economic security

Water is an element whose presence is necessary for economic development, food production, improvement of living standards and health, survival of living organisms, etc. Lack of access to fresh water endangers food security and social and economic well-being. As one of the dry and semi-arid countries of the world in the Middle East region, Iran is one of the countries facing water shortage. Due to the rapid growth of the urban population, the quantitative and physical growth of industries, industrialization, and traditional agriculture that consumes a lot of water in Iran has created many hydro-political and environmental challenges. Being located in the arid and semi-arid region of the south of the country, Bushehr province receives a large part of its water needs from the water resources of the neighboring provinces of Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, with successive droughts and little and irregular rainfall, thus it is facing a water challenge. Due to the existing conditions and the reduction of water resources in the neighboring provinces, there is a possibility of water cuts and conflicts, and hydro-political tensions within and outside the province. The lack of water, in addition to its effect on economic security and the creation of local and regional tensions, has faced a problem in the development process of this province and has led to the emergence of various insecurities in the province. It is predicted that if this trend continues, the province will face more hydro-political challenges in the future. The present study aims to present a fitting model of hydro-political challenges surrounding the economic security of Bushehr province. This research seeks to answer the question: Is the empirically reproduced pattern of hydro political challenges surrounding the economic security of Bushehr province adequate?

In terms of the purpose, the present research is applied in terms of exploratory nature and in terms of mixed data, which means that in the qualitative phase of the research, semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, as well as indirect observation (reading of texts) were used. In the quantitative phase of the research, a survey study was used to collect data. Then, based on the organized themes of the qualitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed in the form of a five-point Likert scale, and after validation and reliability, 165 experts in the field of water and political geography of Bushehr province were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. completed Finally, after coding, the research data were extracted and tested and interpreted using SPSS26 and Smart PLS statistical software in two sections, descriptive analysis and inferential analysis.

The findings of the research have been made in two parts, qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, after analyzing the texts and semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, they have been analyzed, after the discovery and calculation of the conceptual model of the components of the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province, as well as the economic security indicators of Bushehr province, have been drawn. In the quantitative part, the data obtained from the questionnaire resulting from the qualitative phase of the research, which were distributed among the experts of the investigated organizations in Bushehr province; After coding, they were extracted and transferred to SPSS26 and Smart PLS software and analyzed and interpreted in two parts: descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The independent variable of hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province with 45.466 (with a test average or cut-off line of 36) and the dependent variable of economic security indicators with 80.392 (with a test average or cut-off line of 63) is above the average level, and therefore it indicates that The amount of hydropolitical challenges in Bushehr province is relatively high; Because this rate is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of measured questions. The second and third hypotheses of the research have been confirmed at the error level of 0.01. But the first hypothesis considering that the T test value is below 1.96; Not confirmed.

The descriptive findings of the research show that the independent variable of the hydropolitical challenges of  Bushehr province is the average of 45.466 and its dimensions include extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 6.406 and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 39.060 and the dependent variable of economic security indicators with an average of 80.3925 in the studied statistical population are higher than the test average or the cut-off line. Therefore, they are not in a favorable situation, because their level is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of questions measured by the variables. The inferential findings of the research also show; the first hypothesis of the research "there is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and the economic security of the province" according to its T value of 0.848 is less than 1.96 and its significance level is greater than 0.05, so this hypothesis is rejected. The second hypothesis of the research "there is a significant effect between hydropolitical challenges within the province and the economic security of the province" its T value is 3.220 which is greater than 2.58. Therefore, its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the second hypothesis is confirmed. The third hypothesis of the research "there is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges" and its T value is equal to 3.04, which shows that its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the third hypothesis is also confirmed. Therefore, according to the goodness of fit of this model, which is equal to 0.198, the general hypothesis of the research that the model of the effect of the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province on the economic prosperity of the province has the required fit, is confirmed.

Based on the arid and semi-arid region of the south of the country, Bushehr province receives a large part of its water needs from the water resources of the neighboring provinces of Fars, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer Ahmad, with successive droughts and little and irregular rainfall; thus it is facing a water challenge. Due to the existing conditions and the reduction of water resources in the neighboring provinces, there is a possibility of water cuts, conflicts, and hydropolitical tensions. Lack of water, in addition to its effect on economic security and creating local and regional tensions, the development process of this province faces a problem. It is expected that if this trend continues, the province will face more hydropolitical challenges in the future. The current research aims to explain and evaluate the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province and its effect on the economic security of the province. This research seeks to answer the following question:-What are the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province and what is its effect on the economic security of the province? 

In terms of the purpose, the present research is applied in terms of exploratory nature and in terms of mixed data, which means that in the qualitative phase of the research, semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, as well as indirect observation (reading of texts), were used. In the quantitative phase of the research, a survey study was used to collect data. Then, based on the organized themes of the qualitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed in the form of a five-point Likert scale, and after validation and reliability, 165 experts in the field of water and political geography of Bushehr province were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Completed Finally, after coding, extracting and using SPSS26 and Smart-PLS statistical software, the research data were tested and interpreted in two sections: descriptive and inferential. 

The research findings have been made in two parts as qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, after reviewing the texts and semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, they have been analyzed. After discovering and enumerating, the conceptual model of Bushehr province's hydropolitical challenges and economic security of Bushehr province has been drawn. In the quantitative section, after coding, the data obtained from the questionnaire were extracted and transferred to SPSS26 and Smart-PLS software and were analyzed and interpreted in two parts: descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The independent variable of hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province is above the average level with 45.466 (with a test average or cut-off line of 36), and the dependent variable of economic security with 80.392 (with a test average or cut-off line of 63). Therefore, it indicates that the amount of hydropolitical challenges in Bushehr province is relatively high because this rate is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of questions. The second and third hypotheses of the research have been confirmed at the error level of 0.01. However, the first hypothesis has not been confirmed, considering that the T test value is below 1.96. 

The descriptive findings of the research show that the independent variable of Bushehr province's hydropolitical challenges with an average of 45.466, and its dimensions include extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 6.406 and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 39.060 and the dependent variable of economic security with an average of 80.3925 in the statistical population under investigation is above the test average or the cut-off line. Therefore, they are not in a favorable situation because their level is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of questions measured by the variables. The inferential findings of the research also show the first hypothesis of the research, "There is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and the economic security of the province," according to the T value of 0.848 is less than 1.96 and its significance level is more significant than 0.05. As a result, this hypothesis is rejected. The second hypothesis of the research, "there is a significant effect between intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and economic security of the province," its T value is 3.220, which is greater than 2.58. Therefore, its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the second hypothesis is confirmed. The third hypothesis of the research, "there is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges," its T value is equal to 3.04, which shows that its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the third hypothesis is also confirmed. According to the findings obtained from the evaluation of the research model, the research's general hypothesis that Bushehr's hydropolitical challenges affect the economic security of the province is confirmed. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Villages are the basis of the country's social life and play an important role in food security and population distribution and agricultural production. The importance of border villages due to foreign trade is twofold. Therefore, the present article assesses the status of socio-economic security indicators in the border villages (case study: Taybad city). The purpose of this research is to identify security components and assess the status of these components in the border villages of the city. The method of descriptive and analytical research and data collection is both documentary and field. The statistical population of the study is the border villages of Taybad city, which are located 15 km away from the Afghan border, which include the villages of Mohammad Abad, Mohsen Abad, Qomi, Farzaneh, Dogharun and Haji Abad. The sample was selected in a theoretical saturation and 100 questionnaires were filled out by the local community. The results of this study show that the economic index with a coefficient of 2.12 and the social index with a coefficient of 2.96. Among these, the employment component with an average of 2.65 in the economic index and the spatial affiliation component with an average of 3.56 in the social index was higher than other components. have.

In the present era, many regional conflicts and conflicts are the source of governments that have common watersheds. The formation and formation of natural waterways, which are the rivers, are influenced by various factors such as climatic conditions, geology, human and geographical factors. The rivers with the common border areas can have tangible effects on the relations of the two countries, especially on political and security issues. Common river basins, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, have been drastically reduced in recent years and have had various effects on the border areas of the country. Hirmand and Farahrud are not exceptions to this rule and the problem of water scarcity has caused economic changes in the border town of Nehbandan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Hirmand and Farahrood River on economic security of eastern regions of Iran in Nehbandan. The research method is descriptive-survey and two library and field methods have been used for data collection. The statistical population of the research is 12522 people in two cities of Bandan, Shoussef and Hong Border. According to the size of the statistical population, the sample size was 373 using Cochran formula. Sampling was done by stratified random sampling. The validity of the items in the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.838, indicating high reliability of the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of evaluating the effects of river water depletion on economic component using confirmatory factor analysis showed that economic welfare (0.856); household vulnerability (0.834); agricultural (0.908); employment and entrepreneurship (849). 0. Migration component (0.780); Investment component (0.790); Productivity component (0.775) and Feelings of security component (0.783) and overall have the greatest impact on economic security.

Security is required as one of the most important contexts for travel and movement. In other words, it is necessary to provide security for different groups of tourism, with cultures, religions and ethnic's diversity, and different historical periods show different types of tourism formed and has survived in the environment and safe spaces. Regarding, the offered importance of tourism industry among different communities and the tourist income given to these countries, attention to security of tourists is important. The present study seeks to assess the various aspects of security like psychological, economic, social and environmental security of tourism axe in Isfahan. It was attempted to survey Isfahan tourism axes, by using descriptive and analytic approach. The methods which are used for surveying of Isfahan security tourism axes are ANOVA test. Statistic society of this research consists of the tourists that had presented in Julfa, Zayandeh Rood and Bazar tourism axes at the time of complete the questionnaires and the sample size is 50 tourists of each axe. The results show that; with 95 percent confidence level there is a Significant difference between aspects of psychological, economic and environmental security of the tourism axe,, and In the aspect of social security, there is no difference between the axes. The results of Fisher's post Hoc comparison tests indicated that in most aspects, the level of security in Zayandeh Rood axe was significantly different from the tourism axes of Bazar and Julfa.

Employment is considered as an essential need and one of the basic activities for human beings. In this regard, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of employment on security. A kind of similarity and continuity has risen between these two categories that they cannot be simply distinguished. This study has been conducted aiming at providing job opportunity in border areas and its impact on security in Astara border city. This study is of a descriptive-analytic type and it has been compiled through data collection using library method and the relevant appropriate organizations’ statistics. In this paper, by mentioning the frontiersmen’s employment and economy and introducing the effective factors on frontiersmen’s underdevelopment, we try to address the characteristics of Astara border city as the safest border city in the country. Then, we discuss the job opportunity provision in this city in the areas of industries, agriculture, fisheries, and cooperation. In addition, by explaining the difficulties, the Astara city’s development strategies, the strategies for providing job opportunities are presented. The findings of the research show that due to the released data by the appropriate organizations and agencies the Astara border city is facing with unemployment rising and thereby frontier young men’s increasing migration rate to the other cities of the province and also the other provinces of the country and by continuing current conditions it will have an unfavorable effect on the favorable security of this city. Paying attention to the frontiersmen’s employment in different fields in this region by the officials will lead to the establishment of security and order in border areas.