political stability

Tourism is not only one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy but also plays a critical role in strengthening gross domestic product, employment and income distribution. Tourism helps establish world peace and contributes to mutual understanding among nations. Governments have striven to achieve this human ideal and directed many efforts at materializing world peace and security while making policies to develop tourism as the most dynamic economic, political, ad cultural activity of the present age, which leverages its soft and fluid power to help establish peace and security and link nations together. This research investigates the political effects of tourism. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. Data are gathered by documentary and library methods. Research findings suggest that tourism strengthens peace and security, increases national pride, national coherence and public diplomacy, establishes political stability among nations and provides a positive image of the host nation.

Interodaction: The uprising in the Arab countries, what is called Arab Spring, in 2011 is considered as one of most important political phenomenon in the Middle East during the last century. In fact, some expertise believes that the revolutionary evaluation in Arab countries such as Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Tunisia has changed the old political order and as a result a new order is under constructing. In spite of the fact that Saudi Arabia has a monarch political system, it could interestingly preserve its political stability during uprising. Understanding the reason and instrument which were used by the Kingdom, what that is considered to be analyzed here, would be of high account for political students and even political elites.
With a descriptive-analytical method we would use second hand sources such as books, articles, bulletins and reports which are in English, Persian and Arabic in order to analyze the details of the research program.
Findings : The findings of the research are discussed under the following themes:The analysis of the Saudi Arabia political structure in order to understanding the political process in the country.
Saudi Arabia has a monarch political structure in which Ale- Saud has been always the omnipotent class. The political structure of the Kingdom is a combination of the Al-Saud and Ale-Shaykh; however, it is the Ale-Saud that has the upper hand and it is the king that would assign the religious official in the country. So, these two pills of power cooperate together so that preserves their power in the country.
The history of the authoritarianism in the Kingdom.
Saudi Arabia officials have a long history of suppressing dissents. In fact, they do not tolerate any opposition in the country. But the new round of opposition and suppression by the government has started since the 1990 when government and its security forces crack downed demonstrations in the country’s universities. This pattern has been continued even at the beginning of the new century when the broaden objection with the political situation by what so called Sahwa Movement has accorded in the 2003-4.
The Saudi government and the Arab Spring.
What is called Arab Spring was against the Kingdom interest; hence, King Abdullah condemned the revolutionary movement in the neighboring countries. Besides, at the time when some eastern cities of Saudi Arabia have been destabilized and some political activist tried to use the situation and asked the government to reform the political structure in order to have some kind of constitutionalism, Saudi official used their power instruments so as to deal with the concerning situation they were face with. Firstly, government approved a bill by which a 110 $ package was considered to improve the social welfare in the country. Secondly, religious officials used their social influences so as to support the King and the political structure of the country. They announced the movement and protestation as a movement against god and Holly Quran. The last but not the least, security forces take to the streets and suppressed any protestation in the eastern areas.
In most of the Middle East countries as a whole and especially in Saudi Arabia pluralism does not make a sense. As a result, Liberal groups, Shia people, women and even those religious but moderate groups all are under pressure. Such a policy has been always dictated by the government during the lifespan of the Kingdom. In fact, even during King Abdullah’s reign who is considered as a reformist king, that policy has been adopted? That was why political; security official together condemned and suppressed the oppositions in 2011.
In the Saudi Arabia resemblance to other countries in the region discontent rate is high, as some movement and protestation shown in 2011; however, the government could preserve the political stability by offering financial incentive, religious leaders and security crackdown. As a result, as Gramsci says, the historical block controlled and managed the situation and preserved the political stability in the country. In fact, it is of high account to consider that the Saudi Arabia society as a Wahhabis’ society is much more conservative than the Saudi Government, as a result even limited reform by the government related to the women or Shia people would be opposed by the Wahhabis’ leaders and Sheikh.

Undoubtedly, one of the key and most fundamental issues in political atmosphere of the world is the political systems’ instability and stability. Political stability is essential for a political system to achieve its goals. This is why achieving sustainable stability and security is the most important concern of each government and political system. Political stability means that nature of political system remains stable in spite of some fluctuations and transitions. Meanwhile, every dynamic political system having interaction with its internal and external environment is necessarily involved in some tensions and crises and if it cannot settle them, the political system would become instable and will be treated by various threats. Hence, governments are usually seeking to design and perform long- term policies which help their sustainability. Investigation and recognition of variables affecting political system’s instability are among important methods which can contribute to control and handle them. The research is basic in terms of its goal and is descriptive- analytic in terms of nature and method. Data gathering procedure is based on library and field finding. The field study is a questionnaire type, and statistical sample will include experts. Data analysis will be done using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, and conclusion will be done using the two methods. A review on literatures regarding political system instability reveals that evaluation of the concept is difficult. In fact, evaluation of political instability like assessment of national power is also entangled with such fundamental challenges like: power is a multidimensional concept; variables are multiple and divers; variables have different values; there are some qualitative variables etc. Political instability stems from different origins which as a whole application they make the political system instable. Primary factors causing instability are resulted from different so-called political, economic, social and cultural and such other factors which exist in quantitative and qualitative forms. In other words, each of these variables could hold qualitative or quantitative aspects. Since geo-politicians, political scientists, scholars in international relations and politicians are interested in political instability they have tried to provide a list of those factors affecting political instability. In the research we made effort to recognize the most important variables affecting political system’s instability using investigation scholars’ theories, and then to evaluate the degree of importance of each of these variables. Accordingly, the most important and effective variables respectively were such factors like: political factors including revolutions, coup detat, civil wars, declining the regimes’ legitimacy, repression of people by governing regimes, ethnic-racial riots, and political despotism and dictatorship; socio-cultural factors including urban chaos, social inequity, administrative corruption, lack of civil liberties and extreme ethnic-religious conflicts; and finally economic factor including high rate of unemployment, financial corruption in administrative – political system (bribery, embezzlement, money laundering, etc.), increase in poverty and deprivation and high rate of inflation were the most significant and effective variables.

Extended abstract 1- Introduction The political situation in the realm of international, regional, national and local is lead to instability in markets and tourist destinations and The security would affect tourism industry. Challenges such as war, terrorism, the growing insecurity, serious border controls, and enforcement serious regulations on visa issuance, the ideological conflict between nations and political instability and security are the factors preventing the development of tourism in some countries and will remain an important factor in the future. Despite such conditions, still we have slow growth in international tourism. But the tourism industry in some countries has suffered serious damage and has been a sharp decline in the share of tourism industry in these countries and increase the share of other countries. The purpose of this study was to answer the question that the political and security situation ruling in the region has had a negative impact on tourism industry growth in Middle East countries? Despite the undeniable influence of factors such as infrastructure, laws and regulations, foreign relations, tourism attractions, tourism industry marketing and much more on the dynamics of a country or region, political and security issues is the factor of Underdevelopment of tourism in these countries. Methodology To examine the relationship between tourism development and security and political situation in the Middle East region was used for descriptive - analytical method. According to World Tourism Organization, the Middle East including Jordan, United Arabic Emirates, Bahrain, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Egypt and Yemen. According to scholars of political science, are Iran, Turkey, Israel, Algeria, Tunisia, Sudan and Morocco in the region. Sensitivity and effectiveness of the three political units (Turkey, Iran and Israel) in Middle East security concerns, we forced to use their tourism statistics and the low status of tourism in Libya, it was ignored. Discussion Tourism industry in the Middle East region has been serious affected by political and security conditions of international, regional and national. According to statistics of arrival tourists to the region from 1990 to 2009 there is a serious fluctuation in the arrival of tourists to the region. In this context, there are three points: - The first Persian Gulf War in 1990 and the second Persian Gulf War in 2003. - 11 September 2001 attacks. - Negative consequences of anti-terrorism strategy. After these three events occurred a dramatic change in the nationality of Entrance tourists to the region. For example, after September 11, we’re in the Middle East region saw a sharp decline in citizens traveling to Western countries. The decrease occurred in Middle East countries citizens traveling to Western countries. In general, the tourism industry countries such as Yemen, Iraq, Palestine and Iran have been greatly influenced by the political and security situation in the Middle East. And countries such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt, only through religious tourism and passenger arrival of Muslim countries have had significant growth. Conclusion Search results on the relationship between political stability and security and tourism market in the region shows that Capabilities and abilities tourism industry in the Middle East has been affected by issues such as fragile security, political stability of the time eating, lack of effective policy making, centralized political structure, low level of regional cooperation, Maintenance of traditional boundaries and cultural conflicts in the Middle East. In between, the role of political instability and frequent phenomenon in recent years, such enforcement of terrorism and violent acts against international tourists has been very influential on regional tourism. Thus, political stability and security as an effective component in the development of international tourism has suffered many losses in recent years and with the improved security situation in the region, tourism will grow significantly. But the uncertainty of public and private sectors to invest in this economy - with the exception of Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Iran in recent years, there is a significant achievement for the region in international markets.

Political stability is the prerequisite for economical development so that the lack of political stability delays the economical development. Promotion of culture and unity of tribes leads to the political stability. The suitable solution is to use all competencies of the country in order to unite the groups and tribes, cooperation of people in foreign area, convergence diplomacy in the Middle East with respect to the interests of the neighbor's countries and prevent the meddling of the superpowers in the interior affairs of these countries. Now, Tajikistan gets through the peace trend. Although there are challenges and threats but Tajikistan's leaders in the government positions or pre-opposition could present the good example in tension removing in the country that among them, the policies of Islamic Movement Party of Tajikistan, the only official Islamic Party in the central Asia has been determinative role.