rural areas

Today, it is widely accepted that participatory methods are the most efficient means of achieving sustainable management of natural resources. Engaging local communities in decision-making regarding natural resource management is a way to protect these resources and improve villagers' livelihoods. However, there needs to be more participation in natural resource management among local communities. A significant part of Dena County's natural resource areas is designated as protected areas, making their optimal management of great importance. Therefore, this research aims to analyze and evaluate collaborative natural resource management in the rural areas of Dena County. This research is practical and uses a descriptive-analytical analysis method. The statistical population includes all the villages of Dena County, with 30 villages classified probabilistically based on criteria such as the number of households, the village's natural location, and its spatial distribution within the county. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, resulting in 485 rural operators. Data were collected from both library and field sources. A questionnaire was used in the field section, validated by the opinions of 37 experts, and its reliability was confirmed by examining Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each dimension of participatory management. Data analysis employed a one-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Duncan's test, and the Kriging interpolation method. The research results show that overall, people's participation in natural resource management is in an unfavorable situation. Additionally, the spatial distribution of cooperative natural resource management indicates a more favorable situation in the southern areas of Dena compared to the northern areas.

One of the main issues in the development of the agricultural field is the pattern of agricultural systems. Considering the ever-increasing population growth, the need for food is increasing. Special attention should be paid to one of the fundamental issues of agricultural systems as providing food and agricultural self-sufficiency. For this reason, this research aims to measure the sustainability of agricultural systems in Chaharmahal O Bakhtiari province. The research's statistical population comprises small farmers and rural production cooperatives in Chaharmahal O Bakhtiari province. Considering the wideness of the statistical population, the sample size of the research using the Cochran formula was a total of 750 farmers. To compare the two agricultural systems, the sample size in the smallholder and production cooperative agricultural systems was determined to be 380 and 370. The main research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, and the data gained was analyzed using SPSS 22 software and the VIKOR model. The research results showed that 7 cooperatives are stable, 10 are semi-stable, and 4 are unstable. Also, the agricultural system of smallholders for Farrukhshahr and Saman cities are stable; Sudjan, Sheikh Shaban, Ben, Dastana, Boldaji, Faradonbeh, Heydari, and Aloni, are semi-stable, and Nafch, Shamsabad, Avergan, Gandoman, Konrak, Imam Qais, Deh Nu, Behesht Abad, Gahro, Tishniz and Junghan are completely unstable.

The research method is developmental in terms of purpose and in terms of the type of qualitative data with an exploratory approach, which was used to analyze the theme of the interview. The statistical population included the managers and specialists of the rural area in the field of Dashti, which was 15 people using the purposeful sampling method and the principle of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis in "MAXQDA" software. The results of the research showed that in the analysis of the data obtained from the interview, they were examined in the form of 49 main categories, each of which included several dimensions and indicators, which, by specifying the conditional, interactive-process categories, resulted in basic dimensions for the formation of Initially, the conceptual framework of the research was determined. Among the most important identified cases are the conditional categories of rural social welfare and such process-interactive factors and strategies for the development of rural social welfare, and finally, its obstacles and consequences were identified. In the form of conclusion, it can be stated that in relation to the category of social welfare development in rural areas, various components can be identified such as identifying strengths and weaknesses, creating active and suitable fields for rural development, effective factors, consequences, strategies for the development of rural social welfare and obstacles. He mentioned the positive roles and functions of organizations in the social welfare of rural areas

Sustainable development in rural areas is one of the fundamental challenges in public policy-making that requires a deep understanding of the perspectives of local stakeholders. This study attempts to examine, through qualitative analysis, the key dimensions and components affecting sustainable development in rural areas of Ilam province. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of how to collect information. The statistical population includes university professors and expert experts from Ilam Governorate. 15 experts were identified as sufficient for interviews. The present study was conducted using theme analysis. The results show that 60 indicators in the form of 12 components (diversifying the rural economy, improving economic infrastructure, supporting sustainable agriculture, improving the quality of life in rural areas, increasing social participation and empowering local communities, preserving local culture and identity, managing natural resources and the environment, developing sustainable tourism, combating climate change and natural disasters, improving rural development policymaking and planning, financing and supporting rural investment, monitoring, evaluating and improving the performance of local institutions) and 4 dimensions (economic dimension, social dimension, environmental dimension, institutional and governance dimension) constitute the dimensions of the qualitative analysis of sustainable development policies in rural areas: a study based on the perspective of local stakeholders. The qualitative analysis of sustainable development policies in rural areas of Ilam province, based on the perspective of local stakeholders, shows that sustainable development requires a multidimensional approach. The research findings relate to four key dimensions: economic, social, and environmental.

Recognition and study of facilities and capabilities and then determining the levels of development of rural areas is the first step in the process of planning and development of such areas. To succeed in planning and achieving development, the first step is to study and recognize the real level of enjoyment, capabilities, limitations and regional imbalances. The present study is descriptive and "analytical" and its main purpose is to determine the levels of enjoyment and classification of rural areas of the province. The statistical population of the present study includes rural areas of 19 cities of East Azarbaijan province based on statistical data of 2016 and to collect the data required for the research, two methods of library and field have been used. To analyze the research "data" from 44 variables in the form of indicators "infrastructure", "educational-cultural-religious and sports" and "health and treatment", selected and to determine the levels of development of rural areas of the province Numerical taxonomy classification technique has been used. Findings show that among the cities of the province, the rural areas of Miyaneh city are heterogeneous and among the 18 homogeneous cities, the rural areas of none of the cities of the province are at very developed and developed levels, Sarab and Kalibar cities are at the level of The average level of development, Marand-Tabriz-Maragheh-Shabestar-Bostan Abad-Hashtrood-Ahar and Varzeqan counties are at a deprived level, and Charavimaq-Malekan-Esco-Azarshahr-Harris-Bonab-Ajab Shir and Jolfa counties are at a very deprived level have.

Today, a significant number of rural settlements with a location advantage and the main elements of attracting tourists have a good context for developing tourism activities. So, we can say that rural tourism development is a suitable method for rural areas development. The central part of Galugah has various and abundant tourism attractions and in terms of the environmental location has very strong potentials. If we pay attention to them and try to use, they will be one of the tourism hubs in our country level. Therefore, the aim of this study is Analysis of the environmental capabilities of sustainable tourism development in rural areasthe central part of Galugah. Statistical population of this study includes rural households living in central part and officials of institutions and institutions related to the village and tourists. This study is an applied research and we have used a survey and library method for gathering data. The swot model is used to identify and design strategies and strategies. The results of this study indicate that the range has a high potential for tourism development, especially for ecotourism, especially for the development of tourism. Therefore, the application of strategies and strategies to emphasize the strengths, or eliminate and reduce the weaknesses and threats and obstacles to the development of tourism, and take on external factors. Particularly the presence of beautiful landscapes, springs and springs as an optimal opportunity to attract water tourism is essential.

Agricultural tourism has been recognized as an opportunity for rural development in recent decades. To promote sustainable agricultural tourism, identifying and prioritizing villages suitable for the development of this activity is essential. This research aims to locate suitable villages for the development of agritourism in rural areas of Semirom County. The method used is a survey-analytical approach. The study population consists of experts and farmers. Data collection was done through questionnaires. Initially, suitable indicators were identified through the opinions of 15 experts using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and Super Decision software. Then, using spatial indicators through ArcGIS software and the fuzzy overlay method, areas and villages suitable for agritourism development were determined, ultimately selecting 14 villages based on population size. In the next stage, the social capacity of the local community in the identified villages was assessed. Data were collected from 326 individuals using questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS software. Finally, using the TOPSIS model, villages were ranked based on all indicators influencing agricultural tourism development, including natural and tourism resources, tourism infrastructure, and the social capacity of the local community. The results indicated that Aliabad, Dangzalu, and Khafar have the highest potential for agritourism development. Furthermore, the results showed that planners should consider all factors including agricultural capacity, natural resources, tourist attractions, infrastructure, and local social capacity when identifying suitable villages for agritourism. 

Today, livability and creating a livable environment in rural areas that guarantees the desirable quality of life for villagers and can provide an active and dynamic environment for the work, residence and leisure of villagers is the main goal of rural development planners because The only way to change the situation of the villages from an environment with low livability and quality of life to an environment with a favorable quality of life is to solve intractable rural problems such as poverty, unemployment and mass migrations. In this regard, in the present applied research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, the livability of the environments of 8 villages around the metropolis of Isfahan by collecting data in the theoretical part with the documentary method and in the practical part It was measured by a survey method. According to the total number of households in the sample community (N = 5940 households) and with an error of 0.05% in Cochran's formula, a sample size of 360 households was calculated, This research is a quantitative research. To achieve this goal, he uses statistical methods and tests. On the other hand, from the point of view of research classification based on the purpose, it is of applied type. Because it seeks to apply theories, laws, principles and techniques formulated in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling the variables, the research is a quasi-experimental type of research, because due to the post-event nature of the research, it is not possible to control the variables completely. The collection of information in the research was based on two library and field methods. In the library method, review of research background and literature was considered, and in the field method, the questionnaire created by the researcher was considered. According to the variables of the research and also the method of analysis, the questionnaire was prepared in the form of open and closed questions and also included spectrums in the form of a Likert spectrum in the nominal and rank measurement scale and in some aspects, an interval, and was given to the participants. But in connection with the data collection tool (questionnaire), to ensure the similarity of the questions taken from previous researches with the variables of the research and to reveal the formal validity of these indicators and its similarity with the villages of the studied area; Academic experts in the field of rural planning were examined. After receiving their opinions, the required parts of the questionnaire were revised and a number of unimportant questions were removed. Cronbach's alpha test was used to check the reliability and reliability of the research questionnaire data. Therefore, first, a sample of 30 questionnaires was distributed in the target population, and according to the Cronbach's alpha value, the final revision of the questionnaire was made and distributed to the relevant sample. Finally, for the present study, the value of Cronbach's alpha for all research variables was 0.79, which has an acceptable level.which were selected by systematic random method from the rural community, and then their analysis was carried out using inferential methods (chi-square, one-sample t-test, path analysis, Friedman's rank) the obtained results showed that according to the obtained mean of 2.94 and the significant value of 0.006 At the 95% confidence level, he stated that the livability of the studied villages is not at a satisfactory level. Meanwhile, the average livability level of the studied villages was calculated in economic dimension with an average of 2.78, social dimension with an average of 2.92, environmental dimension with an average of 3.16 and physical dimension with an average of 3.01. As can be seen, the economic dimension with the lowest average result has the most unfavorable situation in terms of livability in the studied rural environments. Also, its results showed that this is the economic dimension that has the greatest impact on the formation of the existing situation of the livability level of the studied villages, which is an unfavorable situation. In addition to the fact that the economic dimension has had the greatest impact on this unfavorable situation in a direct way, it has also indirectly and by affecting the unfavorable performance of the physical and environmental dimensions, it has increased the severity of the unfavorable livability of the studied villages.

According to the Statistics Center of Iran's domestic tourism in 1400, about 55 million Iranians, equivalent to 18 million and 513 thousand 449 households, did not travel in 1400, and of a total of 26.301 thousand 670 Iranian households, only 7 million and 800 thousand households, equivalent to about 30 percent of households, had at least one trip. According to the statistics of the centers of Tehran and Varamin city in 1400, more than 12 percent of tourists entered the ecotourism resorts. According to the mentioned cases and in addition to the restrictions of Tehran province and due to its special location which is the capital of the country, many people due to traffic and other conditions cannot get out of the city of Tehran, and creating suitable conditions for ecolodges in the surrounding cities of Tehran, can overcome this defect to a great extent. Therefore, Varamin County has villages that have a number of ecolodges. Such as villages, Khave (Kaj and Naneh Agha), Castle Khajeh village (mansion residence), Kavir Abad village (Amome Reza's residence), Amin Abad village (residence of Mohammad Hossein Khan), but due to the old villages with ecotourism residence in Varamin, certain conditions prevail. Therefore, most villages do not have the necessary quality and cause tourists who enter the ecolodge houses practically cannot have that quality in these residences. For example, the lack of parking space, internet, and the lack of familiarity of indigenous people with tourists. Considering this issue, analyzing the attitude of tourists towards accommodation in ecolodges and the services provided to them, can be an effective way to improve the quality of such accommodations. Therefore، according to what is mentioned about the effects of ecolodges and the necessity of development and the willingness of tourists to stay in these residences. The present study was not merely to investigate and identify the satisfaction of tourists towards accommodation in ecolodges or Ecolodges, and the more important issue that has involved the researchers of this research is the deficiencies in the tourism sector of the villages of Varamin, of which ecolodges are an important part of it.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and based on the descriptive-analytic nature and in terms of the method of conducting survey. The method of data collection was in two ways: library and field. In the library method, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Meguiran and Iran Doc, the Statistical Organization and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism have been used. In the field method, the main tool is a questionnaire that in this paper a researcher-made questionnaire has been used. Based on the conceptual model of research, independent variables include physical and physical quality of residences, quality of services, location and availability of residences, and education and experience in residences. And the dependent variable of research is the attitude and willingness of tourists to stay in ecolodges. The statistical population of this study is tourists who stayed in Varamin city Ecolodges. Since there are no official statistics of these tourists, the statistical population is unclear, and to determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used to determine the uncertain population with a confidence level of 95%, the number of estimated samples was considered 160 and questionnaires were randomly assigned among tourists. The criterion of selection were four tourist target villages which were selected due to the existence of ecotourism accommodation within the target villages. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed by experts and reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha test. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive statistical methods such as mean of answers, one-sample t-test, Friedman test and factor analysis were used.

Factor analysis has been used in order to categorize the factors affecting the analysis of tourists' attitude towards accommodation in the rural ecotourism residences of Varamin city. The result of Bartlett's test is (224 / 522) which is significant at the error level of less than 0.04 and shows that the correlation matrix between the items is not the same and the same matrix and on the one hand there is a high correlation between the items within each factor and on the other hand No correlation can be observed between some items and other factors. In this research, rotation and remax have been used to obtain significant factors. Therefore, ten factors can be made from the total of 20 items. These 10 factors explain 60.255% of the total variance of 20 items.

The obtained results about the physical status of the residences indicate a positive attitude of tourists towards ecolodges. Regarding the location and accessibility component، the results showed that the attitude of tourists towards the location of tourists was positive with an average of (3.16). Also، the results of Friedman test showed that being away from the noise of the city was an important feature which with a score of (3.37) was the first priority of tourists in this regard. This is true of the world and the Gospel of Revelation. The results of the study showed that tourists generally had no positive attitude toward providing services in ecolodges and the average obtained (2.45) of the total response median was less than the median of the total responses. Another component of this study was education and experience, which showed that tourists had a positive attitude toward acquiring education, learning and experience in such accommodations and Friedman test results showed that the possibility of direct experience of the local people's lifestyle with an average of 3.44 had the highest score. The overall results of the study showed that the tourism resort sector is not in a good position in terms of the quality of services, so it is necessary to monitor these residences and help to improve the quality of services in these residences by providing financial assistance and low interest loans.

Desertification occurs due to climate changes and human activities and can have irreparable effects on human life. The main steps in controlling and combating this phenomenon are knowing the dimensions and causes and determining their intensity and status. The purpose of this research is to identify the key human indicators of desertification and to evaluate desertification based on these indicators in the villages south of Semnan. First of all, a list of human indicators of desertification available in the methods and models of desertification assessment in Iran and the world were prepared and prioritized based on Analysis of Hierarchical Process in Expert Choice software according to the opinions of 50 experts from the Department of Agricultural Jihad and the Natural Resources Department of Semnan province. Then, desertification was evaluated using MEDALUS method based on the indicators that had a higher priority according to experts. The results indicated that the most important human criterion of desertification was water and agriculture, and the most important indicators were exploitation of underground water, poverty and land use change. Desertification was evaluated severe with score of 1.4 based on MEDALUS. Land use change without land use studies in the studied villages is one of the most important factors of desertification, which has caused excessive exploitation of underground water resources. On the other hand, traditional agricultural methods with high and unprincipled water consumption and traditional animal husbandry methods with excessive grazing of rangelands and low yield, in addition to the destruction of water resources, soil and vegetation has caused a decrease in the income of villagers, poverty and more pressure on natural resources. The consequence of this is migration to cities, followed by the intensification of desertification.

This research examines how effective water resources management impacts sustainable rural livelihoods in Poldakhtar city. It addresses the key issue of rural migration driven by decreased water resources and inadequate management, particularly affecting agriculture. The study, applied and descriptive-analytical in nature, focused on 7358 households in Poldakhtar's villages, selecting 365 households as samples using Cochran's formula. Data analysis was performed using sample t-tests and multivariate regression analysis. Results from the sample t-test revealed that the most favorable aspect of water resources management was the use of suitable cultivation patterns, which had the highest average score of 3.376. Conversely, the lowest score of 2.706 was for the Agricultural Bank’s role in providing loans for water needs. Overall, water resources management in Poldakhtar was rated positively, with an average score of 3.118. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the effects of water resources management on various dimensions of sustainable rural livelihoods. The analysis showed that water management significantly influenced social livelihood (beta coefficient of 0.325), economic livelihood (0.276), human livelihood (0.213), and physical livelihood (0.178). These findings underscore the importance of effective water management in enhancing various aspects of rural life and its potential to mitigate migration challenges by improving living conditions.

Land subsidence is a phenomenon emerging in most of the alluvial plains of Iran in the last few decades due to the gradual or sudden lowering of the land surface. It is prompted by various factors such as over-harvesting of underground water, tectonic activities, mining, etc. Neyshabur Plain is not an exception to this rule and due to the over-exploitation of underground water in the last few decades, the water level of the aquifer has dropped and the hydrostatic pressure has declined. This has led to subsidence, which has affected rural and urban areas. This plain covers an area of 3477 square kilometers, of which an area of 591 square kilometers, which is home to a population of 59,000 people and 179 villages, struggles with severe land subsidence. In this research, the relationship between the aquifer and underground water level and its compatibility with the areas facing subsidence is investigated. Research shows that for every 83-cm decline in  groundwater level, there is on average 10.5 cm subsidence in the surface of Neyshabur Plain. In this research, sentinel satellite images from October 2014 to December 2017 taken by the Mapping Organization have been used by radar interferometric method. The results suggest that the indiscriminate exploitation of underground water resources has triggered land subsidence and cracks in rural areas, especially in the periphery of the villages of Firuzeh, Abu Saadi, Birum Abad, Faiz Abad, Sarab Koushak, Urdughash, and Farrakhk which are in some cases as big as 15 to 20 cm per year. The highest and the lowest subsidence, i.e., 1 cm per year, is reported in the villages of Dasht, Mehdi Abad, and Khoresofla.

The main goal of this research is to investigate the main factors underlining agricultural land use change in Binaloud City as one of the concerns of planners, policymakers and executive managers of this region. In this regard, the unauthorized change of agricultural land use is one of the primary challenges facing Binaloud city in recent decades due to its wide range of adverse effects on environmental sustainability. For this reason, a descriptive-analytical research method has been adopted. In this survey, using documentary analysis and interviews with experts from organizations in Binaloud city, 23 determinants of unauthorized change of agricultural land use were identified with the help of 169 rural residents and experts in the villages with the most unauthorized land use change. A Likert scale was used for this purpose followed by factor analysis in SPSS software. The results show that the identified factors could be classified into 8 primary factors that explained 65.77% of the variance. The most important factors of unauthorized agricultural land use change in the following order: tourist attractions in the region (13.16%), land trade (12.14%), proximity to Mashhad city (8.35%), poor local management (7.40), drought (6.22%), high population density (5.42%), industrial activities (5.07%) and scant agricultural lands (5.02%). The large scale of land use change in the studied area calls for the adoption of appropriate measures in fields such as tourism management with emphasis on sustainability, strengthening of agricultural fields, organization of industrial and workshop activities, and allocation of suitable places to the settlement of the surplus population in the region.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of employment and increasing income on the longevity of the population in the rural areas of Rasht County. The current research, in terms of its purpose, is applied and has an analytical nature, and in terms of its method, it is in the quantitative research group. SPSS software was also used for data analysis. The statistical population in this research is the residents of the villages of Rasht County, which were determined as the sample population based on random sampling of 378 people. The results showed that the survival rate of the population with the obtained average value (lower than the average value of 3), with a significance level of 0.000, has been assessed as low and unfavorable in the villages of Rasht County, In this regard, the results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between population persistence and employment-increase in income in villages. Also, the regression results showed that 95% of the changes in the dependent variable (permanence of the population) are explained by the variables of employment and income increase, And based on the results of the path analysis, among the employment indicators, (diversity of job opportunities in the village) has the greatest impact on the longevity of the population, and among the indicators of increasing income, the index (increase in monetary income) has the greatest impact on the longevity of the population. In the villages of Rasht County, they have allocated to themselves. Finally, the results of Post Hoc and Tukey HSD tests showed that there is no significant difference between employment-increase in income and permanence of village population in the parts of Rasht County.

Reducing poverty and inequality is one of the most important goals of planners and politicians in different societies of the world. The success of poverty alleviation programs depends on the accurate identification of the phenomenon of poverty. In this study, using the Alkire and Foster multidimensional poverty approach, the multidimensional poverty index in 5 dimensions of education, employment, standard of living, health and housing, for urban and rural areas during the years 1396 to 1398 has been calculated. The results of this study showed that in rural areas about 28% of people are poor and in urban areas about 25% are poor. Poverty rate in 1397 had a decreasing trend but in 1398 had an upward trend. About 51% of the poor live in rural areas and about 49% of them live in urban areas. The highest rate of deprivation in urban and rural areas is related to the employment dimension, which is about 40%. In terms of education, standard of living, health and housing are 16, 4, 24.5 and 15.5 percent, respectively. The multidimensional poverty index in urban and rural areas is 10% and 11.5%, respectively. Deprivation of women in urban and rural areas in terms of education is more than deprivation of men.

Transportation networks are considered fundamental infrastructures in any country and are significant in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental aspects. Freeways, as one of the vital lifeline infrastructures, can be among the essential elements of civilization and progress for any country, considering their technical and physical conditions and environmental quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of constructing the Khorramabad-Arak freeway on rural areas, with an emphasis on sustainable development goals. The methodology in this research is qualitative (data base theory). The samples were selected purposefully and by snowball method among local residents, workers, consulting engineers and employees in department of Roads and Urban Development. The results of this study indicate that the overall construction of the freeway has had positive economic, social, and institutional effects on neighboring villages. It has led to a reduction in vehicle consumption and fuel consumption, decreased travel distance, increased speed in the transportation of agricultural products, job creation for local people, increased job diversity in the region, enhanced safety, reduced accidents and human casualties, improved accessibility for tourists, and increased supervision by administrative forces in the area. However, in terms of environmental and agricultural aspects, the impacts of this freeway include the emission of fossil fuel gases from machinery, dust and noise pollution from vehicle and machinery activities, waste production around temporary private and labor workshops, changes in land use, deforestation, etc., which are evaluated as negative.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the viability and livelihood resilience of villagers against natural hazards with an emphasis on drought in the rural areas of Poldakhter city.This research is an applied research in terms of its purpose,which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way.,which according to the general census of population and housing in 2015 was equal to 7358 households.In order to determine the number of samples, Cochran's formula was used,according to which 365 households were selected as samples.In order to analyze the research findings,sample t-test and multivariate regression analysis were used.In order to check the status of livability indicators against drought in the villages of Poldakhter city,a sample T-Tech test has been used.The results showed that economic index with an average of 2.779 and physical index with an average of 2.937 are in unfavorable condition,environmental index with an average of 3.103 and social index with an average of 3.103 are in favorable condition.In order to check the status of resilience indicators against drought in the villages of Poldakhter city,a sample t-tech test has been used.The results showed that job security index with an average of 2.885, economic dynamism and diversity index with an average of 2.913,economic welfare index with an average of 2.901 and insurance index with an average of 2.894 are in an unfavorable situation.Multivariate regression analysis has been used in order to investigate the effects of the livability of rural settlements on the livelihood resilience of villagers against drought.The obtained results showed that the social dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.365,the economic dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.312, the physical dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.276 and the environmental dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.210 on the The livelihoods of villagers against drought have the greatest impact respectively.

 the lack of an appropriate model in crisis monitoring and management has added to many problems in this area. The province isfahan has lost a lot of resources due to the lack of integrated management and planning, infrastructure and structural problems, cumbersome laws and regulations in the field of control and management of crises caused by natural hazards, which leads to a comprehensive approach to management. And requires monitoring of land, water, soil, manpower, and the evaluation and explanation of the appropriate planning model. Given the recent situation in Isfahan province and the increasing trend of unprecedented natural and unnatural disasters in this province, as well as unstable villages, having a general analysis of various indicators of the crisis is now considered an undeniable necessity. For this reason, it is important to study the effective components in crisis management and provide a model appropriate to the conditions of rural areas of Isfahan province.

The present study was conducted by analytical-descriptive method with the aim of presenting a crisis management model in rural areas of Isfahan province. The statistical population includes 22 experts of the General Directorate of Crisis Management of Isfahan Province. The tool used to collect information was a questionnaire that was designed with regard to reviewing the research field and conducting individual interviews with experts of the General Directorate of Crisis Management. It has two parts. The first part was related to the respondents' personal characteristics including gender, age, level of education, occupation, number of households and income. The second part was questions related to natural hazard management and was used in the form of a five-level Likert scale (very low = 1 to very high = 5).The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with the corrective opinion of university professors and experts and after making the necessary corrections in several stages. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha method was used to assess the validity of the measuring instrument.

The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load. The factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, a weak relationship is considered and ignored. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if greater than 0.6 it is highly desirable. It can be seen that all the observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, of all factor loads at the level of / 001. They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table no significant level is reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the five observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as reference variables for planning, education and promotion, rules and regulations, information and infrastructure, respectively, so that these variables are hidden without scale, in other words. That is why the initial path diagrams on the arrows corresponding to the paths between these observed variables are considered to be the hidden variable corresponding to the values of 1, the AVE criterion showing the mean variance to it is shared between each structure with its own characteristics. Simply put, AVE (average variance extracted) is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of indices of other structures. The value of this coefficient is from zero to one variable that values higher than 0.5 are accepted. Convergent validity or extracted mean variance (AVE) for the planning index / 766., Education and Extension Index was 0.711, Rules and Regulations Index was 0.799, Information Index was 0.526 and Infrastructure Index was 0.626. Also, the value of structural reliability coefficient or combined reliability (CR) varies from zero to one. Values above 0.7 are accepted, which is / 755 for the planning index., Education and Extension Index was 0.737, Rules and Regulations Index was 0.802, Information Index was 0.514 and Infrastructure Index was 0.526, which indicates the appropriateness of these subscales.All path coefficients show high values, the intensity of which was observed in relation to the factor loads of the variables. These are: planning (0.30), education and extension (0.18), rules and regulations (0.66), information (0.46) and infrastructure (0.22).

Findings showed that the first factor, called "planning", is the result of the thinking of individuals and the participation of that community. Therefore, it is necessary to look at them in accordance with the environmental conditions and the potentials and capabilities of the region. Therefore, this factor is one of the important factors for crisis managers that requires careful attention and strategic and practical thinking. This factor can be compared with the research findings and which in the research believe that crisis management requires planning of all stakeholders in society.The second factor, referred to as "education and promotion", showed that this factor, according to personal needs and changing sciences and special circumstances, will provide the basis for reducing vulnerability, so it is necessary to Providing integrated management of education and promotion of villagers should be at the top of crisis management priorities.The third factor, called "weakness of rules and regulations", has been approved as one of the main structures in crisis management. In fact, this structure is considered as one of the most important and challenging factors in crisis management. Therefore, this factor showed that the enforcement of laws and regulations can play an important role in improving crisis management and therefore it is necessary to pay major attention to it at the national, regional and local (rural) level. This factor can also be compared with the research findings which emphasized this index in their research, and mentioned it as the basis for improving rangeland management.The fourth factor, called "information", can help manage crisis through the use of knowledge and up-to-date information. This factor can be compared with research findings and they believe that receiving knowledge and information, especially indigenous knowledge from various sources is effective. Also, the role of formal and non-formal education should not be overlooked.The fifth factor, called the "infrastructure factor", indicates that structural facilities can provide the basis for better management. This factor can be reconciled with the research findings. He states that infrastructure and structural indicators are one of the important factors in improving crisis management.

Fertility is a key demographic process that plays an important role in population dynamics and trends. Fertility decline has become a global phenomenon; also, it has been placed in the policy priorities of many countries in the world. However, there are few studies that have focused directly on the concepts of geography and the spatial dimension of fertility. The purpose of this study is to exploring the spatial and temporal variation in age specific fertility rates (ASFRs) across Iran’s rural areas in 2006 and 2016. Data on births and age groups of rural women (15-49) were collected from the census of the Statistics Center in 2006 and 2016. Global Moran’s I and local Moran with Empirical Bayes (LM-EB) tests were used to measure spatial autocorrelation and discover the ASFRs local patterns. The results show that the fertility rate of age-specific groups has increased and the highest increase in fertility has occurred in the age group of 20-24 years. Spatial patterns of ASFRs shows that autocorrelation in 2016 was stronger and wider than in 2006. Among the age groups and in both periods, the age groups of 35-39 years and 45-49 years had the highest (GMI1385= 0.447; GMI1395= 0.671) and lowest (GMI1385= 0.070; GMI1395= 0.198) spatial autocorrelation, respectively. Rural areas in the southeast of the country have had a strong ASFRs clustering. In some age groups in the east, northeast, southwest and to some extent in the south, a high-high pattern has been formed. The high-high pattern in the northwest is formed only in the age group of 15-19 and the low-low pattern of fertility is mainly concentrated in the interior, north and west areas. Identifying spatial clusters will provide the basis for constructing assumptions and models for future research. Therefore, what has been done in this research can provide a suitable scientific and accurate basis for further basic research in the field of population and rural fertility and development.

The effectiveness of the country's cultural, social and economic program strategies in the development of rural areas is affected by the internal and external factors of these areas. The present research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the effective factors on the effectiveness of the strategies of the fifth plan in the development of the villages of Nazarabad township. The current research is qualitative in terms of methodology and developmental-applicative in terms of purpose. A semi-structured interview has been used to collect information and data. The participants in the research were two groups of experts from rural areas and experts from related executive bodies. The sampling used was purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation was reached, and finally 25 interviews were conducted with rural experts and executive bodies. A grounded theory approach has been used to analyze the data. According to the findings of the research, it has been concluded that the effectiveness of the strategies of the fifth development program, such as providing new services and preparing a priority plan for rural services, according to regional and local conditions; Organizing and establishing small and medium-sized production and service entrepreneurship and employment-generating activities in rural areas by providing financial and credit incentives, improving, renovating, reconstructing and securing the physical structure of the environment and rural housing based on the Islamic-Iranian architectural model with the participation of the people, the government and public institutions etc rural development has been influenced by internal and external factors. The supply and welfare system of the local community, strengthening of vital infrastructure, institutional-management capacity building, efficient monitoring and evaluation system, employment of expert manpower, promotion of social capital, coordination in the political and social structure of the established governments are among the factors that by analyzing the role of these factors in other rural areas, the policy making system can act in future development plans in a way to increase the effectiveness of the adopted strategies.