challenges

With the emergence of free zones in the country, national, regional and local (rural) development has occurred and any of their activities will affect urban and rural settlements. Anzali Free Zone, despite very favorable conditions and laws and the creation of capital and asset security, has been one of the areas prone to attracting foreign and domestic investment in recent years, and this has caused socio-cultural, economic and ... changes in rural settlements around this area. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been evaluated by distributing a researcher-made questionnaire in the villages surrounding the Anzali Free Zone and conducting a field survey. The analytical results of the data show that the existence of the free and special economic zones of Bandar Anzali has increased land prices, increased income (in the warehousing sector, unloading, etc.). It has also caused reverse migration to some extent and stabilized the population to a very low to low level. Also, the relationship between the amount of exports and investment in development activities (transportation, road development, etc.) and the relationship between the existence of free and special economic zones and increased employment in the region were measured, which had a significant relationship based on Spearman's correlation coefficient at the 95% level. There was a correlation between the improvement of service delivery and the existence of a free and special economic zone in Bandar Anzali County at the 99% level. According to the hypothesis testing and data analysis, although free and special economic zones have played a role in the development of the region, the success achieved in this field is not very significant, as 68.8% of people (rural residents and experts) stated that the role of these zones in the development of the region has been moderate to weak.

With the rapid development of urbanization all over the world, the structure of urbanization is changing significantly and leading to irregularity in land use systems. In most of the cities of the world, from the second half of the 20th century onwards, comprehensive urban plans were comprehensively prepared in order to provide the basis for making appropriate changes in the cities and solve urban problems. The monitoring of the projects showed that many of them do not achieve their goals, especially in third world countries. Understanding the obstacles affecting the implementation of detailed urban plans plays a pivotal role in sustainable urban management. The present research uses the Q-methodology approach to assess the perspectives of urban management experts and professionals on the implementation challenges of the detailed development plan in Marivan city. In doing so, the concourse on the influential factors on urban development plans was extracted from the literature, resulting in 33 final statements. Subsequently, 37 experts in urban management in Marivan city were selected, and the importance of these statements in the implementation of Marivan detailed urban plan was determined using the Q-sort table. The extracted statements were then analyzed using the KADE V1.2.0 software, employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Varimax rotation. The research findings highlight three dominant perspectives on the challenges of detailed urban development plans: administrative and implementation weaknesses, financial constraints and indiscipline, and inadequate adherence to regulations and urban management laws. Despite the differences among these perspectives, all three groups emphasized centralized, top-down planning within the national planning system as a key obstacle to urban development plans.

The lifestyle of nomads is a form of life and livelihood that revolves around raising livestock and adapting to the natural environment. This lifestyle has encountered internal and external challenges and issues throughout various periods. This article examines the challenges of nomadic life in the country using a mixed-methods research approach, which includes gathering data through focus groups and interviews. The analysis is conducted through coding and evaluation using MAXQDA-24 software. The findings revealed that the most significant challenges faced by the nomadic community include production and economic issues, Infrastructure and welfare issues, Social and educational issues, Institutional issues, Health and treatment issues, Security issues and Lastly, climate change. The findings also indicated that in Region One (East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, and Zanjan) face institutional challenges. In Regions Two (Bushehr, Fars, Isfahan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad) and Six (Razavi Khorasan, South Khorasan, North Khorasan, and Golestan), encounter production and economic challenges. Region Three (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam, Hamedan, and Kermanshah), is characterized by insecurity and a lack of safety. In Region Four (Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, South Kerman, and Hormozgan) face health and medical issues. Finally, in Region Seven (Mazandaran, Gilan, and Qazvin) are confronted with social and educational challenges, which have been identified as the most significant obstacles in the lives of nomads. The main finding of this research indicates that the challenges faced by nomadic communities vary significantly across different regions and provinces. Therefore, it is crucial to develop and allocate programs and resources with a regional planning approach, prioritizing efforts to address these specific challenges effectively.

The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its relations with Afghanistan, Iran's neighbor, are important both geopolitically and in terms of politics, also economics, and culture. Based on this, Afghanistan is a country that should be considered in Iran's foreign policy. Therefore, this study aims to examine the challenges and opportunities in Iran's foreign policy towards Afghanistan, especially considering the recent occurrences in this country. This article is a descriptive-analytical study. The research method and materials are qualitative, and also note-taking was used to gather information. The results show that among the challenges of Iran's foreign policy towards Afghanistan, we can mention insecurity and instability resulting from the Taliban's dominance, which causes events such as the increasing wave of Afghan migration, the presence of terrorist groups like ISIS, the need to manage relations with other regional leaders, and ethnic and religious issues. At the same time, there are opportunities such as the possibility of economic and commercial cooperation, playing a positive role in reducing tensions and peace processes, border management, expanding political influence, and strengthening regional cooperation. Therefore, to take advantage of these opportunities and address the challenges, Iran needs a comprehensive and balanced strategy in its foreign policy. In this regard, emphasis should be placed on important challenges such as the uncertain future of how the Taliban will deal with Afghan Shias and the tension over the hari rud River, as well as opportunities such as the Islamic Republic's cooperation with China and Russia in Afghanistan and economic relations with this country. Overall, it can be said that the history of relations between the Islamic Republic and Afghanistan can influence the foreign policies of both countries, considering the Taliban's regime in this country.

Afghanistan has many commonalities with Iran in various fields. But despite these commonalities, there are various challenges and obstacles in the path of convergence of these two countries. In the early years of the Pahlavi regime, the governments of Iran and Afghanistan postponed their fundamental differences to another time due to their efforts to stabilize their position, and for this purpose they signed the Saad Abad Treaty (Non-Aggression Pact). But the relations between the two countries did not last because Türkiye was too close to Iran. During the second Pahlavi period in the economic field, the relations between the two countries grew significantly, but the relations between the two countries faced a new challenge with the dispute over the rights of Abe Hirmand. After the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran, there were ups and downs in the relations between the two countries. In the early years of the revolution and also during the period of the emergence of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the relations between the two countries were cut off. After the formation of the elected government in Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, while supporting the government of this country, played an important role in the reconstruction of Afghanistan. However, despite the deep social relations between the two countries, efficient economic diplomacy has not dominated the relations between the two countries in any of the periods after and before the revolution. It seems that the lack of unity of opinion and coordination of the country's officials

China currently attaches special importance to Iran, which is due to Iran's geopolitical and geoeconomic position. In this regard, the participation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this initiative has always been requested by the Chinese. The signing of the 25-year cooperation document between Iran and China, between the Islamic Republic of Iran, as an oil-rich country with regional influence but under American sanctions, and China as a global power but under American pressure, a new strategic pressure in West Asia for America and His allies created. On the other hand, the vast province of Sistan and Baluchistan is located on the route of 2 of the three largest transit corridors in the world, which makes the Milk-Chabahar axis a transit road of the Southeast Development Plan. Due to its location and strategic features, this region is very important from a geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic point of view. Sistan and Baluchistan and Milk-Chabahar axis as a geographical space has a geopolitical role. Since the geography and location of Sistan and Baluchistan plays an important role in China's One Belt One Road project, the problem of this research is the opportunities and challenges of the 25-year cooperation document between Iran and China, emphasizing the location of Sistan and Baluchistan. This research was conducted in a descriptive and analytical way and the data needed for the research was collected in a library way. The results of the research show that there is a kind of relationship based on economic interdependence

Ecosystem services include a wide range of direct or indirect services related to human well-being, which are obtained through biophysical processes, but their production, distribution and reproduction are influenced by the management of urban social and ecological systems. The whole effort of this research is to identify and categorize the integration obstacles of ecosystem services in urban planning. The method of this article is a meta-study, which examines the structure and content of selected studies in four analytical sections: meta-data, meta-method, meta-theory and meta- synthesis. The statistical population of this study includes 47 scientific-research articles in the period of 2010-2022. In the findings section, obstacles were classified into 31 categories, 9 combined categories and 3 themes (Structural, economic and epistemic). Lack of standard methods, weak participation of stakeholders, lack of awareness and ecological knowledge, thematic gap, lack of data and lack of budget and financial resources are the most important obstacles and challenges of this integration.

The political turmoil of the last two centuries in Afghanistan and the unfavorable performance of the four-year Mujahideen government (1371-1975), which resulted in insecurity, corruption and severe cultural and economic poverty, created a suitable environment for the emergence of Taliban in the political scene of Afghanistan. Historically, culturally, and territorially, Afghanistan has a lot in common with Iran. But despite these many commonalities, there are various challenges in the path of convergence of these two countries. purpose of this article is the challenges and opportunities of Iran's foreign policy towards Afghanistan (case study: Taliban government), which is done using the descriptive-analytical method. main question of the research is about the challenges and opportunities of Iran's foreign policy towards Afghanistan in the government. What is Taliban? How is role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the process of war and peace in Afghanistan evaluated? To what extent can history of relations between Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan affect foreign policy of two countries, considering the rule of Taliban? results of research show that challenges such as unclear future of how Taliban will deal with Shiites of Afghanistan and tension over Harivard, as well as Islamic Republic of Iran due to its confrontation with America and presence of this country in Afghanistan, play a role in continuation of war in Afghanistan, and history of relations Islamic Republic of Afghanistan can be influential in foreign policy of two countries due to the Taliban's rule in future in relations between two countries.

Every country has its own way and custom for education according to its own culture and customs. Even the ethnicities and subcultures within each country, according to the values, beliefs and traditions they have in their lives; They should have their own education and training. One of these subcultures in our country, which requires special education and training in terms of nomadic lifestyle and special customs, is the nomadic society. The aim of the present research was to study the challenges of education of nomads in Iran.One of the most important goals of the government is to provide equal and extensive education in the schools of the whole country, which is also included in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the main duties of the government. This is despite the fact that the geographical extent on one hand and the lack of material facilities on the other hand have caused schools to be established in rural and nomadic areas. Compared to the urban society, the nomadic community faces various social and psychological problems to receive education. Nomadic education is not like normal education and needs special government measures

his research was conducted in a systematic way by searching for key words including challenge, dilemma and problem along with the words nomadic schools and nomadic schools in the scientific databases of Noormags, Google Scholar, SID and Magiran between 1391 and 1402 in Persian magazines. . Finally, 11 Persian articles were reviewed.

The most important challenges obtained were motivational, native and local, environmental and geographical challenges, curriculum, educational system, manpower, lack of public support as well as financial and economic.

In the direction of nomadic schools, a comprehensive and strategic plan must first be designed and compiled by knowledgeable and expert people. In the field of curriculum planning, according to the educational challenges, the curriculum should be developed according to the environmental and geographical situations of these schools, and the training of expert and expert human resources of these schools should be at the top of the planners' affairs. Also, incentive factors should be placed for the officials of these schools to be a motivational factor for strengthening and dynamism of these schools.

Livelihood of nomadic households is dynamic and can show flexibility to changing conditions. In this regard, households, in order to be more flexible and maintain the sustainability of their livelihood over time, based on the combination of assets and background factors and external stresses, including climate variability and environmental conditions, to In order to solve the challenges ahead in sustainable livelihood, they choose and follow strategies.The purpose of the research: the purpose of the current research; Identifying the challenges and sustainable strategies of livelihood of the nomads under study is the Kalhor clan of Tehran.

the present research in terms of purpose; It is practical and interpretive and analytical in nature, and in terms of method, it is in the group of qualitative and quantitative researches. In order to analyze the data, Grand Theory and Delphi methods and DEMATEL model have been used.The geographical area of ​​the research: The geographical area of ​​the current research is the Kalhor tribe of Tehran in Mesgharabad village.

The results showed; Challenges (instability of pastures, incorrect expediency, centralized approach, institutional and structural challenges, lack of continuous capacity to sell products, changes in land use, weak self-confidence among nomads and the aging of nomadic society) from the units A meaning was extracted. Then, Delphi method was used in order to find the level of experts' agreement on the challenges identified by the nomadic communities. Based on this, considering that the de-fuzzified average difference of the experts' opinions in two stages was less than the threshold, the experts reached a final consensus regarding the challenges. Further, in order to solve the challenges, strategies were extracted (developing production facilities, finding talent in the region and settling the Kalhor tribe by providing facilities, financial and credit facilities, coordinated and integrated management, economic resilience, good governance). Finally, the results showed; strategies (talenting of the region and settlement of the Kalhor tribe by providing facilities, coordinated and integrated management, economic resilience, good governance) with a positive EI value; were determined as effective strategies and strategies (financial and credit possibilities and development of production facilities) with a negative EI value; were determined as effective strategies, and among the effective strategies, respectively: finding talent in the region and settling the Kalhor tribe by providing facilities; the most and good governance strategy; They have the least influence on the sustainable livelihood of the Kalhor tribes of Tehran.

By identifying the challenges and strategies of livelihood sustainability in the nomadic communities of Kalhor, Tehran, part of the requirements for knowing the future of these communities are outlined. So that their sustainable livelihood is ensured and makes them resistant to external disturbances, such as climate variability and adverse environmental conditions.

The tourism industry, ranking as the third-largest sector, plays a crucial role in providing economic resources for cities. Effective management of tourism potential can create substantial income and support sustainable urban development. This research aims to identify challenges obstructing urban tourism development, focusing on Ardabil city as a case study. Employing a descriptive-exploratory approach, the study involves experts familiar with Ardabil's tourism industry as the research population. Fifteen experts were selected using the snowball sampling method as the statistical sample. The questionnaire's reliability was assessed through the retest method, yielding an initial correlation of 0.780 and a repeated correlation of 0.763, indicating acceptable reliability. Validity was ensured through content analysis, with data analyzed using Structural Interpretive Modeling (ISM). Findings reveal that an organization with an influence power of 8 has the greatest impact, while socio-cultural challenges hold the least influence at 5.

The present study aims to investigate the role of free zones in rural development, challenges and strategies with emphasis on the role of Anzali Free Zone. The statistical population of the study includes households living in rural areas of Lijarki district of Hassan Roud. Five villages were selected as a sample based on the short distance and greater impact of these villages from the free zone. This research is of applied type and is based on descriptive-analytical and survey methods and two documentary and field methods have been used to collect data. In the field section, two separate questionnaires were used for data collection for village officials and rural households. Their reliability was obtained according to Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.821 and 0.736, respectively, which indicates a favorable situation. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used and their analysis using Wilcoxon test in the section related to measuring the status of facilities of the statistical test comparing the mean of t and Friedman, to measure the economic, social and physical status. The studied villages were exploited. The results obtained from the situation of the study area, in terms of economic, social and physical indicators indicate that the most effects from the perspective of heads of households and rural executives physical effects in rural areas with Obtained t, 3.522 and 0.774 respectively.

ose of this paper is to investigate the barriers and challenges of home businesses from the perspective of home business experts and owners using the Delphi method and confirmatory factor analysis. The purpose of this study is applied research and descriptive-analytical in nature and has a qualitative approach. The statistical population of the study consists of two groups. The first group included experts from the Bureau of Co-operation, Labor and Social Welfare, and the Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Crafts and Tourism, and the second group consisted of home business owners. The sample size for the first group was 28 people using snowball or chain sampling and the second group is based on the statistics of about 1000 people in rural areas of Isfahan province which was determined 276 people according to Cochran formula. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Delphi technique was used to identify the existing challenges of Isfahan rural communities home businesses. Results in the qualitative part of the study indicated that the most important challenges facing home businesses are structural and managerial factors, policy making, financial and economic, individual-personality, research and information. In the quantitative section, using confirmatory factor analysis, there are 5 factors, namely: financial and economic factors, managerial and structural factors, weaknesses in comprehensive rules and policy, research and information, and personal and personality factors which are 78/73. Explains the percentage of total variance

In the present era, the attention of many countries of the world to the category of entrepreneurship and its development has led to the formation of a wave of entrepreneurship development policies in the world. The countries of the world have considered different solutions to overcome their economic and social problems. Due to the important role and place of villages in the process of all-round development and the unfortunate consequences of neglecting it, such as the deep gap between urban and rural life, population growth, widespread poverty, and the increase in the indiscriminate migration of villagers to cities, rural development has caused Priority should be given to urban development. Meanwhile, empowering rural women through entrepreneurial activities is of particular importance as one of the influential groups in the development process. Entrepreneurship, as one of the least expensive tools, brings the best result and the most efficiency for the development of the society, therefore, providing the necessary social platform for its development is of particular importance. But in spite of this issue, the entry of women into the field of entrepreneurship has always faced many obstacles and restrictions, and various factors have prevented the emergence and growth of the potential talents of women in the field of entrepreneurship. The question that is raised in this context is how to create a desire for entrepreneurship in women so that they have entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial spirit to decide to start a business.

In this article, we want to investigate the barriers and challenges of ecotourism resorts from the perspective of experts and stakeholders using the Delphi method and confirmatory factor analysis. The study is an applied work in terms of the purpose and methodology of the paper descriptive-analytical. The statistical population consists of two groups including experts and stakeholders. The sample size for the first group was selected using snowball or chain sampling of 28 people. The second group consists of owners of ecotourism resorts and residents. The case study was five villages in Egypt, Garmeh, Mehrjan, Bayaz, and Iraj. These villages have a population of 1384 people and 476 families. To generalize the information of the whole statistical population using the Cochran sampling method from a total of 476 households, the sample size is equal to 330 at random.Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 23. The Delphi technique was used to identify the challenges of eco-lodges. The results in the qualitative part indicated that the most important challenges facing ecotourism resorts are structural and managerial factors, policy, financial and economic factors, individual personality, research, and information. In the quantitative part, using confirmatory factor analysis, there are five factors: financial and economic factors, managerial and structural factors, weakness of laws and comprehensive policy-making, research and information, and individual and personality factors that 73 Explain 78% of the total variance.

The riot in the prison is a rarely occurred experience. Despite the evident attempts to escape from prison in most prisons, it happens rarely due to the coordination and planning for mass escape in prison by disrupting the order of the prison and clashing with the officers. Due to the spread of the Covid-19 and it's concerns, in March of this year (1399), a number of prisoners were sent on leave. Subsequently, other prisoners also requested to use leave under the pretext of being safe from the disease. However after the dissemination of the news of prisoners escape in some prisons of the country, including Saqez city and in some foreign countries, prison escape became a security phenomenon of prison riot, which was considered as one of the most important and sensitive policing and security missions of Faraja. The purpose of the current research was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of riot in the prisons of the country.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and it is analytical based on interview. The statistical population include employees and employees of prisons involved in riots caused by Covid 19.

In this research it was attempted to prepare an analytical pattern of riot by conducting interview with employees and employees of prisons while identifying the strengths, weaknesses and causes of riots. Also, based on the research findings some suggestions were offered in order to prevent riots.

Considering the occurrence of some recent movements in prisons by the enemies of the system in order to cause families and other people being dissatisfied from the existing situation, it became a proper platform to create insecurity; Therefore, all judicial and security agencies of the province and the country need to take appropriate measures in order to deal with this type of unrest and use modern facilities, equipment and training to deal with the main factors and the motivators in time.

Tourism is one of the main drivers of rural development, which requires basic planning To actualize rural tourism, according to each region, the upcoming obstacles should be identified and suitable solutions should be adopted in line with them. The rural areas around Darian dam in Paveh county are known as one of the tourist areas which, in addition to natural capacities, hasspecial importance due to the creation of Darian dam and lake. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the challenges and strategies of tourism development in the rural areas around Darian Dam. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature of data collection, it is a survey based on questionnaire and interview technique. The statistical population of the research is made up of the residents of three villages around the dam, including Hajij, Dariyan and Vera. Their population was equal to 1298 people and based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated as 296 people. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the elite community and the reliability was also confirmed through Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.79. The result of the T-Tech test of a sample confirmed that the changes in tourism in the villages with the construction of the dam were at a significant level of less than 0.05 and the average was 2.79, which indicates the poor condition and lack of influence of the dam in the development of tourism in the villages. In addition, the result showed that local people have pointed out more than 21 challenges in the field of rural tourism development, which using factor analysis in five challenges including infrastructure (31.820 percent), management (21.314 percent), education and Supportive (18.832 percent), financial (7.399 percent) and environmental (5.241 percent) are categorized. The most important tourism development strategies in order to solve the challenges were identified as including the development of services and infrastructure (31.608 percent), investment and prosperity of economic activities (27.033 percent), and cultural and media activities (8.925 percent).

Today, policymakers and planners refer to rural tourism as a lever for regional development and a way to save villages from social and economic problems. The main goal of this research is to identify the obstacles or challenges facing the development of rural tourism in the villages of the central part of Meshginshahr. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population includes 42 villages with more than 20 households. The sample size was estimated to be 379 people based on Cochran's formula. To analyze the issue, 47 indicators were used in five indicators, namely social, economic, environmental, physical, and managerial. The results showed that the weak participation of local people in tourism affairs, risky investment, lack of shopping centers, lack of suitable space for car parking, lack of advertising and information, lack of educational centers and activities, and short stay of tourists were recognized as the most important problems of tourism in this region.

With the advent of COVID-19 disease globally, many families and managers have faced the challenge of managing sports leisure time. This study aimed to identify the challenges facing sports leisure time management during the COVID-19. The research method is the interpretive paradigm, and it is Q methodologically. The research population includes experts and professors with perfect knowledge of sports leisure time and policy experts on sports issues in this crisis in Iran. They were selected by the snowball method. With 23 interviewees, the collected data reached theoretical saturation. Among the in-depth interviews with experts and the research background, 29  phrases were identified, and seven subjective patterns were extracted by Q factor analysis. According to the findings, the challenges of managing sports leisure time in order of priority are considering economic, infrastructure, organizational issues, athletes' affairs, lifestyles, and quarantine issues. It is suggested that, to overcome these challenges, alternative programs by health protocols and new solutions presented in this study be considered.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the challenges of political marketing with the approach of using the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Categories related to each of them were extracted using content analysis method and these 6 groups were ranked using Friedman test by SPSS26 software. According to the results, the highest ranking was given to the techniques used in international political marketing with the approach of diplomacy, media power, ideological power, cultural power, economic power and management system power. Persuasion and third place became the most prominent dimension of international political marketing, namely national identity. Iran's current position in terms of identity, international prestige and economic identity ranks fourth, restrictions on the use of political marketing ranks fifth with unique ideological approach, financial challenges and theoretical poverty and the most effective Iranian foreign policy discourse ranks sixth with de-escalation and balance discourse approach. Finally, the analytical model of political marketing affected by limitations, necessities and the most significant dimension using effective techniques and the best discourse in promoting Iran's current position in the economic field and strengthening the international image are presented. Practical suggestions are also provided based on research questions for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Economic Deputy of this agency and non-governmental organizations including the Red Crescent and other responsible agencies and organizations.