environmental factors

Today, humans have entered an era in which the way of production and their impact on the earth's planet and human health are of great importance. Environmental damages, in addition to reducing agricultural and non-agricultural activities, will also endanger human health. Considering the importance of preserving the environment and human health, the research aimed to analyze the environmental effects of adopting organic agricultural products among producers and consumers of these products in Tabriz County. The research population consists of the producers and consumers of organic farm products. The community of producers is 28 persons who were studied in total. In the consumer community, the sample size was estimated to be 384 persons (for better results, 391 questionnaires were completed). To analyze, Structural Equation Modeling in SMART PLS software and one-sample T-tests and Friedman Tests were used. The results of the initial evaluation indicate the appropriateness of the model. The results of the structural model, indicate the existence of a significant structural relationship between structural improvement and soil fertility, reducing water pollution and waste, improving air quality and reducing pollution, strengthening agricultural and biological diversity, controlling and replacing chemical fertilizers and pesticides with organic and biological fertilizers, and environmental knowledge. Based on the results, organic agriculture with methods such as using plant residues as green manure, soil conservation, reducing pollution, etc., has led to an increase in soil fertility and its non-erosion, and by producing agricultural products with high quantity and quality, harming the environment was reduced.

Flooding is a significant natural hazard that has increasingly threatened numerous Iranian cities, particularly in the western regions of Esan and Golestan in recent years. One notable event was the flood of April 2018, which resulted in substantial loss of life and financial damage across various western cities in Golestan Province. This research focused on monitoring the flooded areas in western Golestan and analyzing the environmental factors contributing to these events. The study utilized several key data sources, including Sentinel 1 and 2 radar images, MODIS, CHIRPS, Landsat 9 satellite imagery, and a 30-m digital elevation model. The primary research tools employed were Google Earth Engine, IDRISI, and ArcGIS. Initially, flood-affected areas were identified using Google Earth Engine followed by an analysis of their relationship with various environmental factors. Finally, flood-prone areas were delineated using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) model. The analysis of radar images indicated that in April 2018, significant flooding impacted urban and suburban areas, including Aqh Qhala, Siminshahr, and Gomishtappeh. The study revealed that altitude, slope, and vegetation density were the most influential environmental factors with correlation coefficients of 0.652, 0.619, and 0.543, respectively. Additionally, the WLC model identified the northern and western regions of the study area—comprising the urban and suburban areas of Gorgan, Aqh Qhala, Siminshahr, Gomishtappeh, Kordkoy, and Bandar Turkaman—as having high flood potential due to their low elevation, gentle slopes, sparse vegetation, and proximity to rivers.

Land use planning encompasses the rational organization of economic, social, cultural, and environmental development aspects. Spatial organization of settlement systems within the framework of land use planning is closely related to the spatial-physical patterns of rural settlements. Achieving a balanced development in rural areas depends on finding suitable spatial patterns in settlement systems generally and rural settlements specifically. Analyzing rural settlements in terms of economic, social, and environmental aspects without considering ecological, spatial, and vulnerability approaches is ineffective. Rural settlements face challenges such as poverty, income inequality, rural migration, village abandonment, neglect of spatial-physical management, and high vulnerability. Factors such as altitude, slope, geological structure, faults, water resources, soil, vegetation, and land use serve as natural bases that significantly influence the identification of suitable and unsuitable areas for rural settlement risk assessment.This applied-developmental study employs library and survey methods to evaluate the ecological and environmental capabilities of the Aq Su region in Kalaleh County for organizing settlement systems. To measure the impact of vulnerability factors on the spatial distribution of rural settlements, multiple regression analysis was utilized. Subsequently, spatial database preparation in a GIS environment (ArcGIS) was performed. After standardizing the criteria using fuzzy logic and AHP methods, weights were assigned to each criterion in the software environment. By integrating these criteria based on the AHP model and fuzzy logic, a final map indicating suitable and unsuitable areas was generated. The study area in the resulting map was classified into highly suitable, suitable, and unsuitable categories for planning various settlement activities.

Landslides are one of the environmental hazards that are always associated with a lot of damage. Landslides are a common danger in mountainous areas that have a high potential in the western regions of Iran, including the Sanandaj County. Due to the importance of the issue, in this study, the effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in Sanandaj County have been analyzed. In this study, in order to achieve the desired goals, a 30 m high digital model of landslides occurred in the region (prepared by the Rangeland and Watershed Management Organization of Kurdistan Province), 1: 100000 geological map and 1: 5000 topographic map of the region Has been. The most important tool used in the research was ArcGIS and also in this research the combined model of fuzzy logic and AHP was used. This research has been done in two stages in the first stage, in the first stage of landslide analysis in relation to various environmental factors and in the second stage, areas prone to landslides have been identified. Based on the results, a large part of the landslides occurred in the direction of the northern slope (51 landslides), slope floors between 40 to 60% (51 landslides), altitudes 1500 to 2010 meters (112 landslides), nearby areas Fault lines, rivers and roads, conglomerate floors, sandstones and shales (78 landslides) as well as classes related to combined cover of pastures and agriculture and poor pastures (respectively, 64 and 36 landslides) occurred. Also, the results indicate that the southern, southwestern and southeastern regions of Sanandaj County have a high potential for landslides due to high altitude and slope, type of lithology and use, as well as northern slope directions.

Dust, or fine dust, refers to very small and light particles of silt, clay, or sand that are transported by the wind over long distances due to wind erosion and the spread of desertification. Dust storms have emerged as a significant threat to public health in recent years. This phenomenon is influenced by natural factors, such as climatic conditions, climate change, hydrogeomorphological features, and vegetation, as well as human factors, including land use changes, erosion, and other anthropogenic activities. Dust is one of the most harmful natural disasters in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, particularly in Iran, and has caused substantial environmental and human problems in these areas.This phenomenon has significantly affected various aspects of life in the region in recent years. Among the areas exposed to dust-related hazards are the southwestern regions of Iran. Due to climatic conditions, wind speed and direction, and the presence of sand dunes, these areas are prone to becoming dust centers. This has resulted in frequent occurrences of dust storms over a large portion of the year in the southwestern regions of the country. Given the importance of the issue, this research investigates the concentration of dust in the southwestern region of Iran and analyzes the factors influencing its occurrence.

In this research, Google Earth images, MODIS satellite images, CHIRPS satellite images, and a 30-meter SRTM digital elevation model were utilized. The most important tools used in the research were Google Earth Engine (for preparing dust concentration maps and average precipitation and temperature maps of the region), Google Earth (for creating geomorphological unit maps), ArcGIS (for generating desired maps), and IDRISI (for implementing the WLC model).Additionally, various indices and models were applied, the most notable being the AOD index (for generating dust concentration maps) and the WLC model (for identifying areas prone to dust center formation). This research was conductedin several stages.In the first stage, the Google Earth Engine system, AOD index, and MODIS satellite images were used to prepare the dust concentration map for the study area from 2018 to 2022. In the second stage, the correlation between dust concentration and environmental factors, such as vegetation parameters, wind speed, precipitation, temperature, geomorphological units, and altitude, was analyzed. In the third stage, areas prone to dust center formation were identified using the WLC model.

Google Earth Engine and the AOD index were employed to assess the dust concentration in the southwest of the country. The analysis involved utilizing MODIS satellite images to generate dust concentration maps for the years 2018 to 2022. Based on these maps, the highest dust concentration was observed in the central regions of Khuzestan Province and the southern regions of Ilam Province. Conversely, the lowest dust concentration was recorded in areas adjacent to Horulazim Wetland, the Arvand River, and the southern coastline.The relationship between the dust concentration index and environmental factors indicated that the highest dust concentrations were associated with areas characterized by low NDVI coefficients, low rainfall, high temperatures, low altitudes, and sand dunes.

The findings of this research showed that the correlation coefficients between dust concentration and the parameters of NDVI, wind speed, precipitation, temperature, and altitude were 0.63, 0.156, 0.557, 0.489, and 0.602, respectively. Additionally, the dust concentration coefficients in sand hills, plains, hills, and mountains were 0.71, 0.64, 0.47, and 0.23, respectively.After analyzing the factors affecting dust concentration, a map of areas prone to dust center formation was generated based on the identified parameters. The results revealed that a significant portion of the study area, including the northwestern parts of Ahvaz City and the northern parts of Hovizeh City, showed a high potential for forming dust centers. Similarly, the areas between the cities of Omidieh and Ahvaz also demonstrated substantial potential for dust center formation.The overall findings indicate that under the influence of environmental factors, a large portion of the southwestern regions of Iran is prone to dust center formation. Among the environmental factors, vegetation density played the most significant role in dust control. Therefore, the most effective solution to reduce and manage dust in the region is to establish vegetation in barren areas, particularly in the sand fields of the region.

Soil erosion is one of the most common types of soil degradation that has destructive effects on the environment and human life. The severity of soil erosion is usually estimated using various models. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the intensity of soil erosion hazard and its relationship with environmental factors in the Virmooni watershed in Guilan province,To achieve the research goal, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model was used, which includes the factors of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, vegetation cover, and soil conservation practices. For this purpose, data from rain gauges of the Iran Meteorological Organization, 1:250000 soil texture map of Iran, 30-meter ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Landsat 8 OLI satellite image were prepared in the GIS environment. After overlaying the layers, the annual soil erosion amount in the watershed was estimated.In the next step, environmental factors that are effective in soil erosion occurrence were created in the GIS environment, including topographic wetness index, stream power index, slope curvature, profile curvature, surface curvature, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Finally, zoning maps were prepared. The results of this study showed that the soil erosion rate for the entire watershed was estimated to be between 0 and 1/80 tons per hectare per year. Among the effective factors of the studied model, the topography factor had the highest correlation (0/91) with soil erosion compared to other factors.In another study, the relationship between environmental factors and annual soil loss was investigated. The results showed that the NDVI had the highest correlation (R2=0.62) with soil erosion compared to other factors. The stream power index had the lowest correlation (R2=0.11). This research confirms the possibility of integrating environmental factors affecting soil erosion.

The unbalanced physical expansion of Ilam City can be attributed to various issues, including regional imbalance, rapid urbanization, the impact of war, fragmented urban management, and inadequate supervision of urban development projects. The aim of this study was to examine the factors that impact the physical development of Ilam City.

This study employed an applied research methodology and was done in Ilam City over the period of 2023-2024. The study instrument employed was a questionnaire developed by the researcher. A compilation of criteria and indicators that impact physical development was made in order to create the questionnaire. Consequently, a survey comprising of 34 questions was created, utilizing a Likert scale with four response alternatives. In order to evaluate the questionnaire's validity, it was administered to a group of 18 specialists. A comprehensive questionnaire consisting of 5 indexes and 30 components was compiled and thereafter delivered to the inhabitants. The sample size was calculated to be 357 persons using the Cochran formula. The study samples were chosen by the method of simple random sampling. The data were evaluated using statistical methods such as a t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression coefficients.

The physical development of Ilam City was found to have a substantial correlation with several aspects, including economic, social and cultural, environmental, physical, and managerial factors. The physical evolution of Ilam City was primarily influenced by environmental (natural), economic, managerial, physical, and social and cultural aspects, in that order.

the physical development of Ilam City has been mostly influenced by environmental variables.

Today, the phenomenon of subsidence has affected many regions of the world, including densely populated cities in arid and semi-arid regions, and has caused a lot of damage. The phenomenon of subsidence is imperceptible and gradual, and in the long term it causes a lot of damage to agricultural lands as well as urban areas. Considering the many negative effects that the subsidence phenomenon has on human activities and man-made phenomena including buildings and facilities, not paying attention to it can be associated with many human and financial losses. Based on this, it will be very important to monitor the amount of land subsidence in order to reduce the negative effects and also to control its development process, and it is necessary to regularly estimate the subsidence process of the areas. Due to the fact that the phenomenon of subsidence occurs imperceptibly and its monitoring requires high precision, therefore, new methods should be used to monitor this risk. One of the methods that has received a lot of attention in recent years is the radar interferometry method, which has high accuracy and speed in processing information and monitoring changes in the earth's surface. Accordingly, in this research, this method is used. It will be used to evaluate the subsidence of Asadabad Plain. According to the mentioned cases, in this research, using radar images and radar interferometry method, the state of subsidence and its trend in Asadabad Plain and the analysis of the geomorphological factors affecting its occurrence have been evaluated.

Rural entrepreneurship means creating a new activity that introduces a new product or service or creates a new market and uses new technology in the rural environment. The importance of the term entrepreneurship and the environmental factors affecting it is so much that during the last two decades, it has become a very important topic for thinkers and researchers, so some have named this period the age of entrepreneurship. The present research aims to analyze the levels of rural areas' enjoyment of environmental factors affecting the development of agricultural entrepreneurial components. The research methodology is practical in terms of purpose. The area under study in this research is the residents of villages with more than 50 households in Sardoiyeh. The research unit is business owners and successful innovators in the agricultural sector. Were selected and the questionnaire was distributed among them. The results obtained using grey TOPSIS and fuzzy TOPSIS models showed the combination of these two models in the integration technique; The studied villages are at different levels in terms of prioritization of environmental factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship components, among which, Kohnouj Sadat village (1.16) and Dareh Rood village (2.5) are at high levels of prosperity and Grikan village (9.5) and Daulatabad village (5.5) 8/66) have the lowest level.

How the first human settlements came to be is an important issue, and from different scientific perspectives, different answers can be given; because the creation or degeneration of these settlements is not the choice of individuals; it depends on countless human and natural conditions. Studies show that the establishment of human societies on the ground has always been done in order to achieve maximum natural resources such as water resources, adequate vegetation and access to arable land, this effort is undoubtedly based on the principles that today It is interpreted as the science of location. At the beginning of human life, natural hazards were unknown to humans until their occurrence. Natural are also safe. Natural disasters are born of natural elements and factors, but human profiteering intervention in nature affects the quantity and quality of many natural disasters. Considering the mentioned cases, environmental factors, especially geomorphology, have played an important role in locating residential areas throughout history. Accordingly, in this study, environmental factors affecting the distribution of ancient settlements in Piranshahr have been investigated.

In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, a 30-meter-high digital model, a layer of ancient sites identified in the region (Masoumian, 2021), a 1: 100000 geological map and a 1: 50,000 topographic map of the region have been used. The most important tool used in the research was ArcGIS and also in this research the combined model of fuzzy logic and AHP has been used. This research has generally been done in two stages. In the first stage, after preparing the layer of ancient sites in the region, the location of ancient sites in terms of slope, slope classes, elevation classes, distance classes from the river, lithology units and geomorphological units are analyzed and thus the distribution status of sites Ancient has been analyzed in relation to environmental conditions. In the second stage, in order to identify areas prone to ancient settlements, the results of the previous stage have been used and using the integrated model of AHP fuzzy areas, a map of areas prone to ancient settlements has been prepared.

In this study, in order to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the distribution of ancient settlements, first the location of 67 ancient sites in Piranshahr city has been determined. According to the results, a large part of the ancient settlements are located in the slope classes less than 10%, so that 32 ancient sites (equivalent to 47.8% of the identified sites) are located in this class. In terms of slope, a large part of the ancient settlements are located in the northern directions so that 36 ancient sites (38.8% of the identified sites) are located in the northwest to northeast. In terms of height, a large part of the ancient sites are located in the altitude classes of 1250 to 1650, so that in this category there are 56 ancient sites (equivalent to 83.6% of the identified sites). In terms of distance from the river, a large part of the ancient sites are located near the river, with 48 ancient sites (equivalent to 71.6% of the identified sites), located less than 500 meters from the river. They had. Lithologically, a large part of the settlements are located on Quaternary alluvial sediments, so that 37 ancient sites (equivalent to 55.2% of the identified sites) are located in this unit. Also, in terms of geomorphology, a large part of the ancient sites are located in the alluvial plain unit, so that 37 ancient sites (equivalent to 55.2% of the identified sites) are located in this unit.

Environmental conditions have played an important role in the settlement of residential areas in the past and today. Considering that the knowledge of the effective factors in location selection has an important role in various planning, in this study, the effective environmental factors in the establishment of ancient sites in Piranshahr city have been analyzed. Based on the results, the distribution of ancient sites was directly related to environmental conditions, so that the highest density of ancient sites in low-slope areas, low-lying areas, areas near the river, north slope directions, unit Quaternary alluvium as well as unit of alluvial plains. According to the results obtained at this stage, areas prone to the establishment of ancient settlements in Piranshahr city have been identified that based on the results, the middle areas of Piranshahr city due to the conditions, are prone to the development of ancient settlements. The results of this study have shown that environmental conditions in the past have played a major role in the distribution of residential areas and by examining the environmental conditions of each area to a large extent can be found the existence of ancient sites in that area.

 There have been various theories about how to form an authoritarian government in Iran before the first Pahlavi, and one of the most important is the patrimonialism theory. From Max Weber's point of view, in patrimonialism, a ruling person's will be considered the only means of organizing and guiding the society. Although political power maintained its autocratic form after the first Pahlavi, the means of exercising power were applied through bureaucracy and administrative systems. Many political science thinkers have welcomed the compatibility of patrimonialism theory with the government evolution in Iran before Pahlavi. However, in this adaptation, less attention has been paid to the political-spatial requirements of Iran. 

 This research has attempted to analyze the reasons for the continuation and stabilization of the patrimonial government in Iran before the first Pahlavi, with a descriptive-analytical method, and from the political geography view. 

 Findings show that a set of factors, including the environmental foundations of Iran's land, the lack of water, and the lack of continuous access to it in all seasons, provides the basis for the nomadic livelihood formation in Iran. So, the emergence of cohesion between different tribes and ethnic groups was possible only with the patrimonial king's political function. In addition, the landowners' production surplus and the urban capitalist class were appropriated by the patrimonial government in the form of tax. On the other hand, the risky geopolitical situation of Iran causes only totalitarian leaders to have the ability to create an alliance between incompatible clans in Iran against hostile foreign forces. 

 These geographical factors have created an increasing compatibility between Weber's theory of patrimonialism and the state-building Pattern in Iran before Pahlavi I.

Innovation: 

In general, the patrimonial king functioned due to natural and human requirements in Iran had organized the totalitarian logic that could not reduce the king's political position to alongside other social institutions.

The purpose of this research was to identify the factors affecting the development of sports tourism for the elderly in Iran. In terms of the developmental and fundamental purpose, the current research was a survey-type descriptive research that was carried out in the field. The statistical population consisted of professors, experts in the field of sports tourism, in the qualitative section, 16 people were selected by purposeful sampling, and in the quantitative section, 281 people were selected as samples by simple random sampling. In order to collect data, Delphi research method and questionnaire were used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha above 0.7. In the data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as sample t-test in SPSS version 26 software and hierarchical analysis in Expert Choice version 11 were used. Based on the research results; The components of internal, individual, software, environment, attention to facilities, marketing and management factors were recognized as effective factors on the development of sports tourism for the elderly in Iran. Also, among the components of tourism development, legal-financial, environmental and managerial components were recognized as the most important components in the development of sports tourism for the elderly. The results of the current research emphasize the need to strengthen indicators such as improving the quality of existing infrastructure, private sector investment, establishing a special senior tourism headquarters, advertising, creative plans and services, budget, transportation facilities, scientific needs assessment and using the experiences of successful countries.

Environmental and climatic factors have been found to play a fundamental role in the formation of ancient societies. The Godin III period or the New Bronze Age (1400-2600 BC) has actually been the most important Bronze Age stage in western Iran, which played a key role in the cultural structure and urban formation. The main goal of this research is to reveal the spatial distribution of the Godin III period in relation to climatic conditions and geography of Lorestan province’s Silakhor plain. The results of the spatial autocorrelation analysis indicate that the spatial distribution of Godin III followed a linear cluster pattern, with two climatic factors of precipitation and vegetation being the most important environmental elements. The frequently distributed ancient sites of the Godin III period have a spatial correlation of 0.75 with vegetation in Silakhor Plain showing that more than 75% of the investigated sites fall into the maximum rainfall category. The results dedicated that 90% of the investigated sites are located less than 1 km away from permanent rivers, especially the Silakhor River. Rainfall, vegetation, and surface water sources have created a linear cluster spatial distribution pattern for ancient sites of the Godin III period at the lowest elevation level. The results indicate that the lowest elevation provided the main platform for the Godin III period thus there was the absence of a major threat from the foreign enemy to the mind.

Mass movements (landslides, creeps, falls, mudflows, etc.) as one of the natural disasters, many environmental and human factors can affect their occurrence. The role of us humans in the occurrence of these movements in relation to environmental factors such as tectonics, rainfall, altitude, slope, etc. is very small. On the contrary, it is very much related to human factors such as land use change, irrigation and road construction, which are among the most important of these factors.Landslides are generally complex geomorphological features. Landslide sensitivity analysis requires consideration of their environmental context. Given the importance of spatial variables in natural hazard management, a large number of researchers have investigated the effects of these factors in modeling landslide risk and sensitivity. Landslides are one of the natural hazards that most people around the world suffer a lot of human and financial losses due to this phenomenon. Landslide risk management is critical to reduce the number of occurrences due to a set of topographic, geoenvironmental, hydrological and geological conditions.

Ziveh watershed with an area of 21686 hectares is located in West Azarbaijan province, southwest of Urmia city and in Margor Silvana section. This basin has an average height of 2265 meters, a minimum height of 1500 meters, a maximum height of 3479 meters and an average slope of 16.5 degrees. The average annual rainfall is estimated at 395 mm.Through extensive field visits and GPS, the location of landslides that could be accessed for recording was first captured as a polygon. The rest were recorded through Google Earth images. A total of 167 landslide polygons were identified in the area. By reviewing internal and external sources along with notes on the factors affecting the occurrence of each slip during the harvest of information layer points, a total of sixteen environmental, human and morphometric indicators were considered. Digital elevation model map with a resolution of 12.5 12 12.5 meters from the University of Alaska site. Land use map was prepared from the archives of the General Directorate of Natural Resources of West Azerbaijan Province and modified using Google Earth images. Fault data and petrology of the region from the geological map of Silvana sheet (1: 100000), and from the statistics of 13 stations around the basin of the rainfall map using simple kriging interpolation method considering the common statistical period Prepared in 1392-1368.Maps of environmental and human factors in ArcGIS10.5 environment and maps of geomorphometric indices in SAGA_GIS.6.4 were prepared through digital elevation model with pixel size (12.5 * 12.5). After obtaining the weight of each factor using Shannon entropy models, WOE and LNRF of landslide susceptibility zoning maps were prepared and evaluated using ROC curve.

The results of determining the most important factors affecting the occurrence of landslides and its relationship with effective factors in both WOE and LNRF models showed that Shannon entropy model in relation to identifying the most important factors influencing landslide occurrence and sensitivity zoning Landslides have been very effective in Ziveh watershed. According to the results of Shannon entropy model, the factors of topographic position, distance from waterway, distance from fault and land use had the greatest impact on the occurrence of landslides and the least effect related to annual rainfall, profile curvature and altitude. Investigating the weight of subclasses based on the frequency of the effect of each sub-factor for each layer of information expressing the greatest effect of geological factor, land use and then in the following categories of distance from waterway factor: fault and land use for WOE model And then LNRF. Therefore, there is a relatively good relationship between the effective weights identified from the sub-factors in the above models. Evaluation of zonation maps and landslide sensitivity using ROC curve shows that Shannon entropy model with sub-curve surface value (AUC = 0.915) has excellent performance in terms of quality and WOE and LNRF models respectively. With the area below the curve (AUC = 0.899 and (AUC = 0.860)), they have performed well in determining landslide sensitive areas.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between factors and sub-factors affecting the occurrence of landslides. The results show that there is a good relationship between Shannon and WOE entropy models and then LNRF in identifying the effective factors based on the weight of the sub-factors. Therefore, in future research, these models can be used well in different conditions to zoning landslide sensitivity. According to the superior model of topographic position index, the factors of distance from waterway, distance from fault and land use have had the greatest effect on the occurrence of landslides. While in comparison, the effect of the weight of the sub-factors is more of the sub-factor that has an effect on the occurrence of landslides than the lithological factor. In general, it can be concluded that the role of natural factors in this basin has been more than human factors and the basin is inherently sensitive to landslides. In most cases, preventing and controlling landslide-prone areas due to natural causes is not possible or will not be easy and, if possible, can be very costly. The high sensitivity of this area to the occurrence of landslides to natural factors causes the least interference to cause a critical situation in the basin. Preparation of landslide susceptibility zoning map and identification of factors involved in controlling and implementing preventive measures in the instability of this basin and formulating a strategic plan - can be very efficient and management of unstable slopes in the study area Facilitate.

Wind energy offers many advantages, which explains why it's one of the fastest-growing energy sources in the world. Many researches efforts are aimed at addressing the challenges to greater use of wind energy. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. On the other hands, the world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily requirement of energy by all population across the world while the earth in its form cannot change. The need for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic development, welfare and health is increasing. Returning to renewables to help mitigate climate change is an excellent approach which needs to be sustainable in order to meet energy demand of future generations. Recently, Mazandaran Province has needed more energy. Considering the capabilities of this province in generating renewable energy, recognizing the potentials of clean energy generation and consumption, especially wind energy, should be a priority in the plans of managers and researchers.

Current study has been done with the aim of spatial capability of wind energy in Mazandaran Province with emphasis on its environmental factors. A descriptive, analytical and field approach is used in this study. The spatial capability of wind energy in Mazandaran Province was evaluated using spatial and quantitative data. In order to initially estimate the energy that can be obtained from wind flow in the province, the necessary calculations were performed on wind direction and velocity information over a period of 12 years. Statistics of 15 synoptic meteorological stations in the province at a height of 10 meters were used to collect daily wind speed and direction data. After calculating the average wind speed, wind speed continuity and wind power density in the meteorological stations, layers of each were prepared at heights of 10, 30 and 50 m using interpolation in ArcGIS software environment. Using AHP and ANP models, layers of 4 technical (climatic), environmental-social, topographic and economic criteria including 21 sub-criteria were prepared then overlapped to determine suitable locations for construction of power plants or installation of wind turbines in Mazandaran Province. Finally, wind potential spatial measurement was performed using spatial, cellular and zoning analyzes in ArcMap software environment.

According to the calculations, it is clear that the price of fuel consumed by power plants in the current situation and based on the use of gas will make gas power plants still more cost-effective. In this case, it can be seen that even the cost of pollution cannot make the wind power plant more economical; Because the wind power plant is highly sensitive to exchange rate which this sensitivity is due to the high cost of imported equipment. But if the price of fuel used by power plants is calculated on the basis of the real price, wind farms will be justified. Therefore, with the resistance economy approach, replacing thermal power plants with wind power plants will be economical and cost-effective in the medium and long term. In this way, in addition to using the potential of renewable and clean energy in electricity generation (according to the environmental potential of Mazandaran Province), much lower environmental damage compared to fossil fuels and greater durability of non-renewable fuels for transmission to future generations, the economic costs of power generation and power plant networks maintenance will also be reduced. The relative weights obtained from the network analysis process model (AHP) in the process of selection of the suitable location of wind power plants in the province showed that the effect of climatic criterion with a relative weight of 0.543 is greater than other three criteria in preparing the zoning map. Topographic criteria with a relative weight of 0.26, economic with a relative weight of 0.111 and environmental-social criteria with a relative weight of 0.086 are in the second to fourth categories of influencing the preparation of optimal zoning maps for wind power plants in Mazandaran Province. According to the zoning map obtained from ANP model such as AHP map, the western parts of Noor township, the northern parts of Savadkuh, Sari, Neka and Behshahr townships, the central zone of Babol township along with the central zone and the northern parts of Amol township are more suitable than other parts of the province to establish or build wind power plants.

Energy sector strategies should be developed and planned with the approach of optimizing energy consumption and planning in renewable energy development. This study was done with the aim of spatial measurement of wind energy in Mazandaran Province. The most favorable conditions for the installation of wind turbines can be observed in the mountainous and high parts of Noor Township.

Along with the growth of urbanization, the policy of mass housing production and the construction of residential complexes in the form of short and high-rise models was implemented in Tabriz as one of the ways to respond to housing needs at different times, similar to other parts of the country.But the architecture of residential complexes is one of the most important issues in urban planning. Because its different formations are a reflection and result of different conditions. From the perspective of urban planning, knowing these factors and their role is very important. Not only it is one of the study priorities in the field of urban planning, but also it is effective in making the right policy for the development of desirable and sustainable cities. In this article, various factors were determined, then urban planners, city planners and architectural experts were asked to determine the importance of each of the mentioned factors in the formation of the architectural dimensions of residential complexes. Then, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the role of the main factors in the design of the plan, facade, structures and materials, location, form and direction of residential complexes in Tabriz is ranked. The results show that economic, political and social factors are far more effective than urban planning, environmental and cultural considerations in the architecture and construction of residential complexes And to some extent, other aspects of housing have been neglected. So that economic considerations have the most weight. Therefore, it is necessary to provide suitable solutions and processes for planning, designing and building models of residential complexes So that managers and urban planners consider social, cultural values and government regulations and formulated policies in the first priorities And residential buildings should be built in order to meet the requirements and pay attention to sustainability factors

Conflicts over water among stakeholders are intensifying, as the water crisis in the watersheds escalates. Increased conflict in basins can be the result of various human and natural factors, including inappropriate governance and resource management and climate change. This study aims to investigate the natural and human factors affecting the severity of conflicts among different stakeholders in the Zayandehrood Basin, review the strategies proposed by managers and policymakers, and analyze the strategies implemented in recent years to reduce conflicts in the Zayandehrood Basin. The study used a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. A sample of key experts and managers of relevant organizations were selected using the snowball sampling technique and the data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the experts and managers perceived human elements, such as socio-cultural factors, increased demand for water, inter-basin water transfer policies, and governance factors, to have the greatest impact on conflict management. Moreover, environmental factors such as climate change have intensified the conflict in the basin by rainfall and water resources decline. On the other hand, human factors such as governance and policies in the water crisis and the resulting conflict have had much more impact than natural factors. Some strategies, such as strategic management, inter-basin water transfer, and increased monitoring have been used to manage the conflict caused by the water crisis in the basin. On the other hand, some managers and policymakers believe that some of the implemented strategies have not only been unable to help the stakeholders reduce conflict in the basin, but have also increased tensions in the basin.

One of the effects of the accelerated urbanization process is the growing number of cities as well as the transformation of rural centers into isolated urban areas; By upsetting the balance of spatial distribution of the population and planning, a great deal of social damage is inflicted on it. The annexation of the village to the city is one of the results of urbanism that has various desirable, undesirable social, economic and physical effects on the rural areas integrated in the city. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted using extensive documentary and field studies, including the completion of a household questionnaire in Darkeh and Darband villages in the north of Tehran metropolis. The subject of the research examines and determines that economic and physical, social and environmental factors have been effective in the process of annexation of Darkeh and Darband villages to the metropolis of Tehran and are probably considered as effective factors in creating conflicts due to the annexation of rural areas to the city limits. They return.