economic development

Geotourism is one of the branches of tourism that emphasizes geomorphology, hydrology, and geology of potential destinations and geosites, and its goal is to increase the economic power and welfare of host communities and destinations. The aim of the present study is to study and evaluate the impact of geotourism dimensions on economic development in villages of Khalkhal County (Case study: Majolan, Khojin, Kazaj).

To evaluate the studied villages, Kobalikwa models, which emphasize scientific, educational, economic, conservation, and additional criteria, and the Violet model, which examines geotourism areas based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and accessibility, were used.

The results obtained from the Kobalikwa model showed that Khojin village has taken the first place with a total score of 12.25, and the geographical diversity and biodiversity dimensions of this village have had a greater impact on the regional economy and have led to the economic development of Khojin village. Also, based on the results obtained from the Feyolt model, the village of Kazaj received an average score of 0.75 in the management rate section and an average score of 0.68 in the tourism rate section, and has taken the first place. Also, the geographical diversity and socio-political dimensions of this village have had the greatest impact on the regional economy and have increased economic power through the expansion of tourism in the region. Therefore, it is concluded that the villages of Khalkhal County have a high geographical diversity and in this respect can have a significant impact on the development of geotourism and the development of the regional economy. Finally, it is suggested that the effectiveness of geotourism dimensions in areas with potential potential be evaluated using various and new models.

Tourism, as a key sector in economic and social development, plays a significant role in increasing income, creating employment and preventing rural migration to cities. Despite challenges such as lack of awareness of attractions and lack of infrastructure, this industry can contribute to economic diversification and reducing dependence on limited resources. Jam city, with many natural and historical attractions, has a significant potential for tourism development. This research examines the theories related to sustainable development and tourist attractions and emphasizes the importance of knowing the attractions and the participation of the local community. Using descriptive and analytical methods, Jam city tourism information has been collected from different sources and geographical maps have been drawn with ArcGIS and Google Earth software. The findings show that the geological and historical features of this city, including Adam's Cave and Globardakan Forest, Pedri Castle, historical aqueducts, water mills, dams, and natural caves provide unique opportunities to attract tourists. For the optimal use of these attractions, it is necessary to improve tourism infrastructure, increase health services and facilities, and carry out scientific planning. With the recognition and development of natural and historical attractions, Jam city can become one of the important tourist destinations and contribute to the sustainable and economic development of the region.

Geotourism is a type of tourism that is based on geological and geomorphological phenomena and landscapes and has expanded in recent decades with the aim of socio-economic development of geotourism destinations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism capabilities and geomorphological destinations of Hir Township for economic development.

The nature of this study is descriptive-analytical-applied and to investigate the geotourism potential of the Hir region, the Renard models that examine geomorphosites based on three scientific, added and combined values; the Feuillet model that is based on four criteria of origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility; and finally the Kobalikwa model that emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and cultural criteria were used.

Based on the results obtained from the Reynard model, the Hair Suspension Bridge has a high geotourism potential and is ranked in the top category, with an average score of 0.7 in the scientific value index, 0.39 in the added value sub-index, and 0.74 in the composite value sub-index. Also, the Hair Suspension Bridge has various capabilities to introduce the region to domestic and foreign tourists based on the Feulet evaluation model in the management and tourism rates, with values ​​of 0.65 and 0.61, respectively. The results also indicate that based on the Kobalikwa model, the Hair Suspension Bridge has a high geotourism value among the studied geosites with a total score of 75.8 and has attracted many tourists to this region. Therefore, it is concluded that the Hair Glass Suspension Bridge in the city of Hair has diverse geotourism and geomorphological potentials and capabilities in the region and is ranked in the top category in terms of attracting tourists to the region and increasing economic power. Therefore, it is suggested that by using virtual and online tourism and introducing different regions of this city to tourists, preparations should be made to attract domestic and foreign tourists to this region.

Economic development can be considered as the main and ultimate goal of different countries. The importance of this category is so much that different countries are trying to achieve development by using different strategies as well as the tools they have. The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the countries that put economic development as one of its important priorities after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In this regard, the main question of this article is, what effect has the structure of the international system had on the development process in Iran? This hypothesis has been proposed that the structure of the international system is the basis for Iran's movement towards endogenous development based on the approach of internal priorities in development and progress, and in which attention is paid to the knowledge-based economy, reducing dependence on oil revenues, as well as cohesion and consensus. Elites at different levels of society are considered. The results of the article show that after the Cold War, the Islamic Republic of Iran showed a confrontational approach with the international system. As a result of this, various sanctions were formed by America, Europe and various international organizations, which weakened the economic development process in the country. In order to deal with these sanctions, the Islamic Republic of Iran put endogenous development on its agenda. The type of research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.

The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating a sea-based economic development model based on branding in the country's maritime free zones. This study is an applied-developmental study from the perspective of purpose and a cross-sectional survey regarding data collection method. To achieve the goal, an exploratory mixed research design was used. The participants in the qualitative section included university professors and managers of Qeshm Free Zone Organization and Qeshm Ports and Maritime Administration. Sampling was done by purposive method and theoretical saturation was obtained by 19 interviews. In the quantitative section, the views of 125 managers and experts of the Free Zone Organization and the Qeshm Ports and Maritime Administration were used. The sample size was determined by effect size and test power method and cluster-random sampling was used. The data collection tools were semi-structured interviews, structural-interpretive modeling questionnaires, and researcher-made questionnaires. To analyze the data, the qualitative thematic analysis method with Maxqda software, the structural-interpretive modeling method with Micmac software, and the partial least squares method with Smart PLS software were used. The results of the research showed that the components of location branding, internal branding, co-branding, and digital branding affect the components of sea-based brand performance and sea-based commercial performance. The two mentioned components also affect the components of marine ecosystem development, sea-based export development, social development, and…

Due to the expansion of the process of industrialization and technological progress, which takes into account the quantitative aspect of human life, as well as neglecting the qualitative aspects of human life, attention to the concept of quality of life has increased in Western countries over the past few decades. . Today, the quality of life is an issue that concerns all governments and most international organizations, and there is a general agreement among researchers, policymakers, and development planners regarding the need to study the quality of life. The research findings show that the quality of life has many different dimensions, fields and indicators, which in most cases are directly related to economic development. In this research, the quality of life in the dimensions of satisfaction and happiness (subjective dimensions) and environment, security and income (objective dimensions) have been considered, and then the relationship between the quality of urban life and economic development has been investigated. The statistical population of this research is all people over 18 years of age in Lahijan city, using Cochran's formula and using simple random sampling method, 412 samples were selected and information was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of the research show that the dimension of security is above the average level and the dimensions of satisfaction, income and also the quality of the environment are below the average level.

Studies show that the villages of Shaft County have a range of economic activities due to their location in the three locations of plains, foothills and mountains, which leads to the diversity of necessary infrastructures for the exploitation and development of the rural economy. What is effective in the distribution of essential infrastructures in the villages of this County is the geographical conditions (slope and height) governing it. In this regard; in explaining the system of establishing rural settlements in the geographical space of this County, the topography factor is considered as one of the most important geographical conditions. In other words, rough topography is one of the limiting factors in the emergence, growth and development of rural settlements and plays a decisive role in the location of rural areas and, accordingly, necessary infrastructures. In this regard, the height affects other climatic elements, soil production and suitable or unsuitable living conditions, and the increase in height and slope makes the development of infrastructures and facilities difficult. In this regard, the current research seeks to analyze the role of geographic conditions in economic development through the mediation of essential infrastructure in the villages of Shaft County.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and by using common concepts, methods and patterns in this chapter, its practical aspects have been considered as much as possible. The statistical population in the research consists of two parts, the first part is all the villages of Shaft County, and the second part is the experts, based on the purposeful sampling (to reach the saturation of the results), the number of 20 people was determined. . It should also be mentioned that GIS software, MATLAB, and combined models (FKOPRAS+FSORA), and finally the grounded theory model were used for data analysis.

Results and Discussion :

The results of the coefficient of explanation of 36% after applying the screen fitting algorithm using MATLAB software, in relation to the changes of independent and dependent variables, indicate the lack of significance between geographical conditions (altitude and slope) and economic development. In the following, the results of the theoretical model showed factors such as: (unfavorable governance, lack of an integrated and systematic plan, single political structure, lack of planning on environmental strength and geographical conditions), from experts for the village Those with a high economic rank, low altitude and slope, but weak economic infrastructure were identified, and among the mentioned factors, the lack of planning on environmental power and geographical conditions with a value of 71.33 was the most important. Has dedicated itself.

Conclusion:

 Most of the planning done in the villages is due to the centralized approach (top down), and without any previous study of the villages, it is done based on the environmental capabilities and environmental obstacles. These programs not only do not develop a coherent program for the villages, but also prevent them from developing. In this regard, it is necessary to plan for the development of the economic infrastructure of these villages based on the environmental capacity and the slope and height conditions of each village

One of the suitable areas for production activities in the aquaculture sector is the expansion of shrimp farms. In addition to producing healthy protein, this action is very important for creating employment, earning foreign currency by participating in international markets, and economic development of coastal villages on the shores of the Caspian Sea. The type of applied research and the research method is descriptive-analytical and field. The reliability of the research tool (questionnaire) was also obtained by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the components under investigation equal to 0.76. The statistical population of this research is the heads of households living in 6 villages of Gomishan Township. They are equal to 9232 households and among them 469 people are working in the aquaculture sector. A simple random sampling method was used to select the samples for the research, and Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, and 211 households were selected as the sample population. Then, the data extracted from the questionnaire were analyzed using Spss software and using Gamma correlation analysis, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis mean comparison.The results of the Gamma correlation analysis matrix show that most economic development indicators have a 99% and significant relationship with the expansion of shrimp farms. Also, the results of the Friedman test show the importance of each of the economic development indicators and show a significant difference of 99%. Kruskal-Wallis mean comparison test also determines the effectiveness of shrimp farms in the six studied villages. Shrimp farming is considered as an important source of healthy food supply. And currently, it can be expanded in the flat coastal lands of the northeast of the Caspian Sea, which are not suitable for other economic activities. This important action has empowered and improved the quality of life and sustainable livelihood of villagers working in shrimp farms.

By making accessibility easier, relocation causes diversification of economic activities. But the villages still have many challenges in this field; The issue of relocation in rural areas is as a platform for access to essential economic goods and services. Also, transportation and relocation provides facilities, capabilities and facilities for rural areas through which villagers can achieve their goals in the field of diversifying economic activities and have a beneficial and satisfactory life from a socio-economic point of view. The existence of rural roads and transportation plays an important role in facilitating the sale and export of agriculture and rural products and provides a suitable way to facilitate the supply of agricultural products in the market; Therefore, in the present research, to explain the topic in detail, the relationship between the displacement system and diversification to the economic activities of rural areas based on the descriptive-analytical method and based on the questionnaire tool and in the form of 9 indicators at the level of 30 villages and 368 sample households of the villages of Asadabad city in the horizon It was measured in 1401. The validity of the questionnaire items has been calculated by using experts' opinion and reliability by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained for each of the variables of displacement and rural access and diversification to economic activities as 0.816 and 0.781, respectively. The findings showed that all displacement indicators were effective on the diversification of economic activities in the rural areas of Asadabad city. Also, mobility and easy access through the expansion of mobility infrastructure, improvement of mobility services, quality of mobility, cost of mobility, has had an effect on diversification indicators of economic activities. Based on the findings of the structural equation model of the research, it was revealed that the coefficients of the rural relocation path had an effect on the diversification of economic activities by 0.94. Therefore, the structural equation model of the research has a suitable and acceptable fit and a positive and significant relationship was observed between the indicators of displacement and rural access and diversification of economic activities. In this way, the improvement of mobility indicators and rural access has guaranteed the diversification of economic activities in the rural areas of Asadabad city.

This research is based on the identification, investigation and stratification of the effective components in rural self-employment in East Azarbaijan province and seeks to answer the following questions and objectives What are the important components of self-employment in the villages of East Azarbaijan province? Each of the identified rural self-employment components, At what level are they located? What is the pattern or model of the relationships of the self-employed components of the villagers? And finally, what are the effective policies and decisions for the development and increase of rural self-employment.

The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, which qualitatively used structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) technique to stratify and determine the relationships of influential self-employment components in villages. The statistical population of this research includes 34 qualified people from university professors and senior managers at the level of East Azarbaijan province, who are experts in rural self-employment. Based on Warfield's theory in structural-interpretive modeling and expertise criterion based on two indicators of experience and education level too, 13 members of the research sample were considered as experts.

The findings of this model showed that four components: suitable infrastructure, facilitation of regulations and administrative processes, culture and social relations, individual and educational spirit, are the basic factors in the eleven components of
.the self-employment development of the villagers of East Azarbaijan province

Creating infrastructures and providing suitable facilities in villages, delegating authority to provinces and decentralization in village planning, revising and revising restrictive laws and regulations related to rural employment, activating specialized. desks for rural economy and employment, providing skill training to self-employed volunteers in villages from Among them are the results and practical suggestions of the research.

Tourism is a vital industry that has a significant impact on the economic development of many cities and countries around the world. Small-scale cities can also benefit from tourism by generating income, creating job opportunities and promoting cultural exchange. Despite having many tourist attractions, Izeh has not yet fully utilized its capacities for tourism development. The tourism industry of this city is relatively undeveloped and has not received much attention from the government or the private sector. The current research is applied in terms of nature based on the new methods of futurology, analytical and exploratory science, which was carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The methods of data collection in this research are documentary-library and field. The statistical population of the research is 60 executive and academic experts of Izeh, who were selected using the Delphi technique and sampled by the snowball sampling method. MARCOS model was used to rank the variables in the four dimensions of tourism in Izeh. Based on the results obtained from 43 variables, investment, infrastructure, income, and employment factors have the greatest impact on the economic development of Izeh city. The degree of influence and influence of the variables, 11 influential variables, 16 variables are in the risk spectrum, 7 variables are in the influence spectrum and the rest of the variables have a low influence and influence degree. Finally, based on the effects of the variables, the direct and indirect relationships of the variables are categorized into 5 spectrums. Also, the ranking of each of the 43 research factors in the four dimensions of religious, natural, historical and cultural tourism in Izeh are different.

Geotourism is one of the important pillars of tourism, which plays an important role in the economic and social development of regions, and this issue is doubly important in border regions. Considering that one of the ways to create security in the border zone is the economic development of the region, therefore, the development of geotourism in the border zone of the country is important. Considering the importance of the issue, in this research, the effects of geotourism development in creating sustainable security in Marivan city have been analyzed. In this research, the 30-meter height digital model of SRTM, the results of interviews and library studies have been used as research data. The most important research tools are ArcGIS, Expert Choice and SPSS. Also, in this research, Comanescu models, AHP and SWOT model were used. According to the intended goals, this research has been carried out in several stages, in the first stage to identify and evaluate geosites, in the second stage to analyze the effects of geotourism development on the goals of sustainable development and regional security, and in the third stage to identify effective factors. The development of geotourism has been discussed. The evaluation results of the identified geosites based on the Comanescu model have shown that the geosites of Marivan city have a high potential for the development of geotourism, which can be paid attention to with economic development, environmental development, infrastructure development and finally, it should be associated with the stable security of the region. Also, the results of the SWOT model have shown that the existence of rare geosites with a weight of 0.08, the lack of long-term development plans with a weight of 0.08, the creation of stable security in the region with a weight of 0.091, and the seasonality of employment with Weight 0.058, respectively, are considered as the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of geotourism development in Marivan city.

Tourism has a significant impact on increasing the amount of employment, economy and income, which has caused the attitude of the countries of the world towards its border to change and an important place in government policies. The purpose of this research is to identify the tourism potential of Meshkinshahr city with an emphasis on economic development. The research method is descriptive, analytical and comparative, in which the two models of Fiolet and Kubalikova are used to identify tourism potentials. Based on Fiolet model, the results showed that Meshkinshahr geotourism area with a total score of (10) has various capabilities for economic development. In Violet's model, among the geotourism indicators, the Meshkinshahr area has a high score (1) in the indicators of rarity, historical importance, and strengths, which has a great impact on the economic development of the Meshkinshahr area, and representativeness, literary importance, and accessibility have a lower score than It is evaluated according to other indicators that necessary measures should be taken for the development of the region. Also, the results of Kubalikova's model showed that Meshkinshahr area with the value (9.25) has the highest score among the areas with tourism potential. Therefore, the results showed that this increases income and economic prosperity and employment, and Meshkinshahr city has a nascent and growing economy, and the tourism industry is the best option for the economic growth and development of this city. Therefore, it is concluded that by evaluating and identifying geotourism potentials in the direction of the economic development of Meshkinshahr city, it will lead to the development of geotourism areas and attract tourists. Finally, it is suggested to use more models and items for the impact of tourism on the economy in future studies to evaluate the effects of tourism potentials in the economic development of Meshkinshahr geotourist area.

Today, the tourism industry as a profitable business and a branch of the global economy in the field of services is being considered and is developing, therefore, the current research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the set of factors influencing economic development and earning sustainable income with a tourism approach in the city of Shandiz. This research is exploratory, descriptive and analytical, from the point of view of the applied goal, from the perspective of qualitative and quantitative methods, and grounded theory and correlation test were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the present study includes specialists in the field of study (tourism, urban planning) and 30 people were determined based on targeted sampling. The results of grounded theory showed categories such as: (the role of the municipality in the sustainable development of Shandiz tourism, raising quality facilities, the existence of revenue generating platforms from the tourism capabilities of Shandiz city, strengthening decentralized urban management, developing specific plans for Shandiz tourism with the cooperation of the expert team and experts, adopting sustainable tourism strategies based on the defined goals), It was extracted from semantic units, and they were determined as a set of influential factors of economic development and earning sustainable incomes with a tourism approach in Shandiz city. In the following, the results of the correlation test showed; A significant and positive relationship was observed between the proposed categories and semantic units with correlation coefficients and a significance level smaller than 0.05, based on this, the categories and semantic units have conceptual generalizability.

The strong presence of the government in the economy will cause the exit of the private sector. which will lead to inefficient and non-optimal allocation of resources and as a result reduce economic efficiency. The government should intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to optimally allocate resources and create efficiency in the economy and balance in employment. What is the pathology of the government's interventions in economic policy-making according to the fourth and fifth plans of economic development? The findings of the research state; The absence of a long-term policy system and the political elite's lack of belief in a structured and targeted policy system has provided the space for government intervention in Iran's economy. Therefore, in this research, in order to explain the research hypothesis from the point of view of neoliberalism, we examine the development goals of the fourth and fifth economic development programs in order to show that the government's interventions in the economy have caused the development goals not to be realized. To collect data from field studies, sources library and internet have been used.

The purpose of this study was to explain the effects of reverse migration on the economic, physical, and environmental development of the Mahale Anzal villages in Urmia County from 2017 to 2021. The research design was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was 944 households of returnees to the Mahale Anzal villages, of which 275 households were selected using the quota sampling method and randomly responded to the questionnaires. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability of 0.818 and analyzed using SPSS-V.28 and Lisrel-V.10 software. The research questionnaire had an acceptable validity of exploratory factor analysis (0.847) and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between reverse migration, economic development, physical development, and environmental development (P≤0.01). Reverse migration had a direct and positive effect on economic development (0.69), physical development (0.56), and environmental development (0.55) (P≤0.01). Additionally, reverse migration had an indirect and positive effect (0.34) on physical development and (0.28) on environmental development through economic development in the Mahale Anzal villages of Urmia County (P≤0.01). The authorities should strive to develop the economic conditions of the villages, which will lead to the improvement of living conditions, the strengthening and updating of rural housing, and consequently the physical and environmental development of the villages, thereby improving the living conditions in the villages for reverse migration.

The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing economic factors affecting the acceptance of organic agriculture in Tabriz County.

The population of this study consists of producers and consumers of Tabriz County. The community of producers in the County is composed of 28 person. Due to their limited number, they were studied in full. In the consumer community, the sample size was estimated to be 384 person, but to achieve better results, 391 questionnaires were completed. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used in Smart PLS software and one-sample t-tests and Friedman in SPSS software.

The results of the measurement model indicate that the loads of the observed agents with their hidden variables have significant values, and the observed agents have measured their hidden variables well. Also, there is a significant structural relationship between price perception, providing support facilities, product distribution, product preparation method, product price, product features, product quality, and willingness to pay. The obtained values of T, the average and the upper and lower limits of the factors affecting the acceptance of organic agriculture from the producers' point of view, had higher values than the standard set. The results of Friedman's test showed that the price of the product has the highest importance and the provision of support facilities has the lowest importance.

Comparing and examining the views of two producer and consumer groups shows that the economic dimension has had a major effect on the adoption of organic agriculture. Also, factors such as having high prices for products, costs and prices offered for a specific brand, an appropriate marketing system, etc. are among the factors that have affected the economic aspect of adopting organic agriculture.

As an economic development means economic growth along with increasing production capacities including physical, human and social capacities, the purpose of the present research is to explain the economic development model of the tourism industry in Iran's free zones from a geographical point of view. through purposive sampling, the data of Chabahar Free Trade Zone Organization managers, tourism activists, tourism officials, local communities and tourists were collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews and applying the grounded theory approach, the economic development model of the tourism industry of Iran's free zones was designed from a geographical point of view. Findings of the research showed that the dimensions of the economic development model can be categorized into sixty-nine main categories such as the lack of a comprehensive data bank about tourism spots, lack of a strong tourism social media (website, blog, social network and...), lack of strong content production in the field of tourism, the existence of cost, process, and inter-unit problems related to tourism, etc. The conclusion of this qualitative research show the correct application of this model can improve the credibility of tourism institutions, increase the interactions between tourism institutions and tourists, improve the satisfaction of tourists and tourism staff, create a distinction in the quality of services and reputation of tourism institutions and increase the productivity of tourism institutions.

The dominant form of migration in developing countries, including Iran, is from the village to the city. However, during the past two decades, another pattern of migration, reverse migration, has occurred in rural areas in such a way that in the findings of the general population and housing census of 2012, the number of reverse migrants is higher than the rural-urban migration. In the whole city of Natanz, due to its location in the center of Isfahan province, the city of Isfahan has access to the markets of Isfahan, Badroud, Khaled Abad, Natanz, and Targhroud. On the other hand, the physical development of Isfahan and its economic and social relations have various characteristics. During the past years, reverse migration flow to urban and rural settlements has taken place in temporary and permanent forms. The general goal is to investigate and analyze the role of reverse migration in the economic development of villages in Natanz. From a practical point of view, the results of such research provide solutions to the country's managers to implement better planning to prevent migration and encourage migrants to return. Reverse migration is when people return to their first place (origin) after a long residence in another place (destination). In other interpretations and definitions, reverse migration is considered a reaction to creating attractiveness in rural areas, which emerges through the establishment of income in activities such as agriculture or animal husbandry, retirement, and sometimes due to the hardships of urban life; a process in which a person or persons, due to various reasons, return to their first place again from the place they have chosen as their new place.

This research is descriptive-analytical. The samples were based on Cochran's formula, and to complete the discussion, Krejcie and Morgan's sample size determination table was also used. Information was collected from 381 individuals across 24 villages through field surveys using a researcher-made questionnaire.

Regarding gender, 84.78% of the sample was male, and 15.22% were female. Also, 94.75% were married, and 5.25% were single. The age group included 3.93% 20-30 years old, 17.85% 31-40 years old, 28.08% 41-50 years old, 27.30% 60-51 years old, 22.83% 61 years old. Out of the total sample, 2.62% are illiterate, 27.82% have a diploma, and 36.49% have a bachelor's degree, master's degree, or higher.One sample t-test was used to study the factors affecting reverse migration. In order to evaluate the dimensions of the factors affecting the migration from the city to the village, the items were first oriented and it was combined as an average; considering the 5-point Likert scale in the research items, the number 3 was chosen as the theoretical median to evaluate the importance of the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration from the society's point of view. This research has been studied at a confidence level of 95%. Given the frequency of variables used for leveling (47 variables in the first step) and the importance of evaluating more important variables and determining the weight and importance of each variable, the factor analysis method was used. In this research, the exploratory factor analysis method was used to summarize data and identify causes. In order to determine the suitability of the collected data for factor analysis, the KMO coefficient and Bartlett's statistic, which were significant at the 1% level, were used, so they were suitable for factor analysis. By benefiting from the factor analysis technique in the principal factor analysis method, 6 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, and the variables for evaluating the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration were grouped in these factors based on the factorloading and after orthogonal factor rotation using the Varimax method. The 6 factors explained a total of 71.682% of the total variance related to the variables of factors affecting reverse migration.In this research, the basic theory is the theory of human capital, which was proposed by Larry Shasta. According to the theory of human capital, the return migration of people is formed in the hope of benefiting from more prosperity in the village. The result of the research shows that the reverse immigrants have been able to be effective in the economic sector in both capital and idea sectors. In fact, the innovation of this research can be that the economy is based on reverse migration, and if there is a correct plan and vision in the programs and among managers, it can cause the growth and development of villages.

Population relocation and migration is a sign of the continuity of human life, which has a history as old as humankind. People who consider the continuity of life, social and economic activities, and the field of effort limited and short for themselves in a geographical place start to migrate. Among the spatial-location features related to rural areas, "lack of welfare and civil services" has played a special role in the appearance of the driver of migration to the city. However, with the development of welfare-civil services and the increase in the income of the agricultural sector and belonging to the original birthplace, the return of immigrants to rural areas is provided. The results of this research are related to the research of Shaojun Chen and Wurong Liu (2020); urban repulsion factors and attraction factors play a role in the migration from the city to the countryside. It is associated with Stockdale's (2014) studies concerning urban repulsions, such as the inability to create jobs in cities and rural attractions, such as age and retirement. It is associated with the studies of Edival (2015) about urban repulsions such as lack of job security and rural attractions such as retirement. It is associated with the studies of Langroudi et al. (2012) in the field of rural attractions, such as obtaining more income, increasing relative welfare, and improving human dignity for migrants returning to rural areas. According to the studies of Afrakhteh et al. (2015), in economic and cultural-ethnic causes, the least impact on reverse migration from the city to the village is associated.

Tourism competitiveness holds significant importance in economic development. Enhancing competitiveness can lead to increased market share and economic growth in the tourism sector. Numerous studies have analyzed the determinants of tourism destination competitiveness. This research examines how tourism competitiveness in Iranian cities contributes to the country's economic development.The purpose of this research, on the one hand, is the link between the two concepts of competitiveness and the indicators used for measurement, and on the other hand, studies related to tourism competitiveness models and economic growth resulting from the presence of tourists. In terms of the nature of the research, the research method of the upcoming study is qualitative research, and in terms of the goal, it is developmental or applied in terms of methodology, it is analysis and copying tools, And the statistical population is used by experts and professors related to tourism competition and urban planning, and in the end, the analysis of information has been done by means of confirmatory factor analysis. The results obtained from these studies define a model in which the provision of heritage tourism resources with the provision of productive resources and the links between them are the elements that determine the capacity of an economy for production as a result of economic growth. The presented models have emphasized a set of related variables that indicate how they must be measured and evaluated. Even so, an increase in tourism activity contributes positively to economic growth, although how it does so, how much, as well as generalizing this contribution to the development of all countries or periods, are questions that remain. 

Based on this, the main problem of the research has been stated as follows: what are the concepts for creating competition between cities? Also, how can the government and the people solve the economic problems of society by using these competitions? On the other hand, how can actual and potential competition between cities lead to economic prosperity and solve other problems of cities and citizens? In this regard, Iran, as one of the countries whose economy is strongly dependent on oil, can move away from the oil economy by creating actual and potential competition between its cities, as well as changes in the texture of localities and the physicality of urban spaces to attract Tourists can promote  the economy caused by tourism.

the research method of the upcoming study is qualitative research, and in terms of the goal, it is developmental or applied in terms of methodology, it is analysis and copying tools, And the statistical population is used by experts and professors related to tourism competition and urban planning, and in the end, the analysis of information has been done by means of confirmatory factor analysis.

In this research, a new concept of the relationship between competitiveness, tourism, and growth has been presented in which the provision of hereditary resources, together with the provision of production resources and the links between them, are the elements that determine the capacity of an economy for production and as a result growth. The new conceptual framework of tourism variables, including the model, does not depend on demand factors. Instead, it directly focuses on production factors such as physical and human capital. Unlike previous models that measured tourism by tourism income or the number of tourists, this new model aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of tourism. (Lejárraga, Walkenhorst, 2010)This variable refers to the conditions of the territory, which motivates the offer of tourism in a geographical area. As shown in previous studies on measuring tourism competitiveness, what should be included in the conception of intrinsic resources of tourism remains an undefined question.

In general, it seems that in certain lands there is a series of elements that make those places attractive for tourists, which is related to culture, environment and climate. These sources are numerous, and some of them have been protected from interest over the past century, indicating that they are known as attractive elements for the reasons already mentioned. Therefore, from the measurement of those elements, it is possible to produce an index that includes only the elements related to culture, environment and climatic condition, with the previously shown tourism competitiveness measurement techniques, such as those applied in TTCI or CM. Several aspects should be considered when analyzing these relationships. Firstly, The number of foreign economic variables like public capital, private capital, and human territory are indicators of the competitiveness of destination tourism.The influence of production factors on competitiveness indicators is a direct result of economic growth. The second measure of tourism is usually income or the number of tourists, which involves connecting a demand variable with economic growth. In addition, the relationship between tourism and economic growth is influenced by other variables such as physical and human capital, as well as infrastructure. The study will be biased if these variables are not taken into account to explain growth. This research proposes that the relationships between tourism and territory can be viewed from the standpoint of the territory having certain inherent qualities or resources that make it attractive to travelers, rather than the influence of production factors. These Innate resources are known as inherited resources. The provision of those resources in a territory, along with the provision of production resources, such as private or public capital and human capital and their connection with each other, means the complementary or alternative relationships that exist between them, elements that determine the capacity of an economy to produce and thus grow.