). However, weights of these factors, their importance, time priority of each factor in the urban development process, their cohesion, and their effectiveness and impressibility are still unclear and there are a few studies with the same procedures as the present research. Therefore, this study investigated causes of urban sprawl with an emphasis on local factors in Gorgan City as one of central cities of Iran.

The present research is a descriptive-analytical and applied study. Data collection was based on the available documents about growth of Gorgan city and survey methods. Since the research subject had specialty-based nature and it was impossible to achieve desired results through traditional survey methods, statistical population of research consisted of two groups of experts in the research subject: 1) 30 experts who were highly specialized in the urban sprawl and urban development and worked in this field in Iran. 2) 150 local experts who were quite familiar with case study and participated in development of Gorgan City. Sampling was conducted using the snowball and judgmental methods. Research period was from 1956 to 2016. Data analysis was also performed using one-sample t-test, factor analysis, Shannon's relative entropy, Moran’s global index, and Geary's global coefficient.

Providing documents of urban development process, it became clear that the urban growth was completely external. Results of entropy, Moran and Geary's models indicated that there were two distinct models of urban growth: 1- Cluster growth in the northeastern, southern and southeastern regions, and 2- Urban sprawl with vacant lands between textures in the central, northern and northeastern regions. The most important factors of this phenomenon were then identified and they consisted of 36 variables including 9 macro and 27 local variables. Due to the inter-correlation of variables, 29 variables with 5 main factors were identified and classified as follows: Inappropriate and uncontrolled urban land use; inefficiency of urban management in urban control; ecological segregation; residents' preferences for marginalization; abundance of land; and issues and challenges of urban population. Afterwards, we performed the correlated analysis of urban sprawl factors. Accordingly, the inability of local management of city to control urban growth procedures specially outside the legal limits of city was the most important cause of this phenomenon in Gorgan and it included the following factors: failure to prevent the farmland speculation; inability to cope with illegal land subdivision by people; inability to cope with marginalization; inability to control land use of urban limits; inability to supply lands according to demand; impossibility of utilizing development capacity of barren and endowed lands within the city limits.

Urban sprawl of Gorgan city was resulted from interaction of various factors with an emphasis on local factors. Despite the fact that each of existing factors played roles in this case, they did not have the same weights and importance. Based on the evidence and results of the present research, it seems that some factors play key roles in this process and can act as productive factors of urban sprawl because unlike the American model, the urban sprawl of Gorgan as one of the northern cities of Iran is not resulted from the public prosperity or existence of vast areas for urban development, but it happens since the local institutions of urban management of Gorgan lack sufficient power to control urban growth procedures around the city and also surrounding villages. They also lack sufficient power to control land use and its type of use. These two factors, along with another two factors namely the residents' preferences to live in the suburbs and garden cities in addition to urban population problems will provide serious urban development challenges among which the physical-spatial contradiction in urban view is the most important issue. In other words, regions with good weather conditions will be vertically developed and join the surrounding villages, but development of low-cost districts of cities is dispersed and low dense. This type of development model may lead to internal development of city provided that urban limits are controlled and other requirements are met such as solution of barren and endowed land acquisition problems. Finally, the urban sprawl can be largely controlled by controlling main factors (mother) which are originated from local processes.