mazandaran

Tourism industry has been affected by various crises over the years. Covid-19 has severely affected tourism in Iran, especially in Mazandaran. Small and medium-sized tourism businesses suffered the most hurt due to their limitations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting small and medium tourism businesses success in the post-Corona eras.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The method of this research is descriptive – analytical method based on survey. The tool used was a questionnaire with closed questions that its indicators have been collected by studying valid foreign sources and they have been approved by professors and tourism experts. The reliability level of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and then distributed among 177 tourism activists in Mazandaran province. SPSS and PLS3 software were used to analyze the collected data.

Findings show that there is a significant relationship between personal values and market-orientation. There is a significant relationship between personal values and customer orientation. There is no significant relationship between market-orientation and product performance. There is also no significant relationship between market-orientation and intangible assets performance. There is a significant relationship between customer orientation and product performance. There is also a significant relationship between customer orientation and intangible assets performance.

According to the results, suggestions show that it is important to place transparency and sharing of goals. It’s also important that government should support employees. The other important factors are integrated planning in the province, compliance with protocols, holding professional tours, etc.

Originality/value: 

For the first time, this research examines the factors affecting the small and medium-sized tourism businesses’ success in Mazandaran province during the pandemic.

Geodiversity is the heterogeneity of the non-living environment of the earth, which is the basis of most human activities and ecosystem life. The expansion of human activities and the destruction of this lifeless environment are the most important factors threatening the geosystem and ecosystem. The spread of kinds of human activities on the surface of the earth is considered as a threat to geodiversity and biodiversity. Most of the researches conducted for geodiversity assessment and human treats and destruction impacts have not been taken into consideration. Among the researches, only Betard and Paulvast (2019) evaluate geodiversity indices with indicators of human threats (desertification and land use) in an integrated manner in Brazil. In this study, areas with high geodiversity that are threatened by human activities have been introduced as geodiversity hotspots. The northern slopes of the Alborz mountains (Iran) are among the areas with high land diversity and extensive human activities in various economic and tourism sectors have caused many land use changes. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of quantitatively evaluating geodiversity and combining it with the index of human activities, in order to determine the sensitivity of geodiversity in the Babolrod catchment (Mazandaran province).

For the quantitative assessment of geodiversity, four main indexes of geology (lithology and faults), geomorphology, soil and hydrography (rivers and springs) were used and the number of elements were counted in square grids of 1.5 x 1.5 km. Then, the total values of six layers were calculated and the grid layer was converted into a point layer. These points were interpolated using the ordinary kriging method and the geodiversity map of the basin was obtained. To evaluate the level of human intervention and destruction in the landscape, the land use map of the basin was used. This map became the Hemerobi index. Based on this index, the amount of human intervention in land use is classified into seven classes. Classes one to seven represent completely natural state to very intense human impact, respectively (Walz and Stein, 2014). After performing steps one and two, the two geodiversity layers and the hemerobic index layer were multiplied together and the geodiversity sensitivity map of the region was obtained and classified into five sensitivity classes.

The geodiversity map of the catchment was classified into 5 groups based on the natural break method. The very low (4-11) and low (11-16) classes include a total of 53% of the area of the catchment and are mainly located in the northern parts of the region. High (18-23) and very high (23-31) classes include 22.3 and 1% of the catchment area, respectively, which are mostly observed in the central and southeastern parts. Among the indices in the geodiversity map, the geomorphology index with an average value of 44.5% has the highest proportion of values compared to other indices. The weighted values of the hemeroby index ranged from 1.6 (weak human impacts) to 5.36 (severe human impacts). The plain area in the north of the basin, which are affected by many human activities, have the highest score, and the central areas of the basin, which are dominated by dense forests, have the lowest score. The southern parts of the basin, which are covered by pastures, are in an medium condition. According to the geodiversity sensitivity map, 11.32% and 12.25% of the basin area were classified as very high (69-92) and high (55-69), respectively. Most of these areas were located in the south and east of the basin. Very high sensitivity class is located in the southern parts of the basin with pasture use and the eastern parts of the basin in the location of the Alborz Dam lake and its downstream, which is used for agriculture. The forest areas where there has been a lot of human intervention and clearing and destruction have been placed in the medium and high sensitivity class. The low sensitivity class (32-44) with 41.5% of the area of the basin has the highest distribution in the basin. This class is mainly located in the plain parts of the north of the basin and forest areas with high density and minimal human intervention. In order to further analyze the geodiversity sensitivity map, the correlation coefficient of this map was calculated with the type of soil erosion map. This coefficient was calculated pixel by pixel in ARC GIS software and the value of 0.81 was obtained, which indicates a good relationship between these two factors.

In the geodiversity sensitivity map at the regional scale, areas with high geodiversity and high threat index are identified as sensitive areas. This approach to geodiversity (preparation of geodiversity sensitivity map) can be used to create geoconservation plans and land use management at the basin scale by geoscientists, planners and decision makers in environmental management and developing effective strategies.

Accurate spatial estimation of Precipitation and temperature is very important in hydrological models. Despite the development of automatic meteorological stations in recent years, obtaining reliable climate data in data-deficient areas is still a big challenge. Spatial estimation of climatic data is mainly done by geostatistical methods and satellite images. Nowadays, satellite products are widely accepted in the preparation of climatic maps. These products use satellite images to estimate temperature and rainfall data in points without data, and usually the provided data is accompanied by errors and needs to be recalibrated. It seems that the combination of covariates and satellite products can be effective in increasing the accuracy of climatic maps, especially in areas with complex topography such as Mazandaran province.

In this research, the accuracy of temperature and rainfall products of TRMM satellite was evaluated in Mazandaran province and the possibility of combining them with land features of latitude, longitude and elevation in the form of regression model was investigated. In this regard, the monthly rainfall data of 21 meteorological stations and 48 monthly and 4 annual images of TRMM products in 2014 and 2017 were used. The evaluation indicators are root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute percent error (MAPE). Also, the annual temperature and rainfall maps of the province were drawn by satellite products and modified method.

The results showed that the TRMM products have a huge bias error, so that the amount of annual rainfall bias in some years reaches more than 180 mm per year. About the temperature products the underestimation error is more than 2 Celsius degrees. The correlation coefficients of land features and temperature and precipitation data in most of the months provided acceptable results and were significant in 95% confidence level. In general, the relationship between monthly temperature and, latitude and TRMM products was significantly positive in all the investigated months. in the case of altitude, the relationship was negative and strong. But the relationship between temperature and longitude was a little weaker than other covariates. Regarding the precipitation variable, satellite products have a positive and significant relationship in all the investigated months, and the altitude has a negative effect on precipitation data except in the spring months, but the latitude has a positive relationship in the cold months and in the warm months has almost a negative relationship, and no specific seasonal trend was found in the case of longitude. Also, the correlation coefficients of TRMM products with temperature and precipitation data was significant in 100 and 77% of the months, respectively. Investigating the possibility of combining the TRMM products with the latitude, longitude and altitude in a form of regression equation to estimate temperature and precipitation data showed that the hybrid method increased the accuracy of satellite productions, impressively and the error of rainfall and temperature products reduced by about 30% and 70%, respectively. But as expected, the spatial estimation error of precipitation data was higher than temperature in all investigated months. The annual rainfall maps of Mazandaran for the years 2014 and 2017 shows the higher accuracy of the hybrid methods compared to satellite products. So that it shows well the rainy area of the west coastline and also depicts the meridional and altitudinal gradients of precipitation in the Mazandaran province as well. Examining the annual isothermal maps showed that the drawn map with the correction method has a significant difference with the temperature product of the TRMM satellite and has well highlighted the ring of cold areas of Alborz Mountain range and the foothills of Damavand and Alam-Kouh peaks. Also, the modified map has correctly distinguished the temperate coasts of the southern Caspian Sea from the Middle Band and Upper Band regions. In addition, the higher temperature of eastern half of Mazandaran compared to the western half has shown well.

The results of the present research showed that the TRMM temperature and rainfall products alone do not have proper accuracy in the spatial estimation of climate data and have a large bias error, but their combination as a covariate, along with Longitude, latitude and altitude in a regression equation, improved the accuracy of temperature and rainfall maps, and can be used as a new post-processing method in modification of satellite products.

Identifying the teleconnection patterns and analyzing their effects on the horizontal structure of circulation patterns can be useful for better recognition and understanding of anomalous climatic events. Temperature, precipitation, and wind, which are the main factors in weather and climatology classifications, are among the parameters whose abnormal increase or decrease can cause irreparable harm and damage to humans, and predicting the abnormalities of these factors can be useful. The teleconnection is as the name suggests; In fact, it deals with the relationship of different climatic parameters in different parts of the world. A significant part of the damages caused by climatic hazards is related to hot and cold waves, destructive floods and violent storms. The term teleconnection is often used in atmospheric science to describe climate links between geographically separated regions. Climatic signals that express changes in temperature and air pressure in the oceans are considered one of the most influential parameters on a global scale on weather patterns, especially precipitation, considering the effect of large-scale climatic factors on extreme events, by examining the effect of these signals on the accuracy of monitoring and forecasting. Floods increase. Atmospheric circulations are very variable. In general, the occurrence of extreme atmospheric-climatic phenomena such as heavy rains and sudden changes have the largest scope of damage to water resources, agriculture and even people's daily life. Having the necessary knowledge of the extent of these phenomena, changes and their prediction will be of great help for more accurate planning in different watersheds, which will reduce the negative effects caused by the occurrence of these phenomena and benefit from their positive effects. These changes lead to the emergence of weather patterns and forms of atmospheric currents that occur on different time scales. teleconnection patterns represent large-scale changes that occur in the pattern of atmospheric waves and rivers and affect the pattern of temperature, precipitation, the path of showers and especially the performance of remote climates in vast territories. During the El Nino-Frein event, the positive sea surface temperature anomalies are more intense in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, which causes a significant reduction in the sea surface temperature gradient and, as a result, the weakening of the easterly winds between the tropical eastern and western Pacific Ocean. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between temperature, precipitation and wind anomalies in Mazandaran with Teleconnection indicators. For this purpose, the data of 4 stations of Ramsar, Nowshahr, Babolsar and Qarakhil Qaimshahr were used in the period of 1984-2020. Teleconnection indicators data were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Using the multivariate regression method, the relationships between Teleconnection indices and weather parameter anomalies were investigated. The method used is the backward type, in which all predictor variables that were selected according to the highest correlation coefficient are first entered into the equation and those with lower confidence coefficients are removed one by one from the model. In this research, four-time steps were used: monthly, simultaneous, one month ahead, two months ahead and three months ahead. In most of the indices, which are less related to the surface temperature of the oceans and are subject to pressure changes, the correlation coefficient was often accompanied by a decrease with the increase of the time period. For each month, temperature, precipitation and wind anomalies were extracted in two stages, first by using the (Z) value greater than 0.5 and less than -0.5, and then by applying the 90th and 10th percentile methods. The efficiency of the relationships obtained was calculated through RMSE.

The lowest RMSE with a value of 0.81 and a standard error of 0.85 is specific to the wind parameter in the time step of the same month and from the first method (0.5<Z<-0.5) whose changes have a negative relationship with the CAR index (Caribbean SST Index) and a positive relationship with the indices It has SOI (Southern Oscillation Index), AMO (Atlantic multidecadal Oscillation) and PWP (Warm Pool Pacific). The average correlation coefficients of different time steps for the output data of the first method (moderate to very severe anomaly) are 0.72 for wind, temperature 0.57 and precipitation 0.49 and in the second method (very severe anomaly) for precipitation 0.97, wind 0.86 and temperature 0.68.

AMO, GLBT.s (Global Mean Lan/Ocean Temperature) and SOI indices are the most important oceanic indices of this research in the cold season of Mazandaran. According to the observed changes, there is a significant relationship between the periodic phase change of the AMO index and the Mazandaran wind parameter; So, the correlation coefficient between these two is 0.7.Keywords: Multivariate regression, Teleconnection, anomaly, temperature, precipitation, wind, Mazandaran

In today's world, the tourism industry is one of the most important sectors that can have an impact on the economy of any country in terms of job creation and income generation. The tourism industry was used as a tool to identify the cultural identity of the countries and it is also considered as one of the important economic sectors. So that many development planners and policy makers have introduced activities related to the tourism industry as a reliable method with a clear perspective for the sustainable development of growing urban and rural communities. The tourism industry has become increasingly important as the largest service industry in the world. In such a way that the tourism industry competes with industries such as oil and automobile manufacturing and is one of the most important factors in the development of countries, so that it creates job opportunities, social and cultural interactions and even environmental protection programs. The main goal of this research is to identify the effective factors on the development of Mazandaran tourist areas with a participatory approach using a descriptive-analytical method. In order to achieve this goal, the study area was investigated with SWOT analysis and the tourism strengths of this province were identified, and each influential factor was given a score and rank according to the opinion of experts. The results of the research show that in the matrix of internal and external evaluation (IE) conservative strategies are proposed as feasible strategies. And the development of urban tourism follows a series of the most important and main motivations that knowing the goals of urban tourism development can be of great help in getting to know the concept of tourism development and earning money.

With the onset of globalization and the beginning of new paradigms, changes in trade and business took place. Jobs are now shifting from industrial and large-scale forms to entrepreneurial jobs by capable people. Entrepreneurs need high psychological characteristics in addition to financial ability to succeed in their business in order to be successful in the face of challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the success of tourism entrepreneurs in Mazandaran province. By examining library resources, two components of self-efficacy and motivation were selected due to their great impact on the job satisfaction and success of entrepreneurs. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey method. Therefore, by collecting questionnaires from entrepreneurs in different sectors of tourism in 2019, this issue was studied in the field. The collected data were processed based on SPSS and Smart pls software. In this model, the effect of self-efficacy and motivation variables through the mediating variable of job satisfaction on the success of entrepreneurs was investigated. The results show that the variables of motivation and self-efficacy can explain 53.8% of the variance of the variable of job satisfaction. The job satisfaction variable also explains 34.6% of the success variable. Also, the challenge of activity from the variable of motivation, satisfaction with the income from entrepreneurship from the variable of job satisfaction, and belief in the abilities of individuals from the variable of self-efficacy, encouraging others for entrepreneurial activities from the variable of success, It is one of the items that has the most factor load. Finally, it can be concluded that psychological characteristics are very influential in the success of entrepreneurs and these components should be given serious attention in nurturing talented young people.

The present study was aimed with emphasis on urban regeneration and spatially analyze the status of physical resilience in the coastal cities of western Mazandaran province. In terms of descriptive-analytical nature, this research was applied-research in terms of purpose. The method of collecting research data was based on the library method and field survey method (questionnaire tool). The statistical population is 382 households in Noor, Nowshahr, Tonekabon, Chalous and Ramsar. For this purpose, one-way t-test, Idas multi-criteria decision making method and multivariate regression test were used.The final result of the study according to the general finding of one-way t-test for physical resilience indicate poor resilience of coastal cities in the west of Mazandaran province in peak travel conditions and the favorable situation of the preconditions for urban regeneration in these cities. According to the results of the Idas technique, out of the five cities studied, three cities are in weak groups, i.e. "low resilience status and non-resilience". The results of this technique also indicate the unfavorable situation of urban regeneration in three sample cities. The results of multi-nominal regression also show that there are a significant effect of urban regeneration in promoting physical resilience of coastal cities in the west of Mazandaran province.

Floods are among the hazards that affect millions of people around the world every year. The northern region of Iran has also faced numerous floods in recent decades and has caused a lot of damage to urban and rural areas. The northern regions of Iran have also experienced numerous floods in recent decades and have caused extensive damage to urban and rural areas. This study aimed to prepare a map of flood-prone areas by fuzzy method and to validate various maps downstream of the Neka River catchment in eastern Mazandaran. After the flood of 2019, the location of the areas that were affected by the flood was recorded in points. Data were randomly divided into two parts: training and validation 70% and 30%. Based on 70% of the observational data, fuzzy relationships of different information layers were determined, including elevation, slope, distance from the river, precipitation, lithology, and land use. After fuzzification of layers, using 9 different fuzzy operators, the layers overlapped and flood hazard maps were obtained. The validity of the resulting maps was performed using 30% of flooded points and the same number of non-flooded points by ROC method and Cohen's Kappa index. The results showed that operators of fuzzy Gamma 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7, had the highest accuracy of respectively. According to the map of the fuzzy Gamma 0.9, 15.7% of the area is in the very high and high class and 30% of rural and urban areas of the catchment are in these danger zones.

Agritourism, regarded as a sustainable development strategy for rural communities, is a tool for economic diversification and conserving land resources, agricultural landscapes and cultural assets. The rural areas of Mazandaran Province are a significant agricultural hub of the country due to their abundant capabilities such as soil fertility, vast plains, good climate and sufficient water resources. This province is also known as one of the most visited tourist destinations with mass tourism form in the country. These capabilities are compatible with developing niche tourism, such as agritourism. Therefore, it is necessary for the tourism governance of Mazandaran to combine the activities of the two sectors of agriculture and tourism to encourage and promote agritourism to preserve the region's agricultural lands and agricultural heritage and traditions in order to prevent unsustainable development. However, success in agritourism requires attention to the issue of planning and demand management to attract interested tourists and also understanding why and how the behavioral processes pattern and their travel decisions. Therefore, this study aims to understand the factors affecting the behavioral intentions of tourists towards agritourism in rural areas of Mazandaran Province. In order to understand and explain the decision-making process, the Planned Behavior model was used to examine the attitudes of tourists towards agricultural activities, their subjective norms and perceived behavioral control as determinants of tourists' behavioral intentions. This model provides suitable conditions for obtaining the necessary information and awareness about tourists' specific behaviors and inclinations towards agritourism.
 Methodology: 

This descriptive and quantitative study is based on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. The study's statistical population is the tourist who has experience travelling to rural areas of Mazandaran. The number of statistical samples was estimated at 220 people. Data were collected through a web-based questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: demographic and specialized questions. Specialized questions included two items for measuring behavioral intention variable (BI), two items for attitude towards agritourism (ATT), three items for subjective norms (SN), three items for perceived behavioral control variable (PBC) and one item for past experience (PE). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using content, construct, convergent, divergent and diagnostic validity. Also, its reliability was confirmed by composite reliability and pre-test of 30 questionnaires based on Cronbach's alpha test. Data classification and analysis were performed through SPSS25 and SmartPLS3.3.3.

Finally, the results showed that the factors of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control had affected the behavioral intentions of tourists to visit agricultural farms and rural areas in Mazandaran Province. It was also found that tourists with a positive belief and attitude towards agritourism activities are more inclined to visit agricultural and rural environments. Compared to other factors determining behavioral intentions, subjective norms have the greatest impact on the intention to the agricultural and rural environment. In other words, the intention to visit increases when people (such as family, relatives, friends or colleagues) and influential persons in virtual spaces recommend travelling to agricultural destinations in rural areas of Mazandaran Province. According to Hofstede's cultural dimensions (national culture), Iran is ranked as one of the collectivist countries and cultures (41), and therefore the people of our society are more affected by social norms. Furthermore, this study found that perceived behavioral control has a positive effect on the behavioral intentions of tourists to visit the agricultural environment of rural areas in Mazandaran Province. Tourists believe that their confidence in their ability to make such trips, as well as enough money and time for vacations, influences their behavioral intentions to visit the agricultural and rural areas of this destination. Although past experience is effective in the relationship between attitude and behavioral intentions, the past experience of tourists had a moderate effect. In this province, because most of the lands are engaged in agricultural activities, little attention has been paid to agritourism activities. In other words, agritourism is a new sector in this traditional destination. Therefore, the previous experiences of tourists do not include in-depth and participatory experiences in agritourism activities and include items such as entertainment and shopping. It should be noted that tourists in this study had a strong tendency to participate in recreational and entertainment activities and did not want to participate in agritourism activities because most of the tourists in this destination are leisure tourists and are not specialized tourists agritourism. Therefore, creating a brand and a new image of rural areas of Mazandaran as an agritourism destination is recommended.

purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cultural intelligence and job performance of cultural heritage and tourism employees with emphasis on gender control. This research is a descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of this study is all employees of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department of Mazandaran Province. 130 people were selected as a sample through cluster sampling. Data of this study were collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaires of Ang et al. (2004) and Patterson (1989) were used to measure cultural intelligence and job performance, respectively. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression and t-test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between all dimensions of cultural intelligence and job performance. However, in the regression equations in which the effect of different dimensions was measured, both motivational and behavioral dimensions had a positive effect, but metacognitive and cognitive dimensions did not have the power of predictability. Also, t-test showed that there is no significant difference between men and women in terms of cultural intelligence.

The morphology of rivers is constantly changing due to their dynamic characteristics. Water flow and sediment transport play a major role in the dynamic activity of the river and in interaction with environmental factors, they cause different behaviors in the river. River adjustment occurs in three groups: riverbed adjustment, lateral adjustment and whole river changes. In flood hazard mapping are usually evaluated probabilistically the hydrological characteristics of the flow, include the frequency and magnitude of the flow and do not consider the dynamics of the river morphology. Therefore, analyzing channel morphological changes with geomorphological approaches and methods to study river dynamics and instability reduces this problem. The aim of this research is to classify the morphological dynamics of Babol River for flood and river channel management. Another purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between environmental variables and river morphology dynamics.

In this study, the dynamics of Babol River were investigated based on the characteristics of river form and process, artificial features and river adjustment by morphological dynamic index (MDI) method, which has been proposed in the framework of IDRAIM (Rinaldi et al, 2015). River morphological dynamics index are (MDI) divided into three categories: morphology and process indices (M), artificial indices (A) and adjustment indices (CA). First, eight reach of Babol River (Mazandaran province) were selected in foothill and plain area. Geomorphological map of river landforms including river channel, lateral bar and point bars, floodplain and alluvial terraces has been prepared and drawn using Google Earth images of 2020, 2007 and fieldworks. To study the long-term changes of the river, aerial photographs from 1335 and studies conducted by other researchers were used. Some of the changes were assessed based on terrestrial evidence. Each indicator was scored and then the final value of MDI was calculated. River reaches were classified into several categories (very low, low, medium, high and very high) based on the morphological dynamics of the river.

Eight river reaches were studied in this research. The reaches are in the range of 200 meters to -25 meters above sea level. Their slope varied from 0.001 to 0.018 m/m. The mean width of the channel ranged from 12 to 77 meters and the mean width of reaches, which includes channel and floodplain, ranged from 41 to 83 meters. The river confinement index was between 1.1 and 4.4 and confinement degree of the reaches varied between 18 and 100%. In general, this reaches of Babol River are mainly partly confined. The channel sinuosity coefficient varies from 1 to 2.2 and the river pattern in these eight reaches are straight, sinusoidal and meandering. Based on the total scores of MDI, reaches 1 to 4 were in the high class, reaches 5 and 6 were in the middle class, and reaches 7 and 8 were in the low and very low classes of river morphological dynamics, respectively. By calculating the ratio of each group of indicators to the maximum value of the same group, the relative value of each group was obtained. The value of MDI decreased from upstream to downstream, indicating a decrease in the morphological dynamics of the river in the downstream areas. The trend of MDI changes and its constituent indices with the width of the river channel are most consistent with exponential regression and indicate a decreasing exponential trend. These trend of changes are faster for the morphology and process index and the index of river adjustment, and then have a milder trend. Thus, upstream reaches are more active in terms of morphological dynamics than downstream reaches and show a significant relationship with the width of the river channel.Active river width and confinement degree had a correlation coefficient of -0.92 and -0.78 with MDI index, respectively, which shows that with increasing each of these two variables, the morphological dynamics of the river has decreased. The variables of height, slope and confinement index had correlation coefficients of 0.68, 0.62 and 0.78 with MDI values, respectively, which indicated an increase in the morphological dynamics of the channel with increasing these variables. High correlation (0.94) of group M indicators with CA group indicates the high effect of morphology and natural processes of the river on the rate of adjustment and artificial factors could not have much effect on the natural characteristics of the river.

The analysis of the results shows that in the reaches with medium and high morphological dynamics index (MDI) where the river plan and channel geometric dimensions can be further changed, by identifying the previous river path and channel dimensions, different scenarios can be presented for zoning and flood hazard mapping. The study of the relationship between different variables and morphological dynamics indices (MDI) shows significant changes from upstream to downstream and the decrease in MDI downstream and high correlation coefficients between variables is consistent with the pattern presented in the model. Therefore, this model can be used in geographical types similar to the study area and has been required for other cases and has been validated.

River bank erosion is a complex natural process and plays an important role in the dynamic equilibrium of the river. The amount of river bank erosion affects the river plan, cross section and dimensions of the river and is the main factor controlling channel migration and the evolution of the river planform. This research was conducted with two main objectives, which are: 1. River bank erosion susceptibility analysis in incised rivers in mountainous areas, 2. Comparison of river bank erodibility with two methods original BEHI and modified BEHI.

In this study, Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) and the modified BEHI method along a part of Sajadrood Stream in Mazandaran province have been investigated. The original BEHI (Rosgen, 1996, 2001) evaluates the river bank erosion field measurements. In this method, several parameters are measured, including bank height, Bankfull height, bank angle, root depth, root density, surface protection, bank material structure and stratification. From this parameters, the bank angle and height, root depth can be measured, but indicators such as plant root density and surface protection are visually estimated as a percentage. The score of each index varies from 1 to 10. The total scores of all indicators are classified into 6 groups: very low, low, medium, high, very high and extreme. Newton and Drenten (2015) Based on the modified BEHI proposed a protocol for estimating the river bank erosion. In this protocol, the lengths of similar riverbanks are first defined as a uniform section of bank. These uniform sections can be identified due to differences in bank slope, differences in bank material and a break in vegetation. The characteristics of uniform sections are then evaluated in a pre-screening questionnaire consisting of six questions. If the answer to two or more questions is "yes", there is a high probability of erosion and the BEHI evaluation will be performed. Otherwise, the measurement will not be taken because the erosion is low or very low.

The study area was divided into four reaches and 36 sites were surveyed. These river reaches have a deep bed (incised), high slope, low sinuosity, low width to depth ratio and predominant cobble sediments in the bed. They are in type A3 according to the Rosgen River classification. The height of the banks of the stream is high and its average is 2.6 meters with a minimum and a maximum of 0.4 to 9.7 meters. The average height of bankfull was 0.44 meters and varied from 0.15 to 0.85 meters. Hence, the ratio of bank height to bankfull height has been high. The root depth of plants was low and their average was 0.34 meters. Root density of plants was also low and averaged 5.7% The stream bank angle is measured from 31 to 90 degrees and an average of 51degree. The percentage of surface protection varied between 25 and 65% and averaged 42%. From a total of 36 sites, 8% are in the medium group, 39% in the high erosion category, 45% in the very high erosion group and 8% in the extreme erosion category.
Among the various variables, the β coefficients of the surface protection index and the ratio of bank height to bankfull height were -0.62 and 0.51, respectively. To evaluate the modified BEHI method, all reaches were first examined according to the pre-screening table and more than two "yes" answers were confirmed for each reach. In the modified BEHI method, 26 out of 36 sites were in the erosion group. But in the original BEHI method, 16 sites are in a very high class. The total score of the studied sites was evaluated by two BEHI methods with Pearson correlation coefficients, which obtained a coefficient of 0.21 and shows a relatively low correlation.

Sajadrood stream has high and steep banks due to the incision created in the channel bed. The deposition of large boulders at the toe of the streambank has caused its protection and the flood currents of bankfull are not able to carry this piece of rock. Under these conditions, calculating the ratio of bank height to bankfull height cannot indicate the erodibility of the streambank in the bankfull stage. Nevertheless, the erodible potential of the bank for larger flood currents is confirmed. Comparison of the original BEHI with the modified BEHI showed that the modified method has an overestimate than the original BEHI.

Today, ecotourism is deemed a key industry and is granted a special position in the economic development of different countries. This industry has always faced risks in making decisions about selecting places with high ecotourism potential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the assessment of ecotourism development capability in rural areas, with an emphasis on the environmental risk-taking in decision-making. In this study, 12 spatial criteria were used. Ordered weighted average (OWL), analytic network process (ANP), TOPSIS, and sensitivity analysis were used to assess the concept of decision-making risk, calculate the weight and importance of the criteria, rate the appropriate villages, and assess the modeling precision, respectively. The results showed that among the used criteria, the distance from the built lands and the distance from faults have the highest and lowest weight, respectively. With the increase and decrease in the risk-taking degree, the high potential class space increases and decreases, respectively, such that in the risk-taking degree of 0 or less, less than one percent and in the risk-taking degree of 1, thirty-five percent of all lands of the area fall in the “very high potential” class. The examination of the appropriate villages in the 0.5 risk-taking degree for ecotourism development showed that among all Mazandaran province villages, only 55 villages are in the “very high potential” class. Among these, Aali Kola with the relative distance of 0.8505 is the most capable village for ecotourism development. Finally, the results of sensitivity analysis revealed the adequate stability of the model results in various scenarios, i.e., the high reliability of the model results.

Handicraft value chain is an economic system consisting of a set of actors and business activities whose business, along with each other, leads to the development and trade of the product, from primary producers to final consumers, and for each network operator, economic value. Creates. On the other hand, the tourism industry is the closest industry to handicrafts that can play a vital role in creating and expanding the handicraft market. Because buying souvenirs is one of the most important and popular activities of tourists and about 33% of the total travel time is spent on shopping and on the other hand, souvenirs in the form of handicrafts are very popular with tourists, especially high-income tourists. the purpose of this study is to create opportunities for local people and enable them to participate in the tourism sector and help local producers to provide the necessary goods and services and reduce the number of imports of those products. This applied research has analyzed the value chain structure of handicrafts in Metkazin village by documentary and field method in 2020. Data processing and analysis was performed using SPSS V.23 and Smart PLS V.3 software. This study is divided into 4 general sections; 1- Preparing a questionnaire to determine the value chain of handicrafts on rural tourism. 2- Completion of the questionnaire by experts (professors, experts of related organizations, craftsmen). 3- Analyzing data and 4- Identifying the most effective factors on rural tourism development; Done. The hypothesis of the effect of handicraft value chain on rural tourism development was confirmed with a regression coefficient of 0.749. The results show that the two actors of this chain, namely producers and government facilitators, have the highest direct and positive impact on the development of rural tourism, and the two activities of raw material supply and completion (packaging) have negative and inverse effects on the development of tourism economy. According to the results, the impact factor of the two levels of wholesalers and retailers is small and low value, which in fact the physical presence of merchants and physical and virtual stores, permanent and local markets and distribution networks in the region are low. The products are limited to seasonal exhibitions and partial orders, and the need to use new technologies and e-commerce to develop the market is obvious and necessary. Until now, similar studies that have shown the causes and factors affecting rural tourism and assess the impact of each of them, have not been conducted in this area.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of urban resilience in the coastal cities of western Mazandaran province in peak travel conditions. Therefore, in terms of the nature of a descriptive-analytical research, in terms of purpose, it is an applied-developmental research based on survey and field methods. The method of collecting research data was based on the library method, documentation and field survey method (questionnaire tool). The study area is the western coastal cities of Mazandaran province (Noor, Nowshahr, Chalous, Tonekabon and Ramsar). One-way t-test was used to evaluate the status of urban resilience and its various dimensions. The sample cities are then compared and ranked with the Idas multi-criteria decision-making method based on the status of urban resilience and its dimensions. Excel, Spss and GIS software were used in the research stages. The final findings of the study, according to the general result of one-way t-test for the set of urban resilience dimensions, indicate poor resilience of coastal cities in the west of Mazandaran province in peak travel conditions. Also, according to the results of the Idas technique, out of five cities studied, three cities are in weak groups, ie "low resilience status and non-resilience". Therefore, the situation of urban resilience in the western coastal cities of Mazandaran province can be assessed as weak and undesirable based on the indicators of this study.

Due to the wide range of dimensions of social harms and its increasing expansion in the present research community, the economic and social causes of social harms in acute and crisis areas of Mazandaran province have been studied.

The research method is survey method. Therefore, with a quantitative approach, an attempt is made to group the injuries based on the classification of the subject and also to determine the causes of the injuries. The statistical population of the study was 20,000 people (nineteen infected areas) using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 189 people, each of which 10 people were collected by interview and observation. Also, in this study, the available purposive sampling method has been used. In other words, 19 acute areas, 10 samples in each area have been studied..

Research findings show that acute and crisis areas in the cities of Mazandaran province are classified into three categories: personality, individual, cultural, social, economic, and the indicators in each category are based on the measurement model and the factor of accuracy and stability. It has.

A comparison of the research findings and the results of the experimental literature shows that one of the reasons for the increase Social and economic damage is the lack of proper inference from the current situation, which has added to the problems of combating them, so that in some statistics a very high prevalence of social harms and in others a lower prevalence is reported.

The cultural landscape of the people of Mazandaran, which in the period under study, the first Pahlavi Era (1925-1941), included a limited geography of the provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan today from the western extremity of Ramsar to the eastern extremity of Maraveh Tappeh ;were scattered throughout history due to the diversity of climatic conditions and natural geography in the three geographical units of plain, Foothills and mountainous regions and based on the agricultural-livestock economics. Before the first Pahlavi, the geographical Landscape of the Mazandaran settlements was a stationary situation, but with the special policies of the first Pahlavi in the direction of modernization of Iran, there was a tremendous development in Mazandaran geographic Landscape. The present study aims to investigate the changes and evolutions in the Mazandaran agriculture geography in the first Pahlavi era from the viewpoint of the Landscape school. The landscape model examines nature changes in historical periods in a specific geography based on the applied policies. Due to the policy of modernization, many corrective programs were implemented in the agricultural sector of Mazandaran province. Mazandaran agricultural landscapes were changed by the first Pahlavi activities in order to mechanize Mazandaran agriculture and commercialization and industrialization of agricultural products. The modern state added a lot of land to the total agricultural land of Mazandaran by conquering nature and dominating it by drying the marshes and drainage, building a dam and bridge, and inhibiting the outbreak of water and dominating the water resources. As a result, the open field landscape, which until then was only the Mazandaran agricultural landscape, expanded vastly. New lands were also allocated in plain and foothill areas on plains and hills to cultivate new crops and to create orchard and hill Landscapes.

The development and improvement of the tourism industry in the country or its various regions depends on effective marketing mechanisms. Marketing is an instrument for promoting sport tourism in different regions, which should be carefully considered. The purpose of this study was to analyze the strategic combination of sports tourism marketing in Mazandaran province with a 7 P's approach. 235 managers of sport and tourism organizations, managers of tourism offices, tourism guides and academic experts in the fields of sport and tourism management, as a sample of this research, were randomly selected, completed a researcher-made questionnaire composed of 57 valid questions & 7 Component (α=0.792) voluntarily. Findings from Friedman test showed that the Components of sports tourism mix marketing in the province based on priority were significant. The element of price (mean 4.69) is the highest priority and the process or planning (mean 3.69)  is the lowest priority. Other elements of the sport tourism mix marketing of the province are the priority, respectively: product or service (mean 4.21), place (mean 4.05), physical evidence (mean 3.91), people (mean 3.76) and promotion(mean 3.61). Findings from Friedman test showed that the elements of sports tourism marketing mix in the province based on priority were significant. The element of price is the highest priority and the process or planning is the lowest priority. Other elements of the sport tourism marketing mix of the province are the priority, respectively: product or service, place, physical evidence, people and promotion.

In rural areas, the language of the architectural model is more in keeping with the architectural dimensions of the native architecture. In his opinion, all the structures that have been made so far, whether they are traditional or new, all of them take shape from the languages that their makers make; this language is a structure of meaning and concept. And it will save it from the evil that comes from it. The determinants of native architecture can be considered to be the same factors (generators) of sustainable development: nature, people (society), construction and patterns. Therefore, in the present paper, it is attempted to analyze the patterns affecting the language of the rural indigenous architectural model and its impact on the sustainable development of villages. In other words, in this paper, rural housing is examined from an architectural point of view, and it comes to the point where there is a special aspect of subscription and disintegration, and there is no distinction between them. Indeed, the discovery of a direct relationship between the two (architectural look and pattern language in rural geography) is one of the purposes of this paper. The variables of this research are inherently qualitative, they do not take numerical values, but take qualitative values. However, they can be measured by methods such as ranking (a range of value ranges: the Likert spectrum against each questionnaire), and can be statistically analyzed (Hypothesis Test) - Independent Test Attributes.