rural settlements

Crime analysts have always focused on identifying crime, its causes, and its roots in urban areas, with less attention given to the occurrence of crime in rural areas. However, the tendency to commit crime in rural communities has increased in recent years. The present study aims to analyze the occurrence of crime in rural areas of Zanjan province.

This research is applied and developmental in nature, conducted using descriptive and analytical methods. The statistical population of the study consists of crimes that took place in rural areas of Zanjan province in 2019. To gather the necessary information, both documentary and field methods were employed. For data analysis, Pearson correlation tests and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used.

The findings revealed that Khodabandeh county had the highest share of rural crimes in the province, followed by Zanjan and Abhar counties. The most frequent type of crime in rural areas was theft, followed by disputes and conflicts, as well as general crimes against property and individuals.

Crime occurrence in rural areas showed the highest correlation with unemployment rates. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between the accessibility of rural areas to infrastructure and the occurrence of rural crimes. Based on these findings, improving employment and entrepreneurial conditions is a crucial strategy for increasing rural income, improving livelihoods, and enhancing security in rural settlements.

This research is based on the identification, investigation and stratification of the effective components in rural self-employment in East Azarbaijan province and seeks to answer the following questions and objectives What are the important components of self-employment in the villages of East Azarbaijan province? Each of the identified rural self-employment components, At what level are they located? What is the pattern or model of the relationships of the self-employed components of the villagers? And finally, what are the effective policies and decisions for the development and increase of rural self-employment.

The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, which qualitatively used structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) technique to stratify and determine the relationships of influential self-employment components in villages. The statistical population of this research includes 34 qualified people from university professors and senior managers at the level of East Azarbaijan province, who are experts in rural self-employment. Based on Warfield's theory in structural-interpretive modeling and expertise criterion based on two indicators of experience and education level too, 13 members of the research sample were considered as experts.

The findings of this model showed that four components: suitable infrastructure, facilitation of regulations and administrative processes, culture and social relations, individual and educational spirit, are the basic factors in the eleven components of
.the self-employment development of the villagers of East Azarbaijan province

Creating infrastructures and providing suitable facilities in villages, delegating authority to provinces and decentralization in village planning, revising and revising restrictive laws and regulations related to rural employment, activating specialized. desks for rural economy and employment, providing skill training to self-employed volunteers in villages from Among them are the results and practical suggestions of the research.

The research method in the present research is descriptive-analytical and its type is basic in terms of purpose and documentary and field methods are used to collect information. The statistical population of this research consists of all the rural areas of Jiroft city. According to the statistics provided by Iran Statistics Center in 2015, Jiroft city has a population of 308,858 people and 92,937 households. Of these, 153,153 people with 46,543 households live in urban areas and 155,698 people with 46,392 households live in rural areas of the city. Also, in this research, cluster sampling method (multi-stage) was used. For this purpose, in the first stage, among the 4 districts of Jiroft city, among the 14 villages of this city according to the census of 2015, 11 villages were selected as a cluster sample, and then a number of villages were randomly selected from each cluster, and in total, the desired samples were from The level of 11 villages was collected. According to the 2015 census, this city has 30 villages with more than 1000 inhabitants (Jabalbarz 2 villages, Markazi 21 villages, Ismaili 7 villages).In the following, to investigate the effect of distributive justice and procedural justice on the "infrastructure of the creative village", while confirming the positive and significant correlation of these two variables with Pearson's correlation test, the results of structural equation modeling with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach show that The dimension of distributive justice, taking into account the direct and indirect effects, has had a greater impact on the infrastructure of the creative village in the sample settlements with a coefficient of 0.755. In general, according to the coefficient of determination (R2) for the variable of creative village infrastructure (0.969),

With the intensification of global climate change and geophysical movements since the beginning of the twenty-first century, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and other natural disasters have occurred repeatedly, profoundly impacting global economic and social development. Among these disasters, earthquakes are the most devastating, and therefore, disaster risk management for earthquakes has become a hot topic in academic and political forums. Earthquakes are considered one of the most significant natural disasters, causing numerous natural and human problems upon their occurrence. Iran is among the ten earthquake-prone countries globally due to its geographical and geological location. When an earthquake disaster occurs, it leaves significant destruction in rural areas in terms of environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Therefore, it is essential to take action to reduce the adverse effects of natural hazards in these areas by adopting sustainable rural development based on risk management, devising and implementing appropriate methods.

This research is descriptive-analytical and focuses on rural areas in Khonj County. The data collection methods used in this research are library and field studies, where the current situation was examined in the field, and collected information was adapted to the study environment. The research begins with a review of previous studies on rural settlements and natural hazards, including earthquakes. The sources from which data were collected include existing library resources, Landsat 8 satellite images, topographic and geological maps, and meteorological data. To identify earthquake-vulnerable rural areas, maps of faults, earthquakes, elevation, river networks, distance from rivers, slope maps, precipitation and temperature maps, and geological maps were prepared. Then, using Geographic Information System (GIS), each layer was assessed, and the final map resulting from the overlap of all factors was obtained.

The minimum altitude in Khonj County is 229 meters above sea level, and the maximum altitude is 1746 meters above sea level, which corresponds to the heights present in the county. The study area does not have uniformity in altitude, and the settlements in this county are mainly located at its average altitudes. Most of the villages in Khonj County are situated on southwest slopes, with 17 villages, representing 0/021 of the total settlements. This slope has been more attractive for settlements. While the southern and southwestern slopes encompass most of the spaces in this region. Out of 64 urban and rural settlements in the study area, 35 (0/030/46) settlements are located on the Gachsaran formation. Most parts of Khonj County are exposed to severe erosion, indicating a severe need for erosion control measures. Two villages are located at the highest risk distance from faults. These villages, Qasemabad and Talmeh, should consider relocating their settlements to safer areas away from the fault lines. Five other villages are located within 200-400 meters of faults, necessitating a reconsideration of their resettlement plans. However, it's evident from the study of Kangan County villages that nearly 0/060 of these villages are located at a reasonable distance from fault lines, which serves as a positive aspect of the settlements in this county.

Based on the final map obtained by combining all the maps, rural areas exposed to severe earthquake hazards include 14 villages. These 14 villages are mostly located in the eastern part of Mahmaleh and Baghan districts. Villages located in areas with lower risks are the second group, facing lesser risks compared to villages in high-risk areas. A total of 15 villages are situated in these areas, scattered around high-risk rural areas and distributed across all four districts of the county. The rest of the county areas indicate the locations of settlements where earthquake risks are not evident, with 45 villages settled in these areas, representing the highest number of settlements according to the map.

Although more than half a century has passed since rural planning in Iran, there are signs of instability such as degradation of vegetation and unprincipled use of natural resources, unemployment and lack of sustainable employment, weakness of social foundations in order to move. The rural spaces of the country are evident. On the other hand, the aging of the rural population and the emergence of further problems such as migration and aging of the rural population, reduced productivity of rural facilities and services and a sharp increase in density in cities and its consequences can be due to weak management system in rural areas. Therefore, considering the importance of the role of local managers in villages, in this article we have tried to analyze the impact of local management on the physical and environmental development of rural settlements in Shahrekord. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and geographical area under study in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 45 km southwest of Isfahan. Data and data were collected through library and field studies (questionnaire) and analyzed using SEM structural equation equation technique and confirmatory factor analysis and Amos software. The results also showed that with the increase of local management, the physical and environmental development of rural settlements increases. Therefore, understanding the real trend and the situation of existing problems in the way of rural management can help policy makers and planners in this field to draw the desired vision and pave the way for providing strategic solutions and suggestions in this field.

Rural settlements around urban centers (especially megacities) have more changes and transformations in various environmental-ecological, social-cultural, human, economic, physical and institutional-management fields and dimensions (changes in land use, composition and texture of the population, employment structure, rural activity and production system, spatial structure and spatial organization, etc.) compared to other rural settlements, which over time causes the existence of new entities and transformations in many existing identities. In recent decades, the unplanned growth and expansion of such settlements with their specific physical-spatial developments have been a kind of problem or problem that creates the basis for all kinds of crises and facility anomalies, economic damages, environmental pollution, low security pollution, degradation of rural activity foundations, etc. With scientific and documented research and knowledge of the factors of creating such spaces, it is possible to plan in order to overcome risky behaviors and prevent possible damages. From this point of view, the following article, by presenting a comprehensive and integrated approach through meta-analysis quantitative research method and reviewing the research literature in the field of understanding the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas on the one hand, seeks to, by examining the general characteristics of these studies, their nature to It has been analyzed in terms of different dimensions in order to identify the study gaps in this field and realize the necessary platforms to eliminate these gaps and shortcomings in future researches. On the other hand, it tries to answer the following questions by carefully examining the research done:1. What transformations have rural settlements in metropolitan areas undergone in the space-time process?2. What are the effective factors in the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas?3. What are the ways to overcome the challenges of rural settlements in metropolitan areas?

The method of this research is based on meta-analysis and a systematic search of sources based on related keywords was carried out in domestic and foreign scientific databases. In order to select suitable and quality scientific researches for meta-analysis, studies were screened and finally 40 documents were selected. Then ATLAS.ti software was used to analyze the collected data based on grounded theory.

In this section, the research findings are presented in the form of two axes, including the methodological dimension of the studies (type of research, research approach, data collection method) and the content dimension of the studies (research questions, key axes of the studies).Methodological aspect of the studies: The results of the evaluation of the articles show that mainly the studies conducted in the field of transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas, 70% have been done with a quantitative method. 18% of the studies in this field had qualitative methods and only a few studies, 12%, were based on mixed methods. A significant number (93%) have limited themselves to descriptive-analytical titles in their studies, and only a few articles (7%) have been conducted with a comparative analysis approach. Document-library method (45%) and questionnaire (31%) are the main tools in data collection and less than interview tool (24%) are used to collect information.The content dimension of the studies: in addition to exploring what metamorphoses are, all the studies have also analyzed why these metamorphoses occur. Among the mentioned studies, a small number (9%) were based on the question of how, in addition to what and why, and were limited to providing solutions and suggestions to face the developments of such rural settlements. : Based on the analyzes conducted with the help of content analysis method, a significant part of the studies (49%) have studied the variable of inefficiency of the body tissue in understanding the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas. State-oriented variables and the high level of inter-settlement interactions (17%) have contributed the most to the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas. The development of institutional capacity is a solution proposed by the researchers of previous studies, which was presented in order to overcome the challenges of rural settlements in metropolitan areas.

The results show that most of the researches are descriptive-analytical, which are based on quantitative methods, and less qualitative and mixed methods are used in this type of studies. In this field, qualitative and mixed methods should be increased in the methodological space of studies. The number of studies in the field of rural settlements in metropolitan areas is also associated with a decreasing trend. Perhaps the decreasing trend can be related to the nature of the difficulty of studies in this field. Most of the studies in this field have gone beyond what and considered why; But the reasons and factors governing the metamorphoses have been mainly examined superficially, and there is a need to conduct a deeper investigation of the reasons and analysis of the driving factors. So it is clear that most of the studies in this field have focused on identifying the current situation (identifying factors and processes); Without paying attention to what should be (how). Therefore, in future researches, by strengthening such weaknesses, study questions, especially the "how question", require more attention, which should be selected and investigated with great sensitivity and based on the study gaps in this field.

Villages that have recreational and leisure functions have many physical effects and cause various effects, including physical changes in these villages. The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical developments of rural settlements in the last decade with emphasis on the role of tourism. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical that most of the data is based on field studies. The statistical population is 11 villages located in the coastal area of ​​Rasht city. The method of collection was field and library and the method of analysis was descriptive-analytical. The results show that the last decade of tourism in the field of spatial physics has effects and consequences such as the construction of second homes, the consequences of which can be the renovation of rural buildings and improving the body of the village, the use of durable materials in construction, improving facilities and equipment It is the villages that have made their faces different from the past. It has also had other physical effects of changing and destroying agricultural lands, changing land use, and changing the pattern of housing, and so on.

The basics of quality of life covers all the experience of people's lives, and many studies consider the essence of quality of life to meet and simultaneously satisfy the material and spiritual needs of man. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the quality of life with an emphasis on institutional management dimension in the villages of Lahijan. Therefore, using 11 items derived from the tasks of the villages as intermediate elements between the government and the people, their role in the quality of life of the village has been determined. The present study is based on descriptive-analytic method and based on the purpose of the type of applied studies. The statistical population of the study included 182 villages in Lahijan, which 12 villages were studied at three levels of coastal geographical, plain and mountains. The sample size using the Morgan formula has been selected by 385 households as stratified random sampling. To analyze the information, methods in descriptive and inferential statistics include sperman correlation coefficient test and SPSS software. The research results indicate a relatively good condition of quality of life indicators from institutional management dimension in the villages of Lahijan. With the explanation that the villages have been able to achieve in villages that have no management, they acquire relative satisfaction with development work, such as asphalt and naming of the passages and supply cleanliness of the environment, and this satisfaction rate for an organization that is about two decades. The passage is attention.

Return migration is a reaction to the attractiveness of rural areas. This type of migration can have many and varied effects on rural area reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the effects of return migration on the reconstruction of rural settlements in Neyshabur. The research method is descriptive-analytic and a questionnaire based.  In this study, 37 villages in Neyshabur that had returning migrants were surveyed. And 55 effects of returning migrants on rural areas reconstruction were identified, that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.942 indicates the optimal reliability of the research instrument. The indices were evaluated under three social dimensions with 18 indices (α = 0.925), economic with 21 indices (α = 0.891) and physical-environmental with 16 indices (α = 0.852). Exploratory factor analysis was used because t-test showed that there isn't significant difference between the three dimensions except social dimension. The results showed that 55 effects identified return migration can be classified as 14 main effects with 78.79% variance.  Accordingly, 1- increasing cohesion and solidarity among residents with 25.21% of variance, 2- improving service and welfare infrastructure with10.52% of variance, 3- boosting rural economy with7% of variance, 4- activating of capacities with 5.4% of variance, 5- developing Non-farming activities with 5% variance are the most important effects of return migration on the reconstruction of rural settlements.

In recent years, with the aim of achieving favorable living conditions and creating equality, justice, reducing poverty and inequality, rural settlements have been exposed to large construction plans and projects with high investment volumes to provide the basis for stabilizing the population in villages. This article examines and evaluates the effects of construction measures carried out in stabilizing the rural population of Ek district. In this regard, the basic question of the research is what is the relationship between the construction measures carried out and the stabilization of the rural population in the study area. The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in nature. The method of collecting information is library and field methods. The statistical population includes 9 villages of Ek district. Data analysis was done quantitatively using field survey data and census data (1355-1395). Descriptive statistics including mean, median and standard deviation were used for data analysis. Then, using the entropy model, population balance and settlement distribution were measured, and structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis. The findings of the entropy model show that in measuring the dispersion and the change in the size of the settlements, the entropy level has decreased from 139.6 in 2015 to 119.7 in 2015. Also, the amount of entropy of distribution and spatial distribution of rural population has increased from 159.9 in 1355 to 148.2 in 1395. The lower the amount of entropy indicates a balanced distribution, therefore, based on the results of the model, the distribution of the settlement system and population at the village level has become more balanced. Also, the results of structural equation modeling show that the effects of construction measures carried out in different dimensions have a significant relationship with the reduction of migration, and the highest correlation coefficient between the two social and economic dimensions is 1.06%.

Estimating and improving the resilience of rural areas is also very important in reducing the effects of natural hazards and achieving sustainable development. Landslides are among the natural hazards that threaten rural settlements and local communities. Therefore, determining the level of resilience of rural settlements in lands prone to landslides can be a suitable way to reduce the effects of this risk in rural areas.

The aim of the current research is to determine the physical resilience of rural settlements in Amlesh city against landslides.

In this research, the level of physical resilience of 145 villages of Amlesh city against landslides was determined and classified by the analysis hierarchy method (AHP). For this purpose, 10 criteria were used in the order of importance of slope, distance from fault, building quality, materials and materials, building life, seismicity, geology, direction of slope, width of passages and height.Studied Areas: The geographical territory of this research is the rural areas of Amlesh County.

The findings showed that the villages of Amlesh city have very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience, so that out of 145 villages in this district, 2, 23, 66, 52 and 1 villages are between very low and very high resilience spectrum were placed. Therefore, 63.18 percent of the villages in this city have moderate to low resilience and 36.82 percent of the villages have high and very high resilience to the risk of landslides. Therefore, 63.18 percent of the villages in this city have moderate to low resilience and 36.82 percent of the villages have high and very high resilience to the risk of landslides.

Examining the level of resilience of villages in the three plains, foothills and mountainous regions proves that medium to low resilience in the villages of the foothills is more than the other two regions and the share of villages with medium resilience in all three regions is higher than the others. Classes are higher resilience. In addition, the villages with very little resilience were located in the foothills and mountainous areas, and the role of altitude in reducing the resilience of villages was revealed.

In the literature and planning of tourism studies and tourism development, creativity and innovation are undoubtedly considered essential factors for development. Isfahan province, as one of the country's tourism hubs and the 7.8% share of this province in the development of digital technology, can play a significant role in development. According to the mentioned introduction, the rural areas of Isfahan province, which have the capacity and capability of tourism, have not used this opportunity as they should, and the residents of these areas have faced many problems, information and communication technologies as an effective component in to introduce, identify, expand and develop tourism in these areas, it can be fruitful. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the following question: What are the effects of information and communication technology on the creation of creative tourism infrastructures in the studied area?

The current research is applied research in terms of its purpose and causal research in terms of its nature. The statistical population of the research consisted of 3808 heads of households in 19 villages selected for tourism in Isfahan province. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the statistical sample size, and based on this, the sample size was estimated to be 349 households, which were selected by systematic random method from the rural community. Cronbach's alpha method was used in SPSS 22 to comply with the working principles and technique and to measure the reliability in compiling and setting up the questionnaire. The results indicate that the questionnaire has high reliability so the total reliability of the questionnaire is equal to 0.855. Also, while ensuring the normality of the data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to measure the data collected from the T-Tech test, and the structural equation model (Smart PLS) was used.

The results of the Pearson correlation test (assuring the normal distribution of the data) show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the dimensions of information and communication technology with the formation of creative tourism infrastructure at a significance level of less than 0.01, so with the increase in the use of information and communication and its dimensions, creative tourism infrastructure has also improved.  To investigate the impact of information and communication technology on creative tourism infrastructure, using the variance-based structural equation modeling approach, the independent and dependent variables of the research were entered into the structural equation model as latent variables and in the form of first-order factor models. All the indicators of the current research have a factor load of more than 0.4 and have high reliability and validity for measuring variables, and there is an acceptable correlation between the indicators. The relationship between indicators is significant and direct; According to the standard coefficients, 27.2% of the changes in the creative tourism infrastructure level are directly predicted by the creative process index. In general, according to the coefficient of determination (R2) for the variable of creative tourism infrastructure (0.967), it was found that the influence of rural information-communication technology on creative tourism infrastructure is strong.

Creative rural tourism can add new parts to the economic, social, cultural, and management dimensions of the village and create new opportunities for the development of the village on a national and transnational scale. In general, according to the coefficient of determination (R2) for the variable of creative tourism infrastructure (0.967), it was determined that the influence of rural information-communication technology (ICT) on creative tourism infrastructure is strong; And 99.7 percent of creative tourism infrastructure changes in the studied area are predicted by the use of rural information-communication technology. The value obtained for the GOF index (0.887), also confirms the very appropriate fit of the structural model of the research.

The continuity and prosperity of rural tourism depends on its sustainability, because sustainable rural tourism seeks the quality and long-term durability of natural and human resources in the tourism industry. The present study, while recognizing the internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external opportunities and threats facing the sustainable development of rural tourism in Neyshabur county, seeks to provide appropriate strategies to realize the sustainable development of tourism.

Design/methodology/approach: 

Descriptive analytical research method and data collection has been done by documentary and field method. The analysis unit consisted of 189 local experts including 111 villagers and 63 Islamic village councils in 173 villages. SWOT-QSPM strategic planning tools were used in this study.

The finding showed that 45 weaknesses and threats and 21 strengths and opportunities were identified in the sustainable development of rural tourism in Neishabur city, and the city is facing many weaknesses and threats in this regard. Also, according to the final score (IFE) 1.84 and (EFE) 1.69.

the sustainable development of rural tourism in Neishabur city is in a defensive position. Using the QSPM matrix, 11 strategies presented under the revision strategy were prioritized. The most important strategy for improving the quality of the rural view and landscape (natural landscape) is in the framework of the visual-aesthetic component, along with the improvement of other components of the environmental quality of the village, such as the functional-activity, semantic-perceptual and environmental components.

Originality/value:

 In order to improve the tourism situation in rural areas, it is suggested to use appropriate strategies and implementation solutions for the development of rural tourism according to the concept of sustainability.