ardabil

The COVID-19 outbreak began in late 2019 and rapidly spread globally. The main objective of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of the coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city.

Methods and Material: 

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Spatial statistics methods in Arc GIS software were used to analyze the results. The data collection method was library-based, and the statistical population of the study consisted of individuals infected with coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city in 2020. Statistical methods including central mean, standard deviation ellipse, and nearest neighbor analysis were used to investigate disease distribution patterns.

The results show that the spatial distribution of coronavirus disease in different districts of Ardabil city was heterogeneous. In district one, the values are (z-score: 7.72) and (p-value: 0.000), and the distribution of patients was observed as dispersed and regular with a high concentration in the central part of the city. In district two, the values are (z-score: -4.96) and (p-value: 0.00001), showing a clustered pattern with the disease spreading from southwest to northeast. In district three, the values are (z-score: -0.52) and (p-value: 0.6013), and the distribution of patients was random in the northeast direction. In district four, the values are (z-score: -1.96) and (p-value: 0.094), with a clustered distribution of patients from south to north. In district five, the values are (z-score: -3.24) and (p-value: 0.0011), exhibiting a clustered pattern spreading from east to west.

In bureaucratic systems the political re-construction of the space and the role of the government in this field play a prominent role in development, and this role is more evident in the case of cities that their political and administrative status are upgraded. This analytical-descriptive research aimed to analyze the effects of upgrading the city of Ardabil from a Township center to a province center in the development of the city since 1993.The data is extracted from sources such as statistical yearbooks or received from the relative offices. We use descriptive statistics models in SPSS software and calculation, drawing and analytical tools of the GIS to analyze the data as well. Shannon's entropy model is also used to determine the form of the city growth. Findings showed that after upgrading the administrative-political status of the city to a province center, the figures of the indicators of social and cultural dimension of development including the number of financial, cultural, educational, medical, and judicial centers, the number of government agencies, government employees and service sector jobs increased rapidly. It also changed urban land using in favor of administrative, commercial, educational and policing activities. Also, the city population increased and it extended physically in a more scattered growth form. To avoid the negative consequences of the re-construction of the space where the administrative-political status of cities enhanced, the research suggests that smart city procedures being implied, more authority to local managers being given, and national and regional re-arrangement plans being taken.

Energy is one of the most important and vital socio-economic inputs of development (Keyhani et al., 2010). Expansion of industries, ever-increasing population and limitation of non-renewable resources have intensified the tendency to study renewable energies especially wind energy. Feasibility study is the first step on the establishment of wind farms.The world's wind energy production capacity reached to 435 Gigawatts in 2015, but still it is only around 7% of the potential energy production capacity of this huge clean energy source. At present, China, United states, Germany, India and Spain are the leading countries in the use of wind energy in the world. China alone obtains about 50% of her energy from wind powers. Meanwhile, in 2015, Iran produced only 117 megawatts which is about 0.03% of total energy obtained from wind in the world (World Energy Council, 2016: 57). Iran's vast area with relevant climate variability has a higher potential capacity than what is now being exploited. Therefore, a correct understanding of the temporal-spatial pattern of wind speed and its annual and intra-annual variability is the first step to focus on the areas prone to wind power generation in the country. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and feasibility of winter wind energy in Ardabil.

In the present study, 3-hourly data of Ardabil synoptic station were used in the period of 1995 to 2004. In order to determine potential wind energy, wind velocity and wind direction data as well as temperature in winter in the hour 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18 and 21 were gathered. Usually, wind velocity and direction are recorded at a height of 10 meters above the ground. Then, its wind rose and wind energy were drawn using WRPLOT version 7.0. In order to determine long-term changes of the average wind velocity, linear regression method has been used. International Renewable Energy Agency in collaboration with the Technical University Denmark (DTU) have presented the world's most complete wind atlas. In this research, information and maps of the World Wind Atlas were used. The latest atlas uses ERA5 dataset of European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the simulations in period 2008-2017. In the present research, data gathered in 6 points including Ardabil's synoptic station and 5 other points (in the windy areas in the county) have been analyzed using the information of this atlas.

In December and January, wind velocity at 12:00 UTC in Ardabil synoptic station during the studied period, was greater than or equal to 4 m/s on 82% of the days while it is the same on all days (100%) in six months of the year. Meanwhile at 15:00 UTC more than 60% of the days and at 9:00 UTC more than 65% of the days during the year the status was like the same too. In other words, in three months of the year, it is possible to extract Potential energy in a great number of the hours during days and nights in this station. In other months, the feasibilty remains in one third of the hours of the day and night. Results shows that in all months, there have been significant changes in the trend of wind velocity in Ardabil station. Also, using the Global Wind Atlas (GWA), average wind velocity was extracted at 10 and 50 meters in the area around Ardabil. The area of Ardabil can be divided into two halves, north-west and south-east. the south-east part of the city have a more significant wind velocity. It is due to the fact that some areas of the city have had high average annual wind velocity (2008-2017). It must be noted that in the two studied parts, 6 areas were selected in the city and analysis were done. The average power density for 10% of the selected areas had the highest values (e.g., in Heer village, Dojagh village and Foladloy were 896 w/m2, 720 w/m2 and 611 w/m2 respectively. While average value of power density for Ardabil, Balghou and Kalkhoran were 348, 357 and 331 w/m2, respectively.

In December, January and February, energy is possible to expolite in the most hours day and night at this station, while in other months, only durind a third of the hours of days and nights it is available. In the most months of the year, there have been significant positive changes in trend of wind velocity in Ardabil synoptic station. The biggest changes were in January, which is increased more than 4 m/s comparing to the average wind velocities in a 36-year duration of the analyzed data. Based on the results extracted from Global Wind Atlas in the 6 studied points in the windy areas around Ardabil, differences in wind velocity, prevailing wind direction, peak hours of wind and the behavior of these variables in the different months of the year were determined. The lowest wind velocity and potential energy density is in Ardabil (near synoptic station) and the highest is in an area in Heer village in the southeast of Ardabil. According to the classification of wind based on International Electronic Commission, Heer district can be categorized in the second class, while the other two stations are put in the third class. Since the minimum velocity required for installing commercial turbines is 6 meters per second and for starting small turbines is about 4 meters per second, it is suggested to start turbines in Ardabil, Balgho district and Kalkhoran. Feasibility studies should be carried out on small farms in Heer, Dojagh, and Foladloy to set up commercial farms. Keywords: feasibility, Ardabil, Global Wind Atlas, trend.

A beautiful city is one of the main concerns of combining aesthetic and practical elements in urban planning, and making the city beautiful is a solution to beautify its residents. Since urban space is the result of citizens' interaction, the greatest pleasure of urban beauty can be found in good design and amenities. In addition to addressing the category of beauty, this article has tried to answer the question that to what extent the urban areas of Ardabil have been able to implement the indicators of urban beauty? The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population was the citizens of the urban areas of Ardabil, and using the Cochran sampling formula, the number of 383 people was determined as the statistical sample size by stratified random sampling. Sampling was done from five urban areas of Ardabil according to the population share of each urban area. The data was collected by two documentary and field methods, and finally, by using Excel software and through Vicor's analytical model, the data was analyzed, and in the research findings, it was determined that each of the urban areas of Ardabil in terms of The implementation of urban beauty indicators had different ratios and the average position of Ardabil city in terms of the degree of urban beauty indicators was estimated with Q 0.545, slightly lower than the average.

One of the most important effective factors in better efficiency in providing timely and reliable firefighting services in cities is the issue of locating stations to reduce the time to reach the scene of the accident. In this research, first, the layering of the road network of Ardabil city was downloaded from the OSM database, and the topology of the layer was created using topology rules in the ArcGIS software environment. Then, to identify urban cores deprived of fire services in Ardabil city, network analysis in the context of geographic information system has been used in terms of distance and also driving time. The service area of each of the stations was determined by analyzing the service area, and for this purpose, the distance of two kilometers from Manhattan and the time of three minutes to reach the accident site were used. To perform the analysis, the information fields of the maximum speed of vehicles on roads, the length of roads, the time taken by vehicles to travel the road, and the operating speed in the road network layer of Ardabil city have been used. The result also shows that 79% of the city is within the service range of fire stations, and areas such as Azadi and Azadeghan in the center of the city, Kalkhoran and Seyedabad neighborhoods in the north of the city, Niyar in the east, and the newly built settlements in the south of the city lack service coverage. In order to provide more coverage and increase safety in areas outside the service area, three new locations have been proposed for the construction of fire stations.

Several factors contribute to the development of tourism in a region, among which climate is one of the most significant. Climate acts as a key driver or deterrent for tourism in any given area. This study aims to compare the results of two models, TCI (Tourism Climate Index) and UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index), and to provide a climate zoning analysis for comfort and discomfort in various locations across the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan on a monthly and seasonal scale.

Methods and Material: 

In this research, based on the thermal thresholds of the TCI and UTCI indices, a bioclimatic atlas for the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan was developed on a monthly and seasonal basis, and the results were compared. The UTCI index was calculated using RayMan and Bioklima software. The data were interpolated using the Kriging method in ArcGIS, and the corresponding maps were created.

According to the results of the TCI index, the months of May, June, July, August, and September generally show favorable conditions across all stations, except for Parsabad in September, Mianeh and Khoy in August and July, Kaleybar in May, and Jolfa in June, which exhibit less favorable conditions. The seasonal analysis indicates that most stations in spring and summer are suitable, except for Parsabad in summer, Kaleybar in spring, and Jolfa and Khoy in summer, where conditions are less favorable. The results of the UTCI index reveal that, during May, June, July, August, and September, all stations exhibit favorable conditions except Parsabad and Sahand in May, which display less favorable conditions. In the seasonal analysis, all stations show suitable conditions in spring and summer, except for Sahand in spring. Based on the results, due to the mountainous nature of the studied provinces and the presence of snow and winter conditions conducive to winter tourism, planning can be undertaken to promote winter tourism, considering the months with more favorable numerical index values.

Over the past few decades, discussions related to human development and its impact on economic growth have been of particular importance. The Human Development Index is a combination of three key components: life expectancy, per capita income, and literacy level, and is used to measure the level of development, analyze spatial justice, and regional inequality at the national and regional levels. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the economic factors affecting the improvement of the Human Development Index in Ardabil province. The type of research is descriptive-analytical.

The method of this study is based on quantitative-spatial approaches. The research method used in this study is a combination of documentary-library methods. In the analytical section, by considering the indicators and considerations of human development in the form of 13 target indicators, the economic factors affecting the improvement of the Human Development Index in Ardabil province have been examined on a case-by-case basis. To collect the required information, the main reliance was on the documents of the National Statistics Center, and the Morris model, GIS software, and Spss were used to analyze the collected data.

The results show that in terms of human development index, the three counties of Ardabil, Parsabad, and Meshginshahr are in the highest ranks, and the three counties of Kowsar, Namin, and Sarein are in the lowest ranks. Also, the spatial distribution of the human development index among the counties of the province shows that the central and northern counties of the province have relatively better conditions than the southern counties. Regarding the factors affecting the human development index, the results of the article showed that the indicators of rural percentage, household size, unemployment rate, dependency burden, actual dependency burden, theoretical dependency burden, and percentage of industrial sector employees, with correlation coefficients of 0.726, 0.768, 0.245, 0.512, 0.512, and 0.598, respectively, had a statistically significant negative relationship with the human development index, and the indicators of urbanization percentage, employment rate, economic participation rate, women's economic participation rate, percentage of agricultural sector employees, and percentage of service sector employees, with correlation coefficients of 0.726, 0.245, 0.395, 0.101, and 0.435, respectively, had a statistically significant positive relationship with the human development index.

Rapid physical and population development and growth in recent decades has caused many problems in cities, and Ardabil city has not been exempted from this due to its historical antiquity and high population and physical growth. This research examines and evaluates the land suitability index per capita in Ardabil city using the overlap model and spatial analysis in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. The main purpose of this study is to determine the per capita suitability of land for different urban uses and provide solutions to improve planning and sustainable urban development. For this purpose, first, spatial and descriptive data related to urban land use were collected from different sources and then processed using spatial analysis tools in GIS. The research results show that the use of this model can help identify suitable areas for future developments and optimize existing uses. The findings of this research show that there is an inequality of compatibility among some urban uses such as residential areas with more than 42%, educational use with more than 35%, administrative use with 38%, medical use with 25% and sports use with 16%. They have neighboring uses. Tourist use with more than 80%, religious and cultural use with more than 75%, and commercial use with more than 70% are in completely compatible and relatively compatible conditions with their neighboring uses and have the least incompatibility with other uses. Therefore, urban planners and designers should pay special attention to the proper distribution of neighboring uses based on spatial-spatial components, while allocating the best space to the uses needed to solve the current shortage, in the programs related to future development. This study provides practical suggestions for improving urban planning policies and land management in Ardabil, which can be used as a model for other cities.

Today, not paying attention to the correct distribution of educational centers in cities has created many problems for citizens and students. For this reason, it is very important to identify the spatial distribution pattern of schools and the key factors affecting it. The research is correlation type and its purpose is to explain the significant impact of key variables affecting the distribution of schools in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city. OLS regression analysis and GWR have been used in ArcGIS software. The relationship between the spatial distribution of schools and the spatial distribution of the population in Ardabil city was carried out with OLS regression and according to the results, the key variables affecting the spatial distribution of schools were identified. The effect coefficient of each of the key variables was calculated with both types of regression and the maps obtained from the coefficients were analyzed with GIS analytical functions. The result shows that the distribution of schools in Ardabil city did not follow the population distribution, but cultural, religious and sports factors had more effects on this distribution. Thus, the variable of cultural and religious uses has had the greatest impact on the spatial distribution of schools in the old construction areas and its informal settlements, and the least in the newly built areas and towns. Also, the biggest disproportion between the population density and the distribution of schools is seen in the central areas of the city, which are mainly located in the geographical territory of a municipality.

Traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of death and disability, causing an annual death of 1.23 million and tens of millions injured and injured worldwide. Meanwhile, a significant proportion of fatalities and injuries resulting from traffic accidents occur among urban accidents. According to the 2014 report of the Statistics Center of Iran, about 9% of accidents in the city lead to death and 60% lead to injuries. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, patterns of urban accidents in the city of Ardabil were investigated using the GIS. The present study is a quantitative-analytical study. The data required for the study were extracted from the Ardabil Traffic Police as well as the municipal database and the Statistics Center of Iran. The map of Ardabil city areas was used to show the distribution of events. Nearest Neighborhood, Local Moran and Global Moran indices were used to determine the pattern of incident distribution, Medium Center Test was used to focus events, Ellipse Deviation test was used for distribution, and Kernel Density Test was used to identify the focus of the incident. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and ARC-GIS software. The results showed that the central part, northern and eastern suburbs of Ardabil are the most vulnerable areas of Ardabil in terms of intra-city traffic accidents. Intersections, squares and boulevards are the site of most traffic accidents that lead to the formation of accident hotspots

The globalization of health care has led to the emergence of a new type of tourism in cities, commonly known as medical and health tourism. In Iran, the metropolises of Tabriz and Ardabil are known as two of the most important destinations for domestic and foreign tourists due to their superior geographical location and suitable medical facilities and equipment. Therefore, this research investigates and identifies the most important driving forces affecting the development of medical tourism in the cities of Tabriz and Ardabil from 2022 (AH 2023) to 2032 (AH 2033).

Design/methodology/approach: 

This research is applied in terms of purpose, follows the normative-analytical futures study science, and was carried out with a combination of documentary and survey methods. In order to collect the required data, a questionnaire was used; it included 65 factors that were identified and extracted using the opinion of experts and completed using the opinion of 25 experts using the Delphi method. In the next step, the strategic variables in the development of medical tourism in Ardabil and Tabriz cities were used to analyze the cross-effects of factors in Mic-Mac software.

The findings show that 13 out of the 65 factors investigated are the key effective factors in the development of medical tourism in the cities of Tabriz and Ardabil.

The results of the research show that these 13 factors for the city of Tabriz are expertise-based management, favorable judgment, international cooperation, macro and integrated management, use of experiences from other countries, public security, the existence of a supervisory body, solving legal problems, issuing visas, medical tourism, support of the private sector, economic system, health town, and creation of facilities; these factors will have the greatest impact among the factors affecting the future development pattern of medical tourism in Tabriz city. Examining the displacement of factors in the two groups of direct and indirect effects analysis for Ardabil city also shows that expertise-based management, favorable narrative judgment, international cooperation, health town, support of the private sector, transparent pricing, all-round support, macro and integrated management, use of the experiences of other countries, access to medical centers’ information, the existence of a supervisory body, a fixed exchange rate, and marketing strategy are proposed as key factors and will have the greatest impact on the future development of medical tourism in Ardabil.

Originality/value:

 Compared to past studies in the field of medical tourism, adopting a futures study approach while forming new ideas for optimal planning in the direction of developing medical tourism with a macro view and considering multiple indicators and their analysis can be a guide for managers, and those involved in the development of medical tourism should be located in the right country and have a good vision for the market of the medical tourism industry.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the status of social capital indicators from the perspective of citizens in the fourth district of Ardabil. The present research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population is residents over 15 years old in the four cities of Ardabil; Using Cochran's formula, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that includes four indicators; Social trust, social participation, social cohesion and social network and the degree of reliability obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS software (one-sample t-test, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests) was used to analyze the data. Innovation of the present study is the use of three statistical tests to determine the status of social capital; In the whole region, it is four and according to the indicators in the neighborhoods of region four. The results of comparing the average of social capital indicators from the citizens 'point of view in region four show that the status of social capital indicators is somewhat favorable and somewhat higher than the average, and that the ranking of indicators from the citizens' point of view is It means that citizens have different rankings of social capital indicators. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test also show; Neighborhoods in all indicators of social capital have a significant difference at the alpha level of 0.05 percent.

Municipality is one of the necessities of the social system, which is necessarily represented by a structure that is possible only through the intervention of the people. Also, the performance of the municipality, as one of the institutions and perhaps the most important institution in the structure of urban management, has an essential role in citizens' quality of life. In order to measure the performance of the municipality, two major methods, objective and subjective, can be used. In the objective method, the municipality's performance is compared with a series of criteria and standards to determine how close its performance is to the standards, but in the subjective method. It investigates to what extent people are satisfied with the quality of urban services and performance as recipients of services and beneficiaries of plans and programs. Performance evaluation and management is one of the special topics of strategic human resource management and is considered a suitable tool for improving the performance of employees and organizations. Comprehensive and sustainable management of the city will be implemented when the citizens are satisfied with the performance of the municipal organization because citizens' satisfaction with the performance of organizations plays an essential role in improving urban management and increasing the efficiency of urban management. Ardebil city is a metropolis with rural and nomadic roots. It faces challenges in urban life, and we see citizens arguing about the lack of satisfaction with the performance of the municipal organization in providing social, technical, and civil services at the city level. Therefore, according to the statement of the problem, the most important question raised by this research:-How satisfied are the citizens with the performance of the Municipality of Ardabil Region 4?According to the question, the most important hypothesis is that it seems that the citizens of Ardabil are not satisfied with the performance of the municipality's duties in various civil-technical, service, and socio-cultural departments of the municipality.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, and field sampling (survey) has been used to collect the required information. Based on this method, questionnaires were prepared and completed in the target community (citizens living in Region 4 of Ardabil Municipality). In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha method was used so that the calculated Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.82. In this way, it can be said that the distributed questionnaire has high reliability. In addition, the methods of studying documents, books, and sources related to the research topic have been used. The statistical population of the research consists of all the residents of Region 4 of Ardabil municipality, equal to 237,292 people (according to the population and housing census of 2015).The sample size was estimated to be 384 people based on Cochran's formula, and to increase the confidence factor, the sample size was considered to be 400 people. The sampling used in this research is cluster sampling combined with simple random. The way of distributing the questionnaire was that a certain number of alleys were randomly selected in each neighborhood, and then the questionnaires were completed by the alley's residents. In order to analyze the collected data, descriptive-analytical and inferential statistical methods were used. Based on this method, the data collected in frequency distribution and statistical parameters were analyzed and then analyzed using statistical methods of Kendall correlation, Kruskal Wallis, and t-test in SPSS software.

Based on the data collected from the total sample of 420 people, 65% of the respondents are men, and 35% are women. In terms of education level, 42.7% have a university education, 35% have a diploma education, and 22.3% have a school or sub-diploma education. According to these general and detailed indicators, the importance of each of the services provided by the municipality was questioned. Therefore, the Kruskal Wallis test was used to test the hypothesis (the citizens of Ardabil city are not satisfied with the performance of municipal duties in various civil-technical, service, and socio-cultural departments of the municipality) and the importance of each of the municipal duties. According to the obtained results related to the service activities of the municipalities, the activity of timely garbage collection and handling and cleaning of the green space is the most important from the citizens' point of view. According to the municipality's duties in civil and technical activities, the construction and reconstruction of parks are the most important, such as asphalting roads and streets, making predictions, and protecting the region from accidents and natural disasters. They are in the following ranks. Based on the duties and activities that municipalities perform in cultural and social fields, from the citizens' point of view, holding various recreational programs (such as the Nishat system) is the most important, which shows that citizens are changing the structure of municipality only as an organization providing urban services. The results indicate that the level of satisfaction of the citizens with the quality of services and the way of informing the municipality is lower than the limit, but the level of satisfaction with the treatment of officials and employees is average.

The general results indicate a significant difference between the civil-technical, service, and socio-cultural duties of municipalities from the point of view of the citizens of the study area in terms of their importance, so the service duties of the municipality are the most important. This is because citizens are involved with these services daily, and the deficiency of each of them, such as garbage collection, makes their lives difficult. Socio-cultural duties are placed in the next rank, which shows that the citizens do not expect the city management and municipality only to deal with the civil, physical, and service situation but also to provide the basis for social life, citizen relations, and organizing affairs; they require the creation of public spaces and spending leisure time, etc. According to the results, which shows the greatest dissatisfaction of the citizens in the service sector, it is suggested that the responsibility of urban affairs, including the mayors of different areas of Ardabil and the city council, monitor more in this field, both in terms of quantity and quality of services such as Hama. Regarding the socio-cultural duties of the citizens, who did not expect much from the municipality, but since one of the municipality's duties is to meet these needs, it is suggested that the municipality take pragmatic steps in providing leisure facilities, including the development of recreational centers, holding art festivals, etc. In general, to overcome this problem, it is suggested that the municipality take appropriate and coordinated executive measures or city councils, including equipping the mechanized facilities of urban services in the technical, emergency, and general sectors in order to satisfy the citizens in all dimensions for all groups of citizens provide housing for every age, gender, and texture.

Given the available tools, including management laws and sciences, it seems that the modern rural management system has not been able to achieve the expected progress and desirable development. However, some believe that the trend of change and evolution has been acceptable, and there is hope for the continuity of the new approach. But the reality is that the existence of some civil and economic problems has prevented the efficiency of modern rural management from being as prominent as it should be.Today, it is rare to find a society that does not show a tendency for progress and development, so community managers make every effort to achieve this goal. However, each community has its own unique structure, and a fixed model cannot be considered for all societies. In this regard, attention to modern rural management can bring multiple positive consequences for the rural community, provided that the rules of rural management are not based on the taste of decision-makers, and decisions are made based on scientific and experimental support.Ardabil province, due to its geographical location and some characteristics such as suitable agricultural climate, topography, angle of light incidence, and air currents, has the potential for progress and development in rural areas. However, by examining the structural condition of the villages, it can be concluded that, due to various factors, the villages have not been able to fully follow the path of rural development. Considering the above, the aim of this study is to identify the driving and inhibiting factors of modern rural management in the central villages of Ardabil city and to provide appropriate solutions for the growth and development of modern rural management.

This research is theoretical in nature and quantitative-qualitative in its descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected using both library and field methods. The statistical population of this study consists of two groups: the first group is the local residents of the villages in the central part of Ardabil city, numbering 48,250, and the second group is 40 rural management experts. The sample villages were determined based on the criteria of having a population of more than 20 households and having a management institution (council/village head). According to the available statistics (2016), there are 86 villages in the central part of Ardabil city, so a multi-stage stratified sampling method was used. The sample size is 360 households, and the questionnaires were distributed among the households proportional to the population and number of households in the studied villages. The questionnaire items are closed-ended and based on a five-point Likert scale.For data analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the frequency, mean, and standard deviation of the data. In the inferential statistics, the structural equation modeling method in the LISREL software was used. In the present study, four indicators were used to examine the driving and inhibiting factors of modern rural management: management factors, economic factors, social factors, and environmental factors.

All the driving and inhibiting elements of rural management in the central villages, from the perspective of villagers and experts, consist of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors, which are considered as the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages. From the villagers' perspective, the effect size of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors on the driving elements is 0.83, 0.87, 0.97, and 0.85 respectively, and on the inhibiting elements is 0.83, 0.79, 0.76, and 0.75 respectively. From the experts' perspective, the effect size of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors on the driving elements is 0.74, 0.94, 0.72, and 0.98 respectively, and on the inhibiting elements is 0.97, 0.94, 0.96, and 0.97 respectively.Based on this, it can be concluded that all the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, from the perspective of villagers and experts, are part of the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages. If the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified from the perspective of villagers and experts, are optimized, this effect will be stronger, and if the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified from the perspective of villagers and experts, are reduced, this relationship will certainly be weaker.

Based on these findings, it can be said that all the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified in this research, are part of the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in these villages. If the driving factors of rural management in the central villages are improved and the inhibiting factors are controlled, the rural management in these areas will be enhanced.The results of this study are consistent with the findings of Mahdavi and Karimipour (2012), Naderi Mahdi (2015), and Ataei et al. (2020), which have emphasized the importance of increased cooperation between villagers and the village administration for improving rural management.

This research tries to evaluate the tourism destinations of Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces from the perspective of the quality of ecosystem welfare and human welfare as two basic pillars of sustainable tourism.

This review is of the type of applied studies and the analysis of information has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, and Alen Butller's tourism life cycle (TLC) model has been used for their analysisThe statistical population of this research consists of the villages of Zenuzagh, Kandavan and Ashtabin in East Azarbaijan province and the villages of Gazaj, Alvars and Onar in Ardabil province, with a total of 465 households and a population of 1876 people. The size of the sample population in this research is 176 households, which was estimated by Cochran's method. The required information has been collected by the field method and using the questionnaire tool. The selection of the host community for questioning is by systematic random method and the selection of the tourist and visitor community is simple by random method.

The results of this study show that ecosystem and human well-being in tourism destinations are often at a medium level of sustainability and still have a significant distance from the characteristics of stable and completely sustainable destinations, and the emphasis on economic results and incomes causes neglect of natural and Human tourism activities in the studied destinations.

The results of the surveys show that the index of visiting tourist destinations over time can improve the state of ecosystem well-being and human well-being in the destinations, if the village of Kandavan is in a better state of well-being in both the human and natural ecosystem due to the high number of visitors. . Naturally, secondary factors such as improving the level of social awareness and cultural exchange between the host community and the tourist community and social education can be effective in this situation, as in destinations with fewer visits and a lower position of these indicators, it shows another different situation.

Spatial analysis of tourist attractions is one of the most important measures that are carried out in order to investigate and explore tourism capacity. The purpose of this research is the spatial analysis of the tourist attractions of Ardabil city, which investigates and analyzes this category using the Moran's model. The current research is of applied type and its method is survey. Related data and information have been collected through library studies and document analysis, in parallel with that, using a questionnaire, 32 experts in the field of tourism and geography expressed their opinions regarding the indicators. Probability sampling method is stratified sampling. According to the research findings, Moran's value for the tourist attractions of Ardabil city is about 0.276639 and while all the coefficients in the spatial delay model, spatial error model, ordinary least squares are significant, the natural attractions of Ardabil city have the highest values. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out that in the context of the city under study, the relationship between cultural, historical and natural tourism attractions with the flow of tourists is positive and significant, and all relevant models confirm this positive relationship and it is necessary According to the priority of the attractions, basic and relevant measures can be taken.

Today, several urban development plans are prepared and implemented in order to overcome the problems and achieve the development and sustainability of cities. Projects that seem to have many problems in content and implementation and it is necessary to provide realistic, flexible and executable plans by quantitative-qualitative evaluation and identifying the weaknesses of these plans.Goal: The present study is the evaluation of the detailed plan of Ardabil city based on the integrated method.

The present research is of user type and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study is 10 experts and managers of Ardabil urban areas as well as members of the city council who have been selected using the snowball method. The main method of this research is the combination of "process preparation and implementation process" and "plan / process / results" in which PLS, SSIM and PESTLE models have been used.Geographical area of research: The geographical area of this research is the city of Ardabil.

Findings show that in the criterion of adaptation of managerial weakness, lack of proper organization and lack of adequate budget allocation by the government are the reasons for the lack of per capita land use. The horizontal growth of the city has the least impact. In terms of relationship, the twenty goals of the plan are more in line with demographic and social goals, and part of it is related to mismanagement. In terms of external cohesion, according to the researches, most of the proposed densities have not been achieved. The criterion of financial and human resources has not been successful due to the unstable economic conditions of Ardabil Municipality. The failure of the criterion for participation in the implementation of the plan and planning is due to the belief of some experts that people do not interfere in the plan due to lack of scientific expertise and skills. Regarding the criteria for using the program, it can be said that this criterion has not been met at all and the problems of Ardabil TV and urban landscape have been one of its consequences.

Achieving development goals is impossible without paying attention to the role of women, and rural women play a key role as one of the main actors in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the factors preventing and promoting the development of rural women's participation in Sardaba district. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, and the method used in it is a combined method with a sequential exploratory approach that uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the first phase, using the qualitative method of qualitative content analysis, the data collected through the review of available sources and interviews, key concepts were extracted from the text of notes and interviews, and during open coding, 18 inhibiting factors and 17 promoting factors were divided into three groups. The main economic, socio-cultural and political factors were identified. Then in the quantitative phase, using the survey method; The extracted indicators were ranked and analyzed. The necessary technique to obtain the required data is library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study is the population of women in 11 villages of Sardaba village in the central part of Ardabil city with a population of 3179. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used, and according to this formula, the statistical sample number was 345. Structural equation method and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data. The ranking based on the standardized factor load showed that socio-cultural factor with an effect factor of 0.95, political factor with an effect factor of 0.92, and economic factor with an effect factor of 0.89 are the most important factors hindering the development of rural women's participation. In terms of promoting factors, the political factor with an effect factor of 0.94 is the most important promoting factor in the development of rural women's participation. The socio-cultural factor with an effect factor of 0.90 is the second group, followed by the economic factors with an effect factor of 0.86 as factors that promote the development of rural women's participation.

Occurrence of natural hazards such as Earthquakes due to the Environmental and Geographical conditions of the country has always led to serious financial losses and widespread human losses, and in order to reduce its effects, attention has been paid to the resilience approach.

The aim of this research is to analyze the Economic, Social and Cultural resilience of rural settlements in the central Disteict of Ardabil Township against Earthquakes.

The present study, with regard to the nature of the issue and the subject of the study, is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study is 36 villages with more than 20 households and most of the central part of Ardabil city. Based on Cochran's method, 365 heads were determined and distributed and completed to the number of rural households in a simple random manner. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 30 specialists and experts. The total reliability was estimated 0.9 by Cornbrash’s alpha.

Studied Areas: 

The village has more than 20 families in the Central District of Ardabil Township.

The findings indicate that, the social dimension is in a better position than the economic dimension. Also, the economic resilience measure showed that the indicator "income amount to compensate for damages" with a value of 3.90 has the highest and the indicator "satisfaction with personal income" with a value of 2.24 has the lowest average. Social and cultural resilience showed that the indicators of "the degree of solidarity between people in the event of an earthquake", "the level of satisfaction with access to a doctor" with the highest 17.17 and 15.70, respectively, and the indicators of "satisfaction with "Housing insurance" and "Hope for the future in case of an earthquake" with -22.25 and -14.21, respectively, have a lower than the desired test average.

Findings showed that the resilience of economic indicators of the studied villages against earthquakes is lower than the average level and there is a significant difference between the villages.

This study evaluated the livability of 11 tourist target villages in the Ardabil district (Ardebil, Nemin, Sarein and Nair counties) using a descriptive-analytical approach. A number of indicators and items related to livability have been determined based on the studies conducted (4 dimensions, 14 indicators, and 65 items). In the next step, the questionnaire was developed by the researcher and after confirming the validity and reliability; It was distributed according to the population of the entire region. The sample size was determined using the Cochran method (360 samples) and the number of samples for the studied villages was determined according to the population of each village. In the following, Shannon's entropy technique was used to weight the indicators, and based on Prescott Allen's point of view and Vicor's technique, the livability status of the studied villages was examined at 5 levels (completely favorable to completely unfavorable). The results show that none of the studied villages are in a completely unfavorable state of livability, and the village of Bileh-Dargh is in first place with a score of 0.84 and is in a state of complete desirability of livability. 53.7 percent of the studied villages have a favorable livability status. With a score of 0.57, the village of Ilanjuq is ranked 8th and has an average livability status. 27.2 percent of the villages, i.e. 3 villages of Golestan, Sardabe and Korabaslu, while being in an unfavorable condition of livability, have occupied the 9th to 11th ranks. This research showed that tourism development has played an important role in improving the livability of the studied villages.