border villages

due to the unique situation of Sistan due to the border line and the Milk transportation road, the low number of entrepreneurs in the region, the unfavorable employment situation, the deprivation of suitable facilities and infrastructure and the lack of significant action in the field of starting entrepreneurial activities, awareness of the challenges of rural entrepreneurship in the regions A border village is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the challenges facing entrepreneurship in the border villages of Sistan..

 The current research is a descriptive-analytical survey in terms of its practical purpose and based on the nature and method of data collection. The method of data collection to answer the research questions was library and questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by university professors with a formal and content approach, and the reliability of the research measurement tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient with a value of 0.87. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical tests and structural equations.

 Based on the results of structural equations, it was determined that the greatest role and influence in this field was related to economic indicators, based on the results, the factor loading or standardized regression weight on the economic index was equal to 0.56 at a significance level of 0.000. ..

 The results of the research showed that the high profit of bank facilities for starting a business, the lack of government support, the limitation of the demand market, and such things, are undeniable and have a tremendous impact on the lack of entrepreneurship development in the border villages of Sistan. After the economic dimensions, we can mention the social barriers that have many effects on the lack of entrepreneurship development in the studied sample.

Colbary is a job that deals with smuggling goods. Indeed; Due to the lack of decent job opportunities in the border areas, which is above all, the result of underdevelopment and lack of efficient investment in these areas, a significant part of the labor-seeking workforce is attracted to the informal economy, especially Colbary. Meanwhile, Kurdistan Province, with its 227-kilometer border with Iraq, has become one of the main routes for legal and illegal border exchanges, through three official Markets in Bashmagh of Marivan, and the informal markets of Seif Saqz, Siranband of Baneh, and official Colbary thoroughfares Legal exchanges take place, In addition to legal exchanges, illegal exchanges are also carried out by colbars in the borders of the province. Meanwhile, the cities of Baneh, Marivan and Sarvabad have enjoyed special importance in the import of smuggled goods in recent years. Considering the effects and consequences of this phenomenon (Colbary) on the stability of the country's security, especially in economic, social and political dimensions, the approach and management of this phenomenon is complex and has many ambiguities and ifs and buts. The main research question is based on this point is that; What are the most important factors and grounds for the occurrence and continuation of the Colbary phenomenon among the rural areas of the border counties of Kurdistan province and the most effective ones?

The present research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In order to collect data in the theoretical part, the documentary method has been used and in the field part, the survey method has been used based on observation, interview and questionnaire. Quantitative-qualitative research in the qualitative section to identify the most important causes and factors of occurrence and persistence of colbary in the region by conducting in-depth targeted interviews with statistical communities of research and in the quantitative section, using inferential statistics to confirm qualitative findings were generalized. According to the comprehensive view of the research, it was tried to examine and question all the groups involved in the continuation and organization of the Colbary phenomenon in the villages of the province. Based on this, three groups and statistical populations based on rural culverts, development officials of the province and border counties and local experts, including scientific experts in the field of development and people with ideas and solutions in the field of culverts were considered. These individuals were identified purposefully and based on the snowball sampling method. The interviews were analyzed in the qualitative part with the basic theory technique and in the quantitative part using factor analysis and path analysis. Formal, content, and structural validity were confirmed by distributing pre-tests and surveys of related scientific experts, especially in the field of rural development and familiar to the region, respectively, and then, factor analysis and reliability tests were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.79.

Findings of factor analysis indicate that the first factor with a specific value of 15.28 and an explanation of 25.46% of variance, contains 25 indicators or barriers. Considering that among the aggregated indicators, 17 indicators related to the weakness of planning, policy-making and management and two major and high-factor indicators belong to the weakness of border management, therefore; This factor can be called the weakness of policy, development planning and security management of this border area. The second factor with an eigenvalue of 10.46 and an explanation of 17.43% of the variances, has 11 indicators or barriers. According to the accumulated indicators, this factor can be called weakness in protection laws and weakness in the physical infrastructure required for economic development in the border villages of the province. The third factor, with an eigenvalue of 7.52 and an explanation of 12.54% of the variances, includes 14 indicators or barriers. Due to the frequency of accumulated indicators, this factor can be called "social inadequacies and unsuitable business environment for rural economic development". And the fourth factor with an eigenvalue of 6.28 and an explanation of 10.47% of the variances, has 8 indicators or barriers. According to the accumulated indicators; This indicator can be called "lack of capital of local people for economic development and job creation in rural areas. Also, the findings of the route analysis indicate that the cause of weak policy, development planning and security management of this border area with indirect impact on the formation of other barriers and then, lack of local capital for economic development and job creation in rural areas are the most effective obstacles identified in order to eliminate the Colbary phenomenon in the region

The results showed that in total, 76 variables, in the form of seven categories of development planning, policy and management weakness; Inadequate business environment in the area; Border security management; Weak laws and protections; Weaknesses in the physical infrastructure required for economic development; lack of local capital; Socio-cultural weaknesses in the context of four main categories or obstacles, including institutional inadequacies, weakness of financial resources and weakness in human and social capital; that they affect the continuity of the Colbary phenomenon in the study area. The results of factor analysis test showed that all variables in the four main factors of policy weakness, development planning and security management of this border area; Weaknesses in protectionist laws and weaknesses in the physical infrastructure required for economic development at the village level; Social inadequacies and unsuitable business environment for rural economic development and lack of capital of local people for economic development and job creation are summarized as the main factors in the continuation of the Colbary phenomenon in the region. Also, the final result of the path analysis test showed that the weakening of policy, development planning and security management of this border area and then, lack of local capital for economic development and job creation in the studied rural areas are the most effective obstacles identified in order to eliminate the Colbary phenomenon in the region.

Villages are the basis of the country's social life and play an important role in food security and population distribution and agricultural production. The importance of border villages due to foreign trade is twofold. Therefore, the present article assesses the status of socio-economic security indicators in the border villages (case study: Taybad city). The purpose of this research is to identify security components and assess the status of these components in the border villages of the city. The method of descriptive and analytical research and data collection is both documentary and field. The statistical population of the study is the border villages of Taybad city, which are located 15 km away from the Afghan border, which include the villages of Mohammad Abad, Mohsen Abad, Qomi, Farzaneh, Dogharun and Haji Abad. The sample was selected in a theoretical saturation and 100 questionnaires were filled out by the local community. The results of this study show that the economic index with a coefficient of 2.12 and the social index with a coefficient of 2.96. Among these, the employment component with an average of 2.65 in the economic index and the spatial affiliation component with an average of 3.56 in the social index was higher than other components. have.

Quality of life is core to the sustainable security approach. Regarding that, the status of supply and access to livelihood capital to provide livelihood and quality of life for villagers have an undeniable role in moving towards the stability of the security of rural border areas. The rural border areas of Marivan are in an adverse situation in terms of access to livelihood assets. Livelihood poverty due to poor access to livelihood assets is the dominant feature of the border village areas of Marivan County. This situation is evident in the unemployment report of the management and planning organization of the province, where the highest unemployment rate of the province is related to Marivan County, with 28.6 percent. Although Marivan County is in third place in the province after Sanandaj and Saqz counties in terms of population (12.2% of the province's population), it includes 23.6% of the unemployed in the entire province. The number of unemployed people in the rural areas of Marivan is 3446, with a rate of 19.3%. Compared to the unemployment rate of the rural areas of other counties of the province, it has the highest unemployment rate. Due to being in the political and geopolitical stake, a lot of money and capital is spent to keep the security of this county. According to the principles of stable security, identifying and solving the trends leading to insecurity are significant. So instead of dealing with threats, the emergence of insecurity is prevented by controlling these trends. The current research discusses why the inappropriate situation of access to livelihood assets in the border rural areas of the region was created and continued and what instabilities and risks did it leave behind?

The present applied research has been carried out using a post-event descriptive method. The research is qualitative, in essence. Data were collected by targeted interviews. The three main questions of the research are the destabilizing effects of security, the causes and factors of occurrence and continuity, and the strategies adopted by villagers against inappropriate access to livelihood capitals. The research population includes specialists, experts and informants in security and law enforcement, academics and management of the county, who were determined using a targeted non-probability sampling method based on the snowball method, and their number reached 50 people. The analysis of the interviews was done with the grounded theory technique in three stages open coding, central coding and selective coding.
The spatial scope of the research is the border villages of Marivan County. A county that is located in the west of Kurdistan Province and is adjacent to the Kurdistan region of Iraq. These border villages are within Sarshio, Khavomirabad and Zrivar Districts, which are the closest to the borderline (less than 15 kilometres from the border). The location and target villages of the research were considered (10 villages).

The creation of livelihood poverty due to the lack of provision and proper access of border villagers to livelihood assets has caused a variety of security instabilities. Many of the identified concepts, or in other words, the adverse effects resulting from the lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets, are the result and effects of weakening and failure in other dimensions and security indicators. The lack of adequate provision and access to livelihood assets in the studied areas, in addition to direct effects (destruction of the natural environment, poverty, human and financial losses), has also had many indirect and dependent effects (creating security holes with Distance between the people and the system due to the feeling of injustice caused by the government's lack of attention to these areas with the continuation of human and financial losses, environmental crises, the continuation of smuggling, increase in immigration, etc.). On the other hand, the instability and security problems created are not only limited to these areas and have threatened the national and public security of the country as well.
The most important strategies adopted for security and development in order to deal with the poor livelihood and security situation include border blocking strategy and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management strategy, extreme exploitation of the natural environment and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, immigration and capital outflow from the borders. However, there needs to be a structural solution to the problem at the regional level. Therefore, defensive strategies have generally been used to prevent the deterioration of the existing situation.
Also, using the grounded theory technique (three stages of open, central and selective coding), it was found that there are many obstacles and problems related to development and security managers and local communities for the business environment or the lack of access to livelihood assets in the studied border rural areas.
The results showed that the lack of proper access of the border villages of the county to livelihood assets had caused the instability of security in its various fields in the studied area. The security instabilities were placed in 51 indicators in the form of 3 main categories: unstable security future and political-military problems, instability of food and environmental-physical security, and instability of economic and social security. This situation showed that the lack of access to livelihood assets has reduced the quality of life and, as a result, security instability in the border villages of Marivan County.
Also, the results of the grounded theory technique extracted 63 weaknesses. These weaknesses are grouped into components such as weak development planning, policy-making and management, the inappropriateness of the business environment of the region, border security management, weak laws and protections, weakness in the physical infrastructure needed for economic development, the lack of local people's capital and socio-cultural weaknesses. 
Finally, the results of interviews and field observation showed that the strategy of blocking borders and threat-oriented management, one-dimensional development management, extreme exploitation of the natural environment, and dealing with illegal jobs and smuggling, migration and departure capital from borders; The most important strategies adopted by development and security officials and villagers in dealing with the unfavorable situation of access to livelihood assets and security instabilities resulting from it.

The drought occurs in a large number of livelihoods of rural households, especially in villages of border areas facing livelihoods. To deal with these effects, the use of coping strategies in rural areas is essential. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drought on rural communities and identify strategies for coping with its implications in border villages in Zahedan. The present research is in terms of purpose, applied and method of combined (quantitative and qualitative). The data collection tool and questionnaire were observed and interviewed with farmers and villagers. The statistical society is related to rural households in Zahedan (10278 households), which uses a simple quota and random quota sampling 380 Household was selected as the first instance. In order to analyze quantitative data, Johansson's exploratory test was used. Exploratory interviews were used to investigate and analyze qualitative analyzes. The results showed that drought in Zahedan city villages had the greatest effect on reducing water resources, cultivation, employment, income, rural poverty, number of livestock or animal products, rural migration, vegetation loss, erosion and soil salinity and reduced price Had land and land. The results of the use of coping practices among farmers in the region showed that the status of using these actions is not suitable, and more than half of the farmers do not use these methods. However, some farmers have used more relatively simple and low cost methods that do not need to specialize and with the characteristics of border villages. In terms of farmers, such as smuggling fuel and goods, leaving the village and migrate to the city, addressing non-agricultural jobs, flooring or lyrics of Qanat and manual nutrition of livestock as the most important methods for compatibility with drought and decrease The effects are it.

Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related.

Border areas have special characteristics due to contact with various external environments. Existence of spatial exchanges and connections on both sides of the border and various vulnerabilities and threats have given special importance to these border areas in the process of development planning and land management, which if neglected, they will seriously face major challenges. In this regard, the purpose of this study is the role of informal economy in the development of rural economy in Kurdistan province. The statistical population of the present study includes residents of rural areas located in border villages of Kurdistan province that are directly connected to the border; Therefore, 14 villages in Baneh Sarvabad counties were the final target of the present study and among the villages of these rural areas, 27 villages located at a maximum distance of 50 km from the border have been studied. The instrument used in this study includes a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity is content (formal) and structural and its reliability has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that the residents of the villages in the border areas agreed with the employment in the informal sector and expressed their satisfaction with this type of employment.

in the border villages of these counties that are directly connected to the border. Therefore, four villages in Baneh city and two villages in Marivan city are the final target of the present study and among the villages of these villages, 27 villages that are located at a maximum distance of 30 km from the border have been studied. According to the latest population and housing statistics (2016), 9788 households live in the target villages. The study sample was selected using Cochran's formula and random sampling method with proportional assignment (370 heads of households). The tool used in this study includes a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity (formal) and its structure and reliability Approved using hybrid reliability. Data analysis was performed through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS software. The model evaluated in the study had acceptable fitness indices. Structural equation modeling showed the components of quality of life (γ = 0.409, Z = 4.51), environmental (γ = 0.36, Z = 5.39), migration (γ = 0.64, 0.25). Z = 8), economic viability (γ = 0.41, Z = 5.64) and physical-spatial quality of the village and its dwellings (γ = 0.39, Z = 5.25) explain 68% of the changes in development distribution They are rural.

Today, in the context of sustainable rural development, the need to move quickly from traditional livelihoods to sustainable livelihood patterns is evident. It is obvious that achieving this change is not possible without regard to the household's livelihoods and assets. Livelihoods include the types of natural, physical, human, social and financial assets that are considered as essential to the livelihoods of the poor. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to measure the level of livelihoods of households living in the border villages of Torbat-e-yam. The descriptive-analytic research methodology is an applied-developmental type. In the present study, livelihood assets were categorized into 5 types of assets with the help of 64 indicators. These indices in the confirmatory factor analysis explained 66% of the variance, and also the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.91, indicating the validity and reliability of the research tool. The statistical population of the study is all border villages in more than 20 households in Torbat-e Jam. The unit analyzes 264 households in 17 villages located 10 kilometers from the border between Iran and Afghanistan. The results of the study showed that the livelihood of rural households living at the border is very low, so that the average human capital is 2.13, capital 1.87, social capital 2.48, physical capital 1.81, natural capital 12 / 2 in the Likert spectrum is significantly lower than the theoretical one. Also, the "livelihood assets" structure with an average of 2.22 was measured as "low". The results of the research show that the livelihood patterns of the border villages continue to be characterized by traditional livelihoods and have little adaptation to sustainable livelihoods, and the settlement in the village, along with the geographical isolation of the borders, has created many livelihoods for the dwelling population. Any activity in the field of livelihood modeling requires attention to the multiplicity of livelihoods.

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Border market research is one of the topics that have received a lot of attention in recent years in studies of rural and regional development in border areas, including economic research. The aim of the present study was to develop the economy of frontier villages with an emphasis on the border market of Bashmaqh Marivan. The nature of this applied research is descriptive and analytical and its type is survey. The three villages of Savoji, Ney and Saadabad were studied near the market. Necessary data were collected and interviewed using documentary and survey methods and using the researcher-made questionnaire. SPSS software and Mamdani fuzzy model were used for data analysis. In the study of correlation between economic development of border villages and Bashmagh border market, the study of Pearson correlation coefficient values showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between all related variables (economic development) and Bashmagh Marivan border market (independent variable). There is a 0.99 confidence level. Based on the results, there is a strong correlation, especially in the indicators of reducing unemployment and job creation, attracting and employing local people and expanding border exchange. Also, in inferring the economic variable status in determining the priority of villages near Bashmagh border market using Mamdani fuzzy model, for each village, the final amount of unfuzzy was determined as the output of fuzzy inference system in MATLAB software. This value is equal to 0.70 for Savji village, 0.70 for Ni village and 0.72 for Saadabad village, which shows the average economic level for all three villages according to the studied variable.

Maintaining security in border areas, especially in rural areas, countries that share borders with their neighbors, it is of great importance. according to importance of subject The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting security in border areas. The present research is practical in terms of its purpose and the descriptive-analytical in nature. The approach that governs it is of quantitative type. The statistical population of the study is 10 border villages of Baneh city in Kurdistan province, It has 3755 households. The sample size was estimated at 299 people based on the Cochran formula. The dispersion of samples' numbers in the villages was distributed based on their households and the selection of samples in rural areas has been systematically random. To investigate Topic And setting up the questionnaire, A framework of six security indicator was selected based on 23 items based on previous studies. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.84 based on Cronbach's alpha. One-sample t-test, Shannon entropy and Vikor's technique were used to analyze the subject. Data analysis was performed using one-sample t-test The security indicators have a close proximity And religious security with 3.85 has the highest average. also The results showed the Vikor technique Of the ten villages studied, six were medium-security And four villages are at a poor level

Border security is a major influence on internal sustainability and stability of countries; thus, countries take various military and non-military measures to control their borders and secure them. Residents of border villages and the support they can provide could play a key role in securing borders and bringing profit to them as the main beneficiaries. Therefore, the present study intends to investigate and analyze the roles residents of border villages could play on border security. In order to do so, descriptive-analytical research method is used in both field and library levels and the data are collected and analyzed from 63 local experts in different levels. Findings revealed that, from the point of view of state experts, villagers could be of more significance in economic, social- cultural, political, physical- environmental and defensive- military security. Confirmatory factor analysis on the other hand demonstrated that villagers’ maximum impact on border security could be their political collaboration. Economic, social and physical-environmental factors are in the next level and the defensive-military dimension has the lowest impact for border guards give military aids and the need for military tools and other special conditions makes it impossible for local people.

In recent years, the planers and Policymakers especially in developing countries have focused on the physical planning of rural settlements in order to lead of physical elements logically in rural field. The acceptance of this reality is inevitable. Because the guidance of socio-economic and physical approaches related to rural settlements without a coordinated and consistent program in the field of physical development is so difficult and impossible. The goal of present research is the study of implementation quality of rural guide plan and its socio-economic and physical effects in the border villages of Zahak Township (situated in the east of Iran). The statistical population of this research covers all villages in which guide plan has been employed and the samples are villages that at least 2 years have passed since the completion of implementation of guide plan. Based on these, in this research, 16 villages have been investigated that according to the number of households residing in these villages and by using the Cochran formula, 356 heads of households was determined as household samples. In order to achieve research goals with the use of the documentary studies, a wide range of indicators with socio-economic and physical dimensions were determined and with the use of field studies, the situation of all of them have been investigated. In this regard, field observation forms for evaluating the implementation quality of guide plan and household questionnaires was used to evaluate their effects. On the other hand, In order to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires and field observation forms, the capabilities of ArcGIS software for spatial analysis and the capabilities of SPSS software for statistical analysis (test of One-way Anova and test result of Kendall's tau-b correlation) are used. The results showed that Implementation quality of guide plan only in three villages of 16 villages is at the desired level and also in five villages is at a low level. On the other side, based on statistical analysis, there is a significant difference in the villages between the levels of guide plan effects in different dimensions and the highest effects of guide plan is in economic dimension (With an average of 3.07) and other dimensions are lower than middle level of effects. In addition, there is a direct relationship with a medium correlation between the level of guide plan effects in studied villages and their population growth rate.

Different geographic environments, offer different potentials and problems in different fields especially in livelihood activities of their residents, attention to which gains a lot of importance in local and environmental programming. Thus identification and analysis of rural potentials and problems is an important step in the process of planning a sustainable rural development. Thus, in an explanatory and analytical approach. This study aims to assess the livelihood problems for villagers living in of Sardasht township based on its findings. This research was conducted based on documents and library as well as interpretations and field survey with a descriptive approach. The statistical population consists 5722 people from the top 50 households of 8 villages of Sardasht township 386 of which were selected the Morgan tables as a statistical sample by simple random sampling and its data was analyzed by SPSS software. Results show that, supply factors imposed the livelihoods in this villages were affected by environmental conditions including gardening and non-agricultural activities, being in a boundary region has also caused smuggling activities. Also results generally show that significant relationship exists between geographic factors such as land slope, access to educational level, distance from boundary area and different earning source of rural livelihoods all of which generated specific livelihood pattern for the villages in the region. Areas of the border also cause direct and indirect employment (freight transportation and passenger operations, loading, etc) that share a border of more than direct employment of indirect employment.

The objective study was to investigate the effects of social capital on sustainability security in the villages the border areas. Statistical population including the villages of the central city of Saravan are heads of households (N= 9946). 421 households (23 villages) using Cochran formula and simple random sampling were selected. for the analysis data, descriptive and inferential statistics two methods (single sample t test, Pearson correlation and path analysis) is used. Results the research findings on the impact of social capital in rural sustainable security shows that the greatest impact is related to social security. Memorizing of patterns such a way that increases language, preservation of culture and religion, reducing drug use among youth, reduce the amount of conflict is between the people and so on. the lowest impact related to later economy. findings also show that dimension politico-military security partnership, trust and of cohesion between peoples and cooperation between police forces and and border guard to increase the political participation of the people, ethnic and sectarian narrow the gap, reducing illegal traffic in neighboring countries, increased cooperation with military forces in the fight against bandits and smugglers and maintain security and order is sent.

The subject of free trade and paying attention to marketing strategies and attracting customers can be considered as one of the significant factors in economic growth and development nowadays، so that many governments consider the international trade as one of the important priorities in their macroeconomic policy agenda. Currently the definition of smuggling and trafficking is not limited solely to the entry and exit within geographic borders of a country، rather، the illegal storage and distribution and transportation of goods in the country is also act of smuggling. Trafficking problem in our country due to geographical conditions for entry and exit of goods and lack of stability in neighboring countries is very significant. The aim of this research is to review and assess the existence of a relationship between the distance from border and degree of impact of trafficking in the “khav and mirabad” rural areas. The main research question thus arises: how the distance from the border has affected smuggling activities and its position in the income of rural households? Related to the general research question، the following hypotheses are offered: It seems that the distance from the borders affects the rate of employment of residents of the «Khav and Myrabad» villages in goods smuggling. It seems that the distance from the borders affects the amount of income earned by residents of the «Khav and Myrabad» villages in the goods smuggling activity. Theoretical bases: This research is based on descriptive - analytical and statistical methods. The required data were provided on the basis of documentation، literature review and field studies. The main tools used to gather the required data were questionnaires and interviews. Computer programs such as SPSS software was used for the purpose of data analysis. The study population consists of 32 villages «Khav and Myrabad» district in the township of Marivan and stratified sampling method based on the distance from the border of five villages with a population of 3،634 persons in 764 households was chosen. The sample size was determined based on Sharp - Cochran formula of the total studied rural households in 140 samples، which were distributed based on the principle of proportionality between the villages.

Research findings show that 43. 8 percent of income is coming from smuggling activities; while activities such as agriculture and animal husbandry have not significant role in the economy of rural households. The Pearson correlation coefficient of -0. 299 and also Spearmen correlation coefficient of -0. 380 at the significance level of 0. 01 was indicated for the relationship between the amount of income by smuggling and the distance from border. This means that with increasing distance from border، the smuggling and the amount of income from these kinds of activities decreases and vice versa.

Trafficking and especially goods smuggling has different effects in the border villages. This problem has different impacts in different places and times and therefore requires a coherent strategy to tackle this issue and eliminate it. Test of the first hypothesis indicates that، in general، the main job or sub-70 percent of the respondents constitute smuggling. This means that 70 percent of rural households rely on smuggling revenues and this activity has a positive influence on income of households residing in this area. Althogh this amount varies amongst villages studied based on the distance from the border. This indicates that، in villages near the border، this amount increases to 80 to 100 percent and in villages far from the frontier، severely reducing the amount of people involved in smuggling goods to come forward and 33. 3% decreases. But for the second hypothesis، the Pearson correlation coefficient of -0. 499 and also Spearmen correlation coefficient of -0. 580 at the significance level of 0. 01 was obtained for the relationship between the amount of income by smuggling and the distance from border. This means that، with increasing distance from border، the smuggling and the amount of smuggling income decreases and vice versa. Therefore impact of distance from border on the amount of income earned by residents of the «Khav and Myrabad» villages from smuggling activity is confirmed. Suggestions: Some suggested guidelines for the optimal use of available resources in order to reduce unemployment، creating jobs and decreasing the impact of smuggling activities in rural households economies can be mentioned below: Reducing the state intervention in production activity in the studied area. Investing in rural small industries that have high employment potential. Developing agriculture in the studied area with wells and exploitation of underground water resources. Activating cross-border market in this district for the development of trade between Iran and Iraq.