baluchestan

Extraction of the water zone in the western parts of Afghanistan through remote sensing images is an efficient way to investigate and monitor water resources and its impact on the water resources of eastern Iran, especially the wells of Sistan and Baluchestan. In this research, from OLI sensor of Landsat 8 satellite and TM sensor of Landsat 5 satellite, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), automated water extracted index (AWEI), new water index (NWI), and water ratio index (WRI) have been used to extract water areas. In the worst case, the area of the Arghandab dam has decreased by only 2.44 km upstream and the NDMI index has shown an increase of 0.65 square km in the moisture resources of this dam. However, the surface of the well in the southern half of Zabul has decreased from 55.94 square kilometers to 17.82 square kilometers, which shows a decrease of 38.12 square kilometers. This shows a sharp decrease in the level of the semi-well. This has caused more heat to be emitted in the dry areas. But the minimum temperature has decreased from 17.47 degrees to 11.87 degrees Celsius, which has experienced a decrease of 1.95 degrees Celsius. The LST index has a negative correlation with all the indices and the highest correlation with the NWI index was -0.941 in 1994. The lowest correlation was also obtained at the rate of -0.65 related to the NDMI index.

Poverty is caused by the lack of proper mechanisms in human societies. Poverty hinders the development and sustainability of a country, and the allocation of resources for poverty alleviation is considered a very important factor for future-oriented societies and governments. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze effective urban poverty measures with a futures research approach in Sistan and Baluchestan province and to examine the extent and manner in which these measures affect each other in order to promote and build a desirable future in the province. The present study is an applied development based on the type of objective. In terms of the nature of the research, it is analytical-exploratory, and the method of collecting information is library, documentary, and field methods. The statistical population of the present study is 40 urban planning experts and specialists, senior municipal managers, and social science experts, provided that they have the necessary research experience on urban poverty. First, the literature was reviewed to identify the influential criteria for poverty. Then, the criteria for urban poverty were identified in the form of the final 6 components using the Delphi method and expert opinion. The cross-effects matrix (MICMAC) was used to analyze the data. Finally, 26 criteria were identified from 6 social, economic, cultural, physical, environmental, and basic infrastructure and services components, of which 12 key criteria, which are 2 economic components, 3 social components, 2 physical components, 4 infrastructure and basic services components, and 1 environmental component, had the greatest impact on the situation of urban poverty in Sistan and Baluchestan province.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of border residents in promoting the foreign trade of the country by reviewing past studies, studying the presented models and the researcher seeks to answer these questions about the community that; Do border markets play a role in enhancing foreign trade with neighboring countries (Afghanistan-Pakistan)? Since the present study seeks to design a model in this regard by combining different models and identifying the main factors and components, therefore, it develops the existing set of knowledge and is considered a kind of applied research that explores the relationships between phenomena. Will pay. Therefore, the research method was in fact applied. In terms of data collection, it is a descriptive research that has been carried out after extensive study of theoretical foundations and identification of key factors and components in two parts (Delphi survey research) and model design. The statistical population of this research is professors, experts and specialists in the field of research. According to the estimation made in this research, the snowball method has been used to select the research samples. First, the researcher started the interview with the members of the practical staff of Sistan and Baluchestan University and at the suggestion of academic experts active in the field of special areas. Economic, Free Zones, Border and Customs Markets, Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mining; Sample completed. (n = 16). Using a researcher-made questionnaire, five research hypotheses were tested and confirmed using SmartPLS3 software and structural equation technique. The results showed that border residents have a positive and significant effect on promoting the country's foreign trade. Finally, the research suggestions were presented based on the results and presented to the next researchers.

One of the challenges that many societies face is the occurrence of natural hazards. There are different types of natural hazards, and flood is one of the most important natural hazards, which is always associated with a lot of human and financial losses. In fact, floods are considered as one of the most destructive hazards that cause many human and financial losses every year, so that according to the report of the international database of hazards, floods along with earthquakes and droughts, have had the highest human and financial losses. Also, according to the statistics published in 2010, more than 40% of the natural disasters in the world are caused by floods. In recent years, due to the increasing trend of population and increase in human activities and misplaced human interventions in nature, the possibility of flood occurrence has increased and the risks caused by it have intensified. According to geomorphology, hydro climatic, land cover, etc., different areas have different potentials in terms of flood risk occurrence. Among the regions that have a high potential against flood risk are the southeastern regions of the country. These areas have a high potential against flood risk due to torrential rains, being located at high altitudes and low slopes, as well as poor vegetation, and this issue has caused many floods to occur in recent years. Let's be in this area. Considering the importance of the issue and the occurrence of floods in Esfand 1402 in this region, in this research, the identification of flooded areas and also the analysis of factors affecting its occurrence have been done.

In this research, Sentinel 1 and 2 radar images, Landsat 9 images, and a digital model at a height of 30 meters have been used as the most important research data. The most important research tools are the Google Earth Engine system (to prepare maps of flooded areas and land cover maps) and ArcGIS (to prepare the desired maps). Also, in this research, fuzzy logic model has been used to identify vulnerable areas against flood risk. According to the topic and objectives, this research has been done in several stages. In the first stage, using radar images before the flood and images after the flood, a map of the flooded areas has been prepared. In the second stage, the role of natural factors (elevation, slope, distance from the river, and ranking of the river and land cover) in the flood has been analyzed. In the third stage, based on the results obtained from the previous stages and according to the extent of the flooded areas in different floors, various parameters have been valued and standardized, and finally, by combining the desired parameters based on the fuzzy gamma operator, a map of the damage areas is created. It has been prepared against flood risk.

In this research, the Google Earth Engine system was used to identify the flooded areas in the study area. After preparing the desired images and also applying filters and specifying the threshold limit in Google Earth Engine system, a map of the flooded areas in the southeast of Sistan and Baluchistan province was prepared in March 1402. According to the prepared map, a large part of the southeastern counties of Sistan and Baluchistan province have faced floods, but Dashtiari county and especially its southeastern regions along the Pakistan border have faced the highest amount of flooding. After Dashtiari city, Chabahar city has faced the highest amount of flooding. The analysis of the effective factors in the floods has shown that the height, slope and type of land cover have the highest influence because in a general trend, with the decrease in height, decrease in slope and also decrease in vegetation density, the extent of flooded areas increased.

The results of the identification of flooded areas using radar images have shown that in March 1402, a large part of the region, especially the south-eastern areas of Dashtiari city, faced the risk of flooding. The results of the analysis of the effective factors in the floods have shown that a large part of the flooded areas were related to low altitude and low slope areas, which indicates the direct role of altitude and slope in the floods of the region. Also, the areas that were in the category of desert and barren lands in terms of land cover also had the highest percentage of flooding, so the type of land cover was also one of the effective factors. But the interesting point is that there was no strong relationship between the parameters of the distance from the river and the ranking of the river with the floods that occurred. That is, some areas that were far from the main rivers also faced floods, the main reason of which was the morphological condition of the rivers in the region. According to the mentioned cases, among the effective factors, the height and slope have the highest influence and the distance from the river has the least influence (among the studied parameters). Also, in this research, based on the condition of flood-affected areas and the influence of parameters, vulnerable areas against flood risk have been identified. Based on the results, the southern regions of the study area, including the middle and southern parts of Dashtiari city, the eastern and southern regions of Chabahar city, as well as the southern regions of Konarak city, have the highest flood potential.

This article attempts to examine the appropriate time for tourism in the cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province, based on the physiologic equivalent temperature index (PET). The PET index is one of Rayman's software outputs, which is used to explain the tourism climate in Zahedan, Khash, Saravan, Zabol, Iranshahr and Chabahar cities. First, daily data (10957 days), air temperature, cloudiness, water vapor pressure, wind speed and relative humidity of meteorological stations of these cities were collected (1986-2015). The results of RayMan inferred in the form of daily climatic calendars. According to the monthly percentage of non-stress days (thermal comfort), the results showed in Apr (Zabol and Iranshahr, 67%), May, June, Jul and Sept (Zahedan, 28-90%), Oct (Saravan 87%), Nov (Iranshahr 87%), Des, Jan, Feb and Mar (Chabahar, 42-95%) have the best conditions for the presence of tourists. The best conditions for tourism in Zahedan (May and Sept), Khash (May, Sept and Oct), Saravan (Apr and Oct), Zabul (Apr and Sept), Iranshahr (Apr and Nov) and Chabahar (Dec, Jan, Feb, Mar and Apr) are estimated to have the highest percentage of non-stress temperature days.

Prediction of climatic variables in Sistan and Baluchestan province under the conditions of RCP  scenarios Mahsa Farzaneh 1  Sharareh Malboosi 2  Mohsen Hamidianpour 31- PhD in Climatology2- Climatology Research Institute-Climatic Disasters Group-Mashhad-Iran3- Physical Geography - Climatology,  Department of physical geography, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran IntroductionDrought is one of the climatic phenomena and is one of the events that cause a lot of damage every year. In fact, this phenomenon is one of the main and recurring features of different climates and its effects are not limited to arid and semi-arid areas. This phenomenon can occur in any geographical area and cause a shortage of water resources in different sectors. Sistan and Baluchestan province is one of the southeastern provinces of Iran that is strongly affected by drought ad fluctuations and changes in meteorological variables. Given the importance and necessity of the effect of climate change on drought and more specifically on climate parameters, this study intends to identify climate change behavior on drought and some changes in meteorological parameters in this region and answer the following question. What are the changes in meteorological parameters in the stations used in the future based on general circulation models (GCMs), and How does the trend of changes in meteorological variables affect the frequency and severity of droughts in the studied province?Data and methodology The study area in the present study is southeastern Iran, Sistan and Baluchestan province. The data of this study include two categories: The first category includes meteorological variables such as daily precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and sundial related to synoptic stations located in the region during the statistical period of 30 years (2020-1987). The mentioned data have been obtained from the Statistics and Information Center of the Meteorological Organization of the country. The second category of data includes the output of GCMs. In this study, HadCM model data is used. In order to use the output of GCMs, the use of downscaling tools is required. One of the downscaling methods used is the LARS-WG model. The SPI Drought Index is based on the fact that rainfall deficits have different effects on groundwater, resource storage, soil moisture, snow cover, and stream flow.ConclusionDuring the study period, the precipitation regime will shift to the end of the season, ie winter and spring. In this regard, officials should pay more attention to the impact of spring rains on onshore stations in the occurrence of flash floods on a local scale. According to the distribution of precipitation in the province, it is determined that precipitation patterns are different in different regions of the southeastern part of the country. Some areas, such as Sistan, have the lowest rainfall in the province, while others are well distributed. Therefore, the distribution of rainfall in the province, especially heavy rainfall, is affected by local factors and synoptic conditions. The heaviest rainfall in the province occurs in the southern part of the province and is affected by sea moisture. These points are considered as dry points; But if the conditions for rainfall are provided, under the influence of sea moisture, they can receive the heaviest rainfall in the province. Heavy rains have also been recorded in the central heights of the province. Drought is one of the climates that is followed by rainfall, warming and rising temperatures and is one of the dangers that Iran has faced severe problems in recent decades. The results of the study showed that the severity of drought in 2006 and 2016 was more severe.In addition, the results of the modeling section showed that there is a great agreement between the simulated values of the base period and the modeled period.It means that the results of the LARS-WG model have adequate confidence. The general results of the surveys for the mentioned period show that the percentage of minimum temperature changes in the province has increased by 16.02%, the percentage of maximum temperature changes has increased by 8.49% and the percentage of precipitation has decreased by 9.85%. The number of dry days increases in the studied stations. The highest frequency of the severity of droughts has been related to very severe and severe droughts. Zoning maps show that the eastern and central parts of the study area are more affected by drought than the western parts..

multidimensional phenomenon and is influenced by numerous factors and different areas. Among these factors are the economic factors. As a source of insecurity in society; Such as ft, social disorders, moral corruption, smuggling of fuel and Commodity, drug trafficking and.... is Economic problems. Area of South-East Iran is As one of the regions that it has some of problem in regarding security issues and Many of these problems are rooted in the economic development of the region.The method of this study was qualitative based on analytical-descriptive method, in which based on library studies, the required information and data carried out and integrated using two methods include subject and content analysis of the library, internet and other resources and studies. The main question of the study was An expansion in South-East Iran Especially economic development What impact has increased security in the region? The hypothesis of the study was it seems that by With increasing levels of economic development in Area of South-East Iran and resolution Economic problems in the region

Today, security and development are two unstable components in the management of border areas. As Sistan and Baluchestan province in terms of growth and development in the country's development ranking indicators, is always at a low level and on the other hand, regional and spatial imbalances between the central and border areas of the province seems very obvious, this underdevelopment has created conditions for the creation and growth of the phenomenon of trafficking. Thus, instead of solving the problem of underdevelopment as one of the main reasons and underlying problems of the province, due to security problems, governments have considered the issue of increasing border security as a short-term solution for these areas. In this regard, the present study, which is analytical-explanatory in nature and has been obtained by collecting documents and the latest reports of government organizations in 2020 and 2021, documents and information in books and scientific documents and their content interpretation. , Has tried to analyze the effective factors and indicators in the research findings as well as the relationship between the three components of underdevelopment, trafficking and intensification of border security, as well as in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The findings of the study revealed that issues such as lack of social justice, instability of security, the phenomenon of smuggling of goods, spatial and geographical imbalances, instability of residence and population, reduced political participation and political development, increased political violence and terrorist activities, neighborhoods with underdeveloped and undeveloped countries. They have affected the development cycle and security of the region.

This study aimed to identify and analyze the barriers to tourism development on the coasts of the Oman Sea. It was descriptive-analytical research. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The research population included two categories: the incoming tourists to the region, from which 382 questionnaires were randomly selected using Cochran's formula from among the available and responsive tourists, and 30 officials of departments related to tourism. A one-way t-test, multivariate regression analysis, and path analysis were used to analyze the research findings. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that in terms of tourists, tourism on the Oman Sea coast is unfavorable. The average economic barriers (2.920), advertising barriers (2.957), infrastructure and service barriers (2.912), beach sports barriers (2.767), socio-cultural barriers (2.928), and Management barriers (2.857) were all below the desired average (3). The results of linear regression analysis showed that the managerial barriers and economic barriers with beta values ​​of 0.368 and 0.302, respectively, had the most impact and barriers to doing water sports with a beta coefficient of 0.154, social barriers with a beta coefficient of 0.171 barriers to infrastructure facilities and tourism services with a beta coefficient of 0.224 and advertising barriers with a beta coefficient of 0.294, respectively, had less impact on the coastal tourism on the coast of the Oman Sea. Also, the results of route analysis showed that managerial barriers with 0.820 and economic barriers with 0.623 had the most significant impact on the coastal tourism of the Oman Sea, respectively, and the beach sports barriers with 0.154 had the least impact on tourism. Therefore, according to the obtained results, it can be said that the barriers to the development of tourism on the coasts of the Oman Sea depend on factors such as economic, propaganda, management, socio-cultural factors, beach sports, and infrastructure - services. As long as these problems and barriers are not removed, tourism in these areas will not reach proper growth and development.Extended Abstract Introduction Activities on the shores and areas surrounding the seas, such as sunbathing, swimming, boat riding, wave surfing, water skiing, flying in the air, diving, fishing sports, and other water recreational activities, are the main attractions in many parts of the world. Today tourism primarily develops adjacent to the seas, and beach tourism counts among the most significant economic development and job creation models. Tourists travel to coastal regions to visit the shores and use the coastal facilities. Enjoying the benefits of tourism requires removing all the hurdles and challenges facing this activity, such as the lack of management skills, poor marketing, lack or shortage of tourist services, seasonal limitations, and regulation void. To this aim, actions, including building and developing the infrastructures, sustainable advertisement, and marketing, responsible holding of tourist tours, setting the stage for private and non-public investment in beach tourism, prioritizing the demands and goals of locals to satisfy their needs, and designing appropriate laws and regulations. MethodologyThis research is applied in terms of objective. It draws on a descriptive and analytical methodology and utilizes the library method and fieldwork to gather data. Questionnaires are used in the fieldwork. The statistical population of the research consists of incoming tourists to the region (Konārak and Chābahār shores) and the authorities in charge of beach tourism. According to data released by the Ministry of Heritage, Culture, Tourism, and Handicraft, tourists visiting the Sistān and Baluchestān province shores reached over 100 thousand in 2019. Using the Cochran formula, 382 questionnaires were completed by availability sampling from among the tourists visiting the Sistān and Baluchestān province shores. Thirty officials from the office in charge of tourism in Konārak and Chābahār towns were chosen as the second statistical research population. SPSS and EXCEl software packages were employed to analyze data. One-sample t-test, linear regression analysis, path analysis, and factor analysis were used to analyze data. Opinions of 5 university professors and experts were elicited to examine the questionnaire validity, which was confirmed after investigation and revision. The questionnaire reliability was calculated using alpha Cronbach 0.81. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed a normal distribution of the data. After conducting fieldwork and interviewing local experts, the challenges facing tourism development on the shores of the Sea of Oman were identified and categorized into six groups: Cultural-social, economic, infrastructural, tourism services, management, advertisement, and beach sports.Results and discussionFindings suggest that 138 respondents (36 percent) are female, and 244 (64 percent) are male. Other findings are as follows. Challenges to beach tourism development are cultural and social obstacles, economic hurdles, infrastructural facilities, tourism services, management hurdles, challenges facing the development of beach sports, and advertisement challenges. Given the data's Normal distribution, the one-sample t-test and parametric tests were employed to investigate the obstacles to the development of beach tourism on the shores of the Sea of Oman.ConclusionFindings indicate that the development of beach tourism faces numerous challenges in these regions. These challenges include social-cultural challenges like the lack of familiarity of the locals with the role and significance of tourism in development, lack of complete knowledge on how to treat the tourists, fear of insecurity among the tourists, lack of tourism police in the region, lack of a culture of using tourism resources, and facilities; economic challenges like the tourists' propensity to neighboring rival regions, lack of governmental insurance and financial support of the existing investors, Unwillingness of the native and non-native investors to invest in tourism, local's lack of access to more financial resources, inflation, foreign exchange fluctuations in the country, tourism services, and infrastructural challenges, such as welfare facilities in the tourism sites, and the low quality of tourism services Management hurdles like inattention of authorities to the significance of beach tourism, lack of expert and skilled forces in tourism institutions and bodies, lack of cooperation among organizations in charge of tourism to develop beach tourism, planning and decision-making weakness regarding tourism and beach tourism, neglecting the task of spreading information regarding tourism on the part of tourism authorities, lack of suitable, early-yielding tourism plan to encourage investors in beach tourism, and the lack of sufficient skills on the part of tourism officials in the region to plan tourism development Beach sports challenges like a lack of boat riding tournaments, beach soccer, wave surfing, open water swimming tournaments, international beach sports tournaments, lack of investment in beach sports, neglect of the high potential of beach sports to attract tourists, lack of high skills on the part of tourism officials in the region to plan tourism development, lack of necessary facilities for beach sports Advertisement challenges like lack of radio advertisements on the province's beach tourism, negligence on the part of information-broadcasting institutions such as the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting in changing the perceptions of the country's tourists toward the province and its shores, a multitude of documentaries and films depicting the area as unsafe, and media exaggeration of the adverse events in the region (insecurity).FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the workConflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest.Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

Greater Sistan and Baluchestan have always had a geopolitical role for the central government of Iran throughout its long history. With the great geopolitical game of the nineteenth century by Britain and Russia in Sistan and Baluchistan, the region underwent extensive changes in all aspects of social, political and economic security, the effects of which are evident today. Emmanuel Wallerstein's theory of the world system is based on competition between different countries in different positions. Intense competition between Britain and Tsarist Russia in the late eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in eastern and southeastern Iran, especially Greater Sistan and Baluchistan, in addition to the region's fragmentation and political geography, had devastating effects on the natural economy and its tradition has been the environment, insecurity and consequently the underdevelopment of this region.

When all the concepts related to a phenomenon have not been identified yet, the relationships between these concepts are not well understood. Using a qualitative research method to better understand these phenomena will be a solution. With this approach, the present study also has a qualitative approach and grounded theory foundation has been used as a research method to analyze the relationship between research variables.

1) During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the capitalist system continued to expand. This long-term presence of Iran in the arena of the capitalist system created the necessary ground for its peripherization in the 19th century. The British government occupied strategic parts of the Indian suburbs, including Sistan and Baluchistan, in order to preserve the vitality of India. 2) In the meantime, insecurity and its negative effects on the development of Greater Sistan and Baluchistan, which is currently divided between Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan should not be ignored. The imbalances of security and development in this geopolitical space, underdevelopment and climatic and geographical conditions of Greater Sistan and Baluchistan have been very effective in the structure and geopolitical nature of this geographical area. Very low human development indicators in the mentioned centuries of the region are also among the factors affecting the economy and historical geopolitics of the province.3) Due to their cultural, religious and social differences, the Baluch ethnic group could not accept the interaction with the modern government, and this interaction turned into a conflict that continues to this day.4) The world capitalist system occupied vast territories in Asia including Balochistan to gain new markets for its goods. Greater Sistan and Baluchestan as the gateway to India in line with the great British strategy of protecting India from the mid-19th century became strategically important.

The climatic conditions of Sistan and Baluchistan are one of the most important factors in insecurity of Sistan and Baluchistan. Insecurity as the main cause of underdevelopment has been influential in the geopolitical evolution of this geographical space in the last three centuries. Its security and geopolitical stability in the last three centuries has faced serious problems and challenges. Of course, in addition to the natural texture of Greater Sistan and Baluchistan, numerous other human factors have also contributed to its geopolitical instability. The geo-culture of Greater Sistan and Baluchistan is considered as one of the most important factors affecting its security. The incidence of this insecurity has doubled. On the other, the presence and influence of the two world powers, Britain and Russia, in Greater Sistan and Baluchistan, and the rivalry of the two governments over the past three centuries have played a significant role in generating insecurity in the region. Hydro-political problems of the mentioned geopolitical region in the last three hundred years on the Helmand River, in addition to heavy damage to the economy and natural order of the region, due to claims and attacks on the borders of the region, is one of the factors that has a very negative impact on the region's security

Border areas due to their proximity to foreign countries and the geographical and political conditions prevailing in them, have their own characteristics that are considered an integral part of these conditions, which have a direct impact on the development of these areas. Therefore, if these features are not taken into account, it will have a negative impact on the development process and security of border areas and will act as a threat to development. But if this is taken into account and used in the development planning, and planning process of those areas, they will have positive effects and turn from a threat to an opportunity. Some of these characteristics are: distance from the center, geographical isolation, instability of settlement and constant movement of population, illegal border exchanges, cultural, ethnic and religious differences with the interior of the country, and external threats. Accordingly, the crises and insecurities in the southeast of the country cause great human and financial damage to the body of the province, military, law enforcement and security forces, government agencies and the people. High sensitivities of the province due to the geographical location and natural, human and political-cultural, security and military structures and several years of crisis history, the need for comprehensive knowledge of the province and detailed scientific research to discover the causes and factors of insecurity and find appropriate strategies for establishing security and taking advantage of regional opportunities are essential. This can only be achieved through regional studies. Therefore, human hazards in the southeastern region of the country have provided the fragility of this region and the instability of these areas. First, there are serious obstacles to the planning of this area, which should be recognized. Afterward, presenting programs with a visionary perspective sought can control and reduce it and pave the way for development and security in the southeast of the country. Therefore, the main question of the present study is which human hazards have the greatest impact on the management of the border areas of southeastern Iran.

The research method in this article is a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The library method has been used to collect the required information. In the library section, descriptive information is collected from books, articles, reports, and statistical yearbooks. These studies have been conducted to identify effective human hazards as well as theoretical foundations of research. Then the appropriate criteria were identified according to the purpose of the research. Also, field method and interviews with experts and a researcher-made questionnaire were used. Sampling method in this research is snowball sampling method. In addition, the sample size in this study includes 70 elites and specialists familiar with human hazards in the southeast of the country. In order to analyze the data obtained from the collected questionnaires, qualitative analyzes as well as descriptive and inferential statistical methods have been used. Thus, SPSS26 statistical software was used to describe the answers given to the general questions of the research questionnaire and Friedman test was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.

The most effective human hazards in the planning of Sistan and Baluchestan province can be summarized as follows: Poverty: Sistan-Baluchestan province is far from any advantage and employment due to its distance from the center and being in the blind spot of the country, and also due to lack of mismanagement of officials, and lack of use of potentials in this province. Unemployment is high in the province, which is why Sistani citizens have joined terrorist groups or smuggled goods. Based on this, it can be said that poverty is one of the most important factors that affect the planning of this area. Therefore, the development of this area with a landscape perspective should be written in such a way that in the shortest time, the economic situation of the residents of this area grows and attracts their satisfaction. Foreign nationals: Slums around large cities and begging are the consequences of the presence of Afghan and Pakistani immigrants in the geographical area of ​​Sistan and Baluchestan. It should also be noted that the economy of the province is in the hands of Afghans and Sunnis in some areas. The uncontrolled growth of the population with a political perspective and its imbued with religious beliefs, has made the population of the province the youngest population in terms of age among the provinces of the country, which along with economic poverty, numerous security, political, educational and training problems and so on, have finally changed the population balance in favor of the Sunnis. They have changed and, in the future, will create a lot of social unrest that with new planning programs should be prevented that foreigners cannot easily make the space fragile.Migration: The most important problem of the people of Sistan and Baluchestan that leads to migration is water shortage, unemployment, and ecological changes in the region, which in turn leads to migration and the fragile geographical space of Sistan and Baluchestan. Hence, the issue of migration from Sistan and Baluchestan occurred due to drought conditions and problems caused by the Taliban, the diversion of the river and the dryness of Hamoon Wetland. Therefore, in order to prevent the migration of population from this area to other parts of the country, we need to establish sustainable development and security in this area, in the meantime, we need to establish good relations with neighboring countries to prevent water from dams in the river. The border guards have made us stop and bring the flow of life back to this area.Terrorism: The existence of terrorism and terrorist operations in the southeast of the country (Sistan-Baluchestan), has provided the ground for insecurity and is a serious obstacle to the organization of this area. Therefore, it is necessary for Iran to cooperate with neighboring countries in the field of eradication of terrorism, otherwise, despite the great human dangers in this region, it is possible that in the future the people of this region will become members of terrorist groups and against the regime act in such a way that in this case the government requires them to think of special measures.Lack of ignition: Sistan and Baluchestan, bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan, can provide many opportunities for the region, but it also poses threats, including smuggling of goods, drugs, and jobs. This is due to the lack of employment, which harms the economy of the country and this region, and also leads to insecurity in this region. Therefore, economic plans should be written with an economic perspective only in this area in order to bring development to this area so that this risk can be controlled in this area and provide a stable ground for this area.

The results show that the existence of human hazards is a serious obstacle to the implementation of beauty programs in this area that needs to be followed by national and local managers to control these hazards in the first step and then reduce them. Therefore, among the research items, "Lack of employment; "Smuggling of goods and drugs" is in the first place with 3.75 points, "poverty" is in the second place with 3.65 points. Among the items, "immigration" is in the third place with a score of 2.86, the presence of foreigners is in the fourth place with a score of 2.40, and terrorism is in the fifth place with a score of 2.33. On this basis, despite these risks, the elites can provide appropriate strategies to provide the basis for sustainable development in this area. Therefore, recognizing these risks and considering them in planning programs is the first step that needs to be considered in the planning document of this area in order to manage the human risks formed in this area.

One of the most vulnerable points in Iran in terms of soft threats is the activity of deviant terrorist groups in the border areas, especially in the southeast. Most of the time, two wings of terrorism, have been violence in the form of guerrilla, suicide bomber attacks. This research will respond to this question. Have different operations of terrorist groups (group Jundallah and Jaish al-Adl) affected the attitude of the people of the province of Sistan and Baluchestan towards these groups? Research results show the least participating age 39 years old and the highest age 66 and the highest level of participation in the age group of 34-25 (3842:) and men with 5843: and women were 4347:, from 6446: of Shiite and 3544: of Sunnis. Terrorist acts of the Mosque of Amir al-Moamenin in Tasoki, Mosque of Zahedan, etc., were modest to large religious divisions between people, with military, security and media measures against terrorist groups and showing their nature and faces. Ultimately, the arrest of Jundullah's terrorist group was somewhat decreased. The lack of coherence of the Balouch people with them reflects the Sunni disgust of their terrorist acts. The information required for this research has been used by two methods of designing a questionnaire in the province and another library method and the use of documents and the Internet to complete the information. The main examination of the results of the research is Chi-square test (Chi-square). Also, SPSS software analyzes and then with the help of GIS, the maps are prepared and applied.

River sediments are the major component of the aquatic ecosystems and play an important role in the nutrients cycle and contaminants transformation in river systems. Therefore, in this study, Analysis of Histological features of Sarbaz River sediments and Estimation of river sediment load in Pishin dam Drainage basin, east of Sistan and Baluchestan province, has been studied. For sedimentation, in this study, extrapolation method or sediment measurement curve has been used. According to the relevant data to stream discharge and sediment discharge, their relationship is evaluated as (Qs=22/89 * QW 1/939). Annual average of sediment load in the river is obtained as 425021 ton of suspended load and 42500 to 85000 ton of bed load. Other results also showed that the change in mean particle size and sediment sorting in the form of a discontinuous exponential increase from the point of entry of tributaries to the estuary of the river, well shows the role of feeding tributaries in the sediment logical status of the main tributary.

Horticulture is one of the sub sectors of agriculture, which plays an important role in ensuring food security and livelihood of villagers. Horticultural products such as tropical fruits are produced to a significant extent in Iran, and some of these fruits in Iran are originated in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Due to the climate condition, especially in the southern region, tropical fruits of this region still has the first rank in provision of these products. Mango and banana are the most important products, each of which has a crucial role in the household food basket due to its characteristics. In this study, considering the economic significance of tropical mango and banana products in the villages of Sistan and Baluchestan, the structure, behavior and market performance of these products are identified using the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model to exploit the maximum economic capacity. The SCP model considers structure, conduct and performance as the three elements of the market that indicates the overall market situation, and the interrelationships between the elements, and their analysis, which helps to improve the market situation. Indeed, appropriate policies and mechanisms both helps maximize the producers’ benefits and satisfy the consumer and other components of the market cycle. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer the question of what is the structure, conduct and performance of the tropical mango and banana fruit market in the villages of Sistan and Baluchestan?

In order to reach the answer that the market structure of tropical mango and banana products in Iranian villages follows the SCP model or not, the relationship between the components of this model has been investigated. For this study, the cross-sectional data of the manufacturers of these two products are estimated using a system of simultaneous equations. According to the existing empirical studies on the relationship between market elements as well as the methods used by different researchers, three equations for the variables of structure, behavior and performance has been defined for the system of simultaneous equations. In these MS equations, it is related to market concentration variables such as Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and producer concentration ratio index. In this study, the concentration ratio index is used. R&D refers to behavioral variables such as research and development and advertising, and PF refers to the same performance variables as return on assets and equity. The three variables mentioned are endogenous or dependent variables model. And indicate the type of ownership and age. It refers to the inventory of assets and education, and performance (amount of production / area of cultivation) and income, which have been in the role of exogenous variables of the model and are analyzed by the three-stage least squares method in the system of simultaneous equations.
 

 The results of model estimation showed that for two mango and banana crops in Sistan and Baluchestan villages, all three components of concentration, research and development and profitability are statistically significant. The results of SCP model coefficients for mango crop show that for concentration, research and development on mango, the number of users in this market increases and the market gets closer to competitive conditions and also profitability has a positive and significant effect on concentration. As the market gets closer to monopoly conditions, the profitability of mango producers increases and as a result the number of producers in the market decreases or the market share is more unfairly distributed among the exploiters. In the R&D equation, concentration has a negative and significant effect on R&D. As the concentration among mango producers increases and the market moves towards monopolies, the motivation of mango producers and villagers to conduct research decreases. However, profitability has a positive and significant effect on research and development activities. This result suggests that as profitability increases, there will be more incentive to spend on research and development. In the profitability case, concentration has a positive and significant effect on it. In other words, with increasing concentration, or moving to the monopoly market, the profitability of products among villagers will increase and research and development also has a positive and significant effect on profitability. As research and development increase, it is expected that the efficiency of mango production and profitability will increase.The results of estimating SCP coefficients for banana confirm that in the equation of concentration, research and development has a negative and significant effect on concentration. The more research in the field of banana product, the more users in this product, or the market will be closer to competitive conditions. Profitability also has a significant negative effect on concentration, in other words, as the profitability increases, the concentration decreases. When the profitability increases, more producers are encouraged to work in this market among the villagers. As a result, the concentration in the banana market decreases. In the R&D equation, the concentration has a negative effect on R&D because with increasing market concentration, market has shifted to monopoly conditions. As a result, banana producers in rural areas are less motivated to conduct research activities. However, profitability has a positive and significant effect on research and development. The higher the profitability of the firm, the more the manufacturer prefers to increase R&D costs in order to increase income. Since producers and villagers know that with more research and development, they will increase their profitability. Furthermore, research and development has a positive and significant effect on profitability, conducting research activities, more opportunities will be provided to banana producers in rural areas. As a result, the profitability of farmers will be enhanced.

The south of Iran and the southern coasts of Iran, which are separated from the central plateau by mountain ranges, are located in hot and humid climates. In these areas, the difference between the temperature of the land surface and the sea level causes sea and land breezes; But these types of winds are limited to the narrow coastal strip, and the air indoors is calm and the wind speed - if any, is very low. In fact, the purpose of this study was to identify the effective design criteria in hot and humid climates with emphasis on the climate of Sistan and Baluchestan. In this research, an application-development method has been used to achieve the goals. One of the climatic characteristics of this coast is the amount of very little annual rainfall, most of which is in autumn and especially in winter. Very hot and humid weather in summer and mild in winter, very high humidity in all seasons, as well as low temperature differences between night and day, salinity of groundwater in most areas and very little vegetation are other characteristics of these areas. . In today's world, despite new technologies, construction does not have the problems and limitations of the past, and it is possible to build a building for almost any taste. What is important is to create buildings that, in addition to adapting to modern technology, conform to the indigenous architecture of each region and lead our architecture to sustainability through energy savings

Tourism plays an important role in rural development. Tourism while enhancing the rural development process through diversification of economic activities, maintaining social integrity, environmental protection, and positive spatial-physical changes in rural settlements can increase the quality of life in rural areas. Due to the importance of this issue, in the present study, the effects of tourism on improving the quality of life of rural settlements were investigated. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and interviews with rural households. The statistical population includes rural settlements on the shores of the Oman Sea in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province, the two coastal cities of Konarak and Chabahar (N = 4855). Using Cochranchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s formula and quota sampling method, 356 samples in 12 villages that had tourist attractions were selected as a sample. Descriptive tests, analysis of variance and path analysis model were used to analyze the data and answer the research questions. The results of analysis of variance showed that tourism has a good linear relationship with increasing the quality of life in rural settlements of Konarak and Chabahar. So that according to the route analysis model, rural tourism has different and favorable effects on economic, social, environmental and physical-spatial indicators and the value of p of all Lamda parameters in the above model indicates the confirmation of all regression relationships. Among the four dimensions, tourism development has had the greatest effect on the economic dimension of quality of life and the least effect on the social dimension of quality of life in rural settlements.

The increasing incidence of dust storms indicates the dominance of desert ecosystems in each region. Therefore, in order to properly control and manage dust storms, it is necessary to be aware of the temporal-spatial changes of this phenomenon and the need to predict and model it. In this study, in order to predict the variable frequency of days with dust storm (FDSD), the results of two hybrid methods under the titles of support vector-wavelet (W-SVM) and support vector-artificial plant algorithm (AF-) (SVM) was compared with the individual support vector machine (SVM) model. For this purpose, hourly dust data and codes of the World Meteorological Organization were used on a quarterly scale with a statistical period of 40 years (2018-1980) in five selected synoptic stations of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Explanation coefficient, root mean square error, mean absolute error value and task strain coefficient were used to evaluate and compare the models. The results of goodness-of-fit indices in the training and testing phase showed that the hybrid structures used provide acceptable results in modeling the FDSD index. Support-wavelet car vector hybrid model with correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.911-0.984), root mean square error (RMSE=0.314-0.397), mean absolute error value (MAE=0.236-0.335) And clutch saturation coefficient (NS = 0.927-0.965), had better performance than other models used in predicting the FDSD index. The results of this study can be effective in managing the consequences of dust storms and desertification programs in the study areas.

Drought is one of the most significant natural hazards which affects various aspects of human life with its gradual, slow and creeping occurrence. As a disastrous climate phenomenon, it directly impacts on human communities through making changes in access to water resources, and imposes enormous economic, social and environmental costs on various communities. One of the strategies governments always use to compensate the damages that droughts impose on various economic, social and environmental sectors is to include special financial loans in the form of grants, special development credits, special structural projects, and so on. Therefore, in this regard, a lot of financial aids have been allocated by the government for it. But, sometimes, it is observed that the allocation and distribution of drought credits among different cities of the province have been more influenced by political, ethnic, and religious interests rather than by the severity of the drought and its detrimental effects on various economic, agricultural, and social sectors. Therefore, in this study, it has been tried to present a method based on an optimization model in order to take a step in optimizing the management of drought budget based on realities in Sistan and Baluchestan province in south-east of Iran. In this study, the indicators proposed by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Islamic Republic of Iran for reducing the effects of drought were applied to manage the optimal distribution of drought budgets among the cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province in southeast of  Iran. These indicators were population, having urban and rural drinking water, vulnerability of water resources, surface area under cultivation, number of users of agricultural sector, annual consumption of agricultural water, and rainfall. Using the figures given in the 2011 statistical yearbook, numerical values ​​for each of these indices were obtained. But given that these indices are not of equal importance in each city and some may be more important in one city and less important in another, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique using paired comparison method was applied to determine the relative importance of these indices in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Using this technique, a relative weight was determined for each of these indicators and for each city. In addition to determining the weight of these indices, it was needed to convert droughts in the province to numerical values. In this study, to analyze droughts in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which is one of the proposed indicators of World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has been used for a period of 30 years (1984-2014) and for 6 synoptic stations. The results of drought analysis in Sistan and Baluchestan province in an annual scale showed that the frequency distribution of different drought levels in Sistan and Baluchestan province has not been uniform, with the most droughts occurring in this 30 year period in northern part of the province (Zabol and Zahedan) including 14 and 13 repeated cases; respectively, with the lowest in central part of Baluchistan (Khash and Saravan) including 11 repeated cases. But, what should be noted after the frequency of droughts is the persistence and durability of droughts. As a result, weak but long-lasting droughts can be much more damaging than severe but short-lived droughts. Sistan and Baluchestan province has been under drought with varying degrees of severity from the water year of 1998-1999 to the water year of 2005-2006. But in the meantime, the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province (Zabol station) has a condition which is very different from other parts of the province. The north of Sistan and Baluchistan province has been experiencing severe droughts for 14 years from the year 1999-2000 to 2012-2013 with the exception of the year 2004-2005. It has been the long-term drought persistence in the province that has caused many environmental, economic and social problems, such as the drying up of Lake Hamoun and the water reduction in the Hirmand River in the north of the province, and severe reduction of groundwater resources in central Baluchistan. Therefore, given that Sistan and Baluchestan province has experienced 7 years of continuous drought between the two water years of 1998-1999 to 2009-2010, these seven years were chosen as examples, and the ant colony algorithm was implemented on them. Based on the selected criteria and the proposed method, it seems that the combination of Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique and Ant colony algorithm can formulate an intelligent system to determine the priority of the cities in Sistan and Baluchestan province during droughts for allocating the optimal budget and reducing the harmful effects of droughts. Based on the prioritization maps of optimal drought budget allocation among the cities in Sistan and Baluchestan province, an almost good agreement can be observed between the results and the realities existing in the province.

The pattern in the last few decades, especially in countries and regions located in the desert of the earth are considered, as a reflection of climate change. A situation that threatens security, stability and development in many areas due to reduced rainfall and water scarcity. Iran has also been strongly influenced by these events and changes in its attitude towards its geographical position during the last decade and half. Southeastern Iran with center (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) which has been a region with low rainfall, daring several periods of time due to climate to the point that it has become one of the migrating provinces of the country. An event that has itself given rise to emerging security issues and challenges, especially in border areas
The present article is based on the hypothesis that the decrease in rainfall and threat of water resources has led to the emigration of the province. The methodology of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the required data and information are collected through the meteorological organization and the national statistics center and then using standard rainfall (SPI) and normal rainfall (PNPI) percentage investigate and analyze the spatial distribution of drought (period, 1996-2011) and its impact on the migration of residents of the strategic area. The results show that the occurrence of severe or very severe droughts in a region has negative reflections on the livelihood of residents in the region, which with the attitude of the people of the province to dependence on limited water resources and traditional agriculture and the lack of land management policies and hydro-political relations between Iran and Afghanistan have led to an increase in the crisis in the east of the country, and the people of this province have inevitably migrated to neighboring provinces and other parts of the country to provide better living conditions.

A synoptic perspective was adopted in this study to investigate two winter precipitation systems that caused a flood in Sistan and Baluchestan and a heavy snowfall in Gilan in January 9-12 and February 9-12, 2020, respectively. The results demonstrated that although different in shape, both systems were cold-core and similar in their formation and strengthening. Amplification of the mid-level trough, formation of cyclonic rotation, positive relative vorticity advection to the east of the trough, convergence in lower levels, and formation or strengthening of low-pressure at the Earth’s surface to the east of the trough, played the key role in developing and strengthening these two systems. These mechanisms are consistent with the theory of development and strengthening of mid-latitude low-pressure systems. A noticeable difference between these two systems is the continuity and increasing speed of the north wind in the first system, caused by the meridional shift in the polar jet stream. These conditions have caused the cyclonic curvature formed in the subtropical jet stream axis in the first system to be increase and extended to the south. These curvatures are located to the east of the Red Sea in the first system and northeast of the Mediterranean Sea in the second system. Also, in the first system, the advection of warm moist air from the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, and in the second system, the advection of cold air from the Caspian Sea have provided suitable conditions for convectional rainfall and heavy snowfall, respectively.