national development

The aim of this article is to examine the role of political parties and elites in the planning and orientations of the reformist and conservative factions in the country's development path, with a focus on the presidencies of Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The research is descriptive-analytical and based on note-taking from library resources, documents, and available records. The main research question is: How did political parties and elites influence the development policies and directions during the presidencies of Khatami and Ahmadinejad, and what were the differences in the reformists' and conservatives' approaches to development? The findings indicate that during Mohammad Khatami's presidency, the reformist faction emphasized democracy, human rights, and strengthening civil institutions, aiming to place the country on the path of sustainable and political development. While reformist parties and elites prioritized enhancing international relations and creating a politically open space, during Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's presidency, the conservative faction, focusing on the ideals of the Islamic Revolution and opposing Western policies, adopted a different approach. This approach was more focused on strengthening the country’s independence and reducing reliance on the West. Additionally, conservatives paid more attention to domestic economic development, reducing imports, and strengthening national industry. In conclusion, the impact of political parties and elites in each period was different, and these differences led to significant changes in the country’s development policies. Therefore, a thorough examination of these influences can contribute to a better understanding of the social, political, and economic transformations in these two periods.

Sustainable development is one of the key objectives of the tourism industry in any country, and this industry is influenced by economics, politics, and geography, with its development also impacting each region. Sustainable development in tourist areas accelerates the national development process through policies that preserve resources and the environment in each region. The aim of this research is to examine the role of urban policy in selecting top tourist regions and evaluating the criteria and capabilities of tourist destinations in the city of Mahshahr. The analytic hierarchy Process (AHP) model and a likert scale questionnaire were used in this research. Firstly, the questionnaires were distributed and their data were analyzed. After obtaining the compatibility of the criteria, the weights of each criterion and option were determined and then analyzed. The findings of this study indicate that among the factors of gravity, value, distance, and selected demand for tourism in the study area, the demand criterion has been assigned the highest weight (0.54) and the attraction criterion has been assigned the lowest weight (0.06) in tourism. Furthermore, the final ranking of selected tourist areas in Mahshahr has shown that bandar imam Khomeini and Aram Park Lake, with scores of 0/354 and 0/29 respectively, are ranked first and second in priority, while the historical city of Esk is ranked seventh in a lower position. Therefore, making informed decisions based on tourism criteria has a significant impact on economic activities, and the demand criterion has a more significant impact on regional tourism development.

This study aims to design a model for the factors influencing the improvement of the strategic position of the supreme council of the provinces in Iranchr('39')s national development. Physical aspects of the city and the countrychr('39')s optimal future development are the studied fields in the current research.

This is a qualitative study in terms of the methodology according to the grounded theory. The statistical population includes the elites in the provinceschr('39') supreme council that are selected using snowball sampling and continued until the theoretical saturation with 12 people.

There are 59 codes discovered for the main category of the research (good urban governance), 12 codes for the casual data condition, 36 codes for the contextual condition, 9 codes for the strategies, 11 codes for the intervening factors, and 54 codes for the consequences. 181 codes were extracted from the research interviews.

according to the research findings, some factors such as the art and science of management, national resources, and managerial attitude can form a good urban governing that highlights strategies such as creativity thinking (divergent thinking) and peaceful approaches as the provincial supreme council strategies. Such strategies may have some results for instance the development-oriented approaches and sustainable development.

In the past decades tourism has become one of the most important economic sectors in many countries all over the world and governments are implementing various policies to develop tourism and its subdivisions in Different scales from local to national levels. Rural tourism is also recognized as an important and growing sector of tourism that includes different activities. Since 1990s، due to the downturn in agricultural sector، and problems facing rural communities، rural development experts and planners emphasize rural tourism as an economic springboard for rural development. This study explores status of rural tourism development in national five-year plansthrough documentary and text analysis methods. During the past decades، gradually and increasingly rural tourism and other tourism subjects have become one of the most important topics in scientific studies and academic literature of Iran، especially in geography،social sciencesand other disciplines. Some of the major works are: Eftekhari and Ghaderi (2003)، Rezvani (2004)، Rezvani and Safaei (2005)، Sanaei (2007)، Aligholizahed Firuzjanei et al. (2007)، Mahdavi Hajiluei et al. (2008)، Mafi and Saghaei (2008)، Amar and Brenjkar (2009)، Eftekhari et al. (2010)، Taleb et al. (2010)، Rasegh Ghezalbash (2010)، Karim Zaheh (2010)، Papzan et al. (2010)، Ghanian et al. (2011)، Jomeh Pour and Ahmadi (2011)، Faraji Sabokbar et al. (2012). Despite this condition، until now in national five-year programs and others national policies، rural tourism not been considered as a developmental strategy in relation to rural development process. As well as some incomprehensive actions of Cultural Heritage Handicrafts and Tourism Organization، such as selection of «touristic target villages» from different areas of country cannot be considered as an integrated national rural tourism development strategy. Therefore، overcome or resolve this problem، that represents a gap between academic sector on one side and national authorities and executive sector on the other side، can provide appropriate situation for implement various forms of rural tourism to contribute rural development in the framework of comprehensive national development policies and programs. Therefore، based on above discussions research questions are: how is the rural tourism situation in fiver-year national development programs of Islamic Republic of Iran─ as a new paradigm that has emerged from the world-wide in the context of rural development? Where is the initiation of rural tourism in five-year national development programs of Islamic Republic of Iran? Which programs is paying more attention to rural tourism development? And finally، whether development of rural tourism is considered in the framework for overall process of rural development? The approach of this research is based on documentary methodology. First theoretical subjects and related concepts in tourism and especially in rural tourism development have been discussed. Then separately the national five-year development program lows texts of Islamic Republic of Iran were analyzed; based on this extract and obtained related data to research. Then rural tourism data analyzed in relation to each of national development programs. In this regard، time sequences of national development programs were considered. Finally، the total of research finding discussed and based on this proposed some solutions. Discussion and Result shows that until forth plan rural tourism has not remarkable and considerable importance in five-year national development programs of Iran. But، has been introduced one of the activities that have a comparative advantage in rural areas. In fifth plan for the first times supporting of rural tourism considered within authority of Organization of Cultural Heritage Handicrafts and Tourism. But also in this program rural tourism is not clearly considered and defined within the overall process of integrated rural development. In general، what being understood from the content of the fourth and fifth five-year national development programs indicate that، as yet not exist comprehensive perspective on development of rural tourism as a national strategy. This research with emphasis on successful experiences of rural tourism development in different parts of the world، and growing trend of rural tourism studies in global and national scales، study situation or status of rural tourism development in fiver-year national development programs of Islamic Republic of Iran. Result show that until now rural tourism not considered as a comprehensive approach to rural tourism development in five-year national development programs of Iran. Finally، Based on research result، for fill the gap between academic and administrative sectors، also for access and achievement of rural tourism as a comprehensive and integrated policy in framework of national sustainable rural development strategy، it is necessary to overcome structural barriers that restrict or prevent access to rural tourism development in national level and its subdivisions.

In the past decades، development policies in the country have caused negative effects on regions. These policies have caused the mass evacuation of rural settlement and the imbalance hierarchy of settlements. The reflect of these policies are visible in the rapid and uneven growth of large cities and eliminate loops linking between cities and rural settlements from the highest levels، to lower ones. Survey the development on the rural community in past shows that the rural sectors faced with the basic difficulty in the socio-economic and ecological aspects in national and local levels، so that the continuity of this situation confronts them with problems such as intensifying of regional in equalities، massive evacuation of human and financial resources in villages، declining in per capital food production and emerging food crisis، accumulation of population in urban communities، extension of marginalization، unemployment and social damage. Present study with the purposes of 1) prevent the rising trend of rural migration and make order of settlement pattern in activity and population، 2) creation and establishment hierarchy in the settlement of Damavand and 3) offer variety activities in rural settlements، consider these questions: 1- What factors are effective in the optimal distribution of population and activities in an area? 2- What is the order of spatial distribution settlements and their functions in the Damavand district and which of Damavand settlements have the ability and capability more for local and regional development?

This research is investigating on policies that have been proven throughout the world such as regional network to provide better facilities and services in rural settlement of Damavand. These policies focus on using the present facilities and join them to new strategies of regional and national development. The analysis process of rural settlements and the importance of the proposed indicators are done by using the Topsis technique and the Principal Component Analysis. For this purpose، collecting information have done by attention to the national documents، and using scientific articles، books، reports and available information in the organs and government agencies. Other information is also provided by the processing of maps، photographs and slides. The statistical society of this study includes 83 permanent rural settlements of Damavand with more than3 families and 39 indicators according to the Dimensions of the regional networks approach.

The result of the study shows that Sarbandan، Vadan، Jaban، Marai، Sadat Mahaleh، Arou، Mosha، Mehrabad، Seyd Abad، Garmabsard، Islam Abad and Ahran villages with a score higher than 0. 4 have been in grades 1 to 13 and Shater M. Sofla، Jafar Abad، Mendank، Ajan، Jozdar، Homand Kouhan، Shah Belaghi، Hossein Abad، Rostam Abad، Ozoun Dare، Saleh Abad، Gandak، Homnad Kylan and Yalaqan Dareh villages with scoreless than 0. 15 are located in the lower echelons of the rankings. According to the result of the ranking، some parts of the region that used natural، economic، social and physical capabilities have more concentrated population and boomed economic activities، which has been a high level of development of settlements. However، the boom may be made by only one of the basis strengths. For example in some parts، some rural such as Sarbandan and Jaban in Abarshive district، Vadan in Jamabroud and Sadat Mahale in Abali district are located adjacent to the communication paths. These villages، with use this features and create service centers، have reached to a higher level of development.

Proper utilization of the natural، social، economic and physical factors has caused boom economic activity، attract population and prevent irregular migration. These conditions will make hierarchical order of rural settlements based on their power and capabilities. Lack of proper communication between rural and urban settlements in Damavand district have caused poor performance and low-density of rural settlements. If good communication of manufacturing and service facilities exist between adjacent settlements، it will help to link rural and urban settlements together to get the better performance. In addition to، the complementary relationship between activities of agriculture، industry and services provide the grounds of further development. Finally، according to descriptions provided in settlements classified; in order to access available services and facilities of rural settlements in the district and promote the level of that، 4 System villages are suggested in this essay.

Space management and administrative organization based on administration divisions formed. Administration division of land into smaller administrative units and administrative systems is the relative authority. The regional divisions and local governments in the form of ranges that political units are planning identify development. Thus a close relationship between administration divisions and national development there. Administration Divisions of population density index was based on the inductive method has been consistent. This caused the Space into smaller components, increasing staff and great government is the government structure. The result of this type of administration divisions, public budget divisions of government. This study analyzed the role of administrative divisions in national development. This type of administration divisions caused by the smaller units. As a result of the current administration divisions obstacle is the national development. Accordingly, a history of divisions and subdivision practices criteria that country was built upon it and its consequences have been analyzed. Finally, by providing two methods for improving Iran's administration divisions include: first - the rating levels and divisions in the city and the second part - using methods comparable to some macro-regional division of the country, trying to exit out of this process is. This study descriptive - analytical study library - documentation system according to the administration division issues in trying to dissect the role of divisions in national development is Iran.