sistan

Iran has been facing a severe water crisis for the past few decades. The Helmand River basin, which stretches from southwestern Afghanistan to eastern Iran, has been the site of ongoing disputes between the two countries for nearly a century, but these tensions have become more prominent in recent years, following the expansion of the water crisis in Iran and the construction of a dam upstream in Afghanistan. While our research literature suggests that transboundary water resources in the Helmand River basin have been politicized and even securitized by Iran, no study has examined how Iranian government officials have considered water as a political and security issue. This study responds to this gap by analyzing Persian-language news articles from 2001 to 2019 that contain statements by Iranian officials related to the Helmand River basin, identifying the themes and discursive mechanisms behind the politicization and securitization of this issue. According to the theory of securitization, a significant proportion of these articles contained a securitization movement, the majority of which was carried out by local officials and parliamentarians. This suggests that securitization has been largely a local phenomenon and reflects broader internal tensions over the framing of water relations with Afghanistan among Iranian officials. Another key theme throughout the discourse analysis process has been the linkage between human and environmental systems, which is created by the importance of transboundary water resources through their connection to society. This study suggests that spatial scale, water scarcity, and socio-political context are importa

Extraction of the water zone in the western parts of Afghanistan through remote sensing images is an efficient way to investigate and monitor water resources and its impact on the water resources of eastern Iran, especially the wells of Sistan and Baluchestan. In this research, from OLI sensor of Landsat 8 satellite and TM sensor of Landsat 5 satellite, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), automated water extracted index (AWEI), new water index (NWI), and water ratio index (WRI) have been used to extract water areas. In the worst case, the area of the Arghandab dam has decreased by only 2.44 km upstream and the NDMI index has shown an increase of 0.65 square km in the moisture resources of this dam. However, the surface of the well in the southern half of Zabul has decreased from 55.94 square kilometers to 17.82 square kilometers, which shows a decrease of 38.12 square kilometers. This shows a sharp decrease in the level of the semi-well. This has caused more heat to be emitted in the dry areas. But the minimum temperature has decreased from 17.47 degrees to 11.87 degrees Celsius, which has experienced a decrease of 1.95 degrees Celsius. The LST index has a negative correlation with all the indices and the highest correlation with the NWI index was -0.941 in 1994. The lowest correlation was also obtained at the rate of -0.65 related to the NDMI index.

Poverty is caused by the lack of proper mechanisms in human societies. Poverty hinders the development and sustainability of a country, and the allocation of resources for poverty alleviation is considered a very important factor for future-oriented societies and governments. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze effective urban poverty measures with a futures research approach in Sistan and Baluchestan province and to examine the extent and manner in which these measures affect each other in order to promote and build a desirable future in the province. The present study is an applied development based on the type of objective. In terms of the nature of the research, it is analytical-exploratory, and the method of collecting information is library, documentary, and field methods. The statistical population of the present study is 40 urban planning experts and specialists, senior municipal managers, and social science experts, provided that they have the necessary research experience on urban poverty. First, the literature was reviewed to identify the influential criteria for poverty. Then, the criteria for urban poverty were identified in the form of the final 6 components using the Delphi method and expert opinion. The cross-effects matrix (MICMAC) was used to analyze the data. Finally, 26 criteria were identified from 6 social, economic, cultural, physical, environmental, and basic infrastructure and services components, of which 12 key criteria, which are 2 economic components, 3 social components, 2 physical components, 4 infrastructure and basic services components, and 1 environmental component, had the greatest impact on the situation of urban poverty in Sistan and Baluchestan province.

Changes in climate parameters, including precipitation and temperature, either alone or together, cause fluctuations in vegetation. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between climatic parameters and annual and seasonal fluctuations of vegetation in Sistan and Baluchistan province using spatial and temporal analysis of geographic information systems.

 This research used data from terrestrial weather stations and remote sensing images of the Normalized Vegetation Index with a time period of 16 days and a spatial resolution of 250 meters and Land Surface Temperature images with a resolution of one kilometer and a time period of 8 days. The MODIS sensor of the Terra satellite was used from 2001 to 2022.

The results showed that the average area of vegetation in the region was 3.56%, and the area of vegetation in the province was the lowest in 2001 and 2002, i.e., 1.34 and 1.41%, and the highest in 2010 and 2020 with 4.62 and 9.82%, respectively. The results show that during the statistical period under study, the average vegetation index of the region showed an increasing trend. Correlation results showed that the correlation between the normalized index of vegetation and the temperature of the earth's surface in summer with (r=0.49; p<0.05) and the normalized index of vegetation with the amount of precipitation in winter (r=-0.97; p> 0.05).

The results show that the vegetation cover index significantly correlates with temperature and precipitation in Sistan and Baluchistan province. Based on this, the correlation between vegetation cover and precipitation reaches its maximum with a delay of two to three months in the summer season. 

The innovation of this research is to investigate the relationship between the vegetation cover of the study area and the fluctuations climatic elements using satellite images and indicators used in it.

Following half a century of droughts, the destruction of the agricultural sector led to the decline of the rural economy in Sistan.  Those responsible for rural development began formulating various plans and programs to improve the welfare of the people based on a sustainable economy in the rural areas of Sistan. However, evidence indicates instability in the economy and livelihoods of the people. Therefore, a review of the structure of the plans, especially the rural economy of this region, is necessary as a crucial reconstruction. This is because economic reconstruction, in addition to reviving past livelihoods, considers the simultaneous strengthening of local capacities to create new economic resources.  This research is applied in nature and uses a qualitative method based on meta-analysis. The results show that the most significant welfare projects in the Sistan region, namely the semi-wells and the distribution of piped drinking water, have helped maintain the population. However, the economic utility of these projects is secondary to their drinking water purpose, and economic support is only evident in small commercial and industrial sectors, limited agriculture, and livestock farming. The establishment of the Milek market, government and non-government (participatory) job creation schemes in service projects, despite their predicted goals of improving the region's economy, have failed to bring about stability and sustainability in rural employment, according to data from the Statistical Center of Iran. Other such projects include the establishment of a free trade-industrial zone, the results of which have not yet been noticeable after its approval in 1400 (2021/22). In terms of infrastructure, the construction of semi-wells, the water supply project for 46,000 hectares, the deep water project, and the provision of water from Oman Sea are underway or have been implemented to ensure sustainability in Sistan, particularly in its rural areas. The semi-well project has been abandoned without results, and the 46,000-hectare water supply project has faced major challenges due to the fluctuating water level of the Hirmand River and a lack of attention to its environmental conditions. The deep water project, despite its strength in addressing the water shortage crisis, faces many questions regarding its volume and storage, quality, and the costs of exploration and extraction, which have cast doubt on its continuation. The project to supply water from the Oman Sea, currently underway, has increased hope among the people of the region, but providing drinking water alone cannot improve economic conditions and activities or solve environmental problems (drought and sandstorms). In addition, the high cost of transfer and desalination will challenge the type of water use (domestic or agricultural). These results indicate that our planning system is still sectoral and top-down. Projects are implemented independently and ultimately forgotten, despite huge economic and social costs. Each project in Sistan is usually a temporary solution, as the basis of all projects indicates a hasty planning system lacking a complete and comprehensive theory and approach. Project documents make no mention of the production network, complementary activities, and the construction of an economic value chain based on the land use plan and a geographical perspective.  Furthermore, planning has been carried out without considering the water regime of the river and the policies of the Afghans, relying on a historical past as a granary, far from reality. The continuation of these projects shows no sustainable pattern of growth and development in the region. Therefore, economic reconstruction based on reality, endogenous development drivers, and the creation of necessary infrastructure is essential.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of border residents in promoting the foreign trade of the country by reviewing past studies, studying the presented models and the researcher seeks to answer these questions about the community that; Do border markets play a role in enhancing foreign trade with neighboring countries (Afghanistan-Pakistan)? Since the present study seeks to design a model in this regard by combining different models and identifying the main factors and components, therefore, it develops the existing set of knowledge and is considered a kind of applied research that explores the relationships between phenomena. Will pay. Therefore, the research method was in fact applied. In terms of data collection, it is a descriptive research that has been carried out after extensive study of theoretical foundations and identification of key factors and components in two parts (Delphi survey research) and model design. The statistical population of this research is professors, experts and specialists in the field of research. According to the estimation made in this research, the snowball method has been used to select the research samples. First, the researcher started the interview with the members of the practical staff of Sistan and Baluchestan University and at the suggestion of academic experts active in the field of special areas. Economic, Free Zones, Border and Customs Markets, Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mining; Sample completed. (n = 16). Using a researcher-made questionnaire, five research hypotheses were tested and confirmed using SmartPLS3 software and structural equation technique. The results showed that border residents have a positive and significant effect on promoting the country's foreign trade. Finally, the research suggestions were presented based on the results and presented to the next researchers.

China currently attaches special importance to Iran, which is due to Iran's geopolitical and geoeconomic position. In this regard, the participation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this initiative has always been requested by the Chinese. The signing of the 25-year cooperation document between Iran and China, between the Islamic Republic of Iran, as an oil-rich country with regional influence but under American sanctions, and China as a global power but under American pressure, a new strategic pressure in West Asia for America and His allies created. On the other hand, the vast province of Sistan and Baluchistan is located on the route of 2 of the three largest transit corridors in the world, which makes the Milk-Chabahar axis a transit road of the Southeast Development Plan. Due to its location and strategic features, this region is very important from a geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic point of view. Sistan and Baluchistan and Milk-Chabahar axis as a geographical space has a geopolitical role. Since the geography and location of Sistan and Baluchistan plays an important role in China's One Belt One Road project, the problem of this research is the opportunities and challenges of the 25-year cooperation document between Iran and China, emphasizing the location of Sistan and Baluchistan. This research was conducted in a descriptive and analytical way and the data needed for the research was collected in a library way. The results of the research show that there is a kind of relationship based on economic interdependence

One of the challenges that many societies face is the occurrence of natural hazards. There are different types of natural hazards, and flood is one of the most important natural hazards, which is always associated with a lot of human and financial losses. In fact, floods are considered as one of the most destructive hazards that cause many human and financial losses every year, so that according to the report of the international database of hazards, floods along with earthquakes and droughts, have had the highest human and financial losses. Also, according to the statistics published in 2010, more than 40% of the natural disasters in the world are caused by floods. In recent years, due to the increasing trend of population and increase in human activities and misplaced human interventions in nature, the possibility of flood occurrence has increased and the risks caused by it have intensified. According to geomorphology, hydro climatic, land cover, etc., different areas have different potentials in terms of flood risk occurrence. Among the regions that have a high potential against flood risk are the southeastern regions of the country. These areas have a high potential against flood risk due to torrential rains, being located at high altitudes and low slopes, as well as poor vegetation, and this issue has caused many floods to occur in recent years. Let's be in this area. Considering the importance of the issue and the occurrence of floods in Esfand 1402 in this region, in this research, the identification of flooded areas and also the analysis of factors affecting its occurrence have been done.

In this research, Sentinel 1 and 2 radar images, Landsat 9 images, and a digital model at a height of 30 meters have been used as the most important research data. The most important research tools are the Google Earth Engine system (to prepare maps of flooded areas and land cover maps) and ArcGIS (to prepare the desired maps). Also, in this research, fuzzy logic model has been used to identify vulnerable areas against flood risk. According to the topic and objectives, this research has been done in several stages. In the first stage, using radar images before the flood and images after the flood, a map of the flooded areas has been prepared. In the second stage, the role of natural factors (elevation, slope, distance from the river, and ranking of the river and land cover) in the flood has been analyzed. In the third stage, based on the results obtained from the previous stages and according to the extent of the flooded areas in different floors, various parameters have been valued and standardized, and finally, by combining the desired parameters based on the fuzzy gamma operator, a map of the damage areas is created. It has been prepared against flood risk.

In this research, the Google Earth Engine system was used to identify the flooded areas in the study area. After preparing the desired images and also applying filters and specifying the threshold limit in Google Earth Engine system, a map of the flooded areas in the southeast of Sistan and Baluchistan province was prepared in March 1402. According to the prepared map, a large part of the southeastern counties of Sistan and Baluchistan province have faced floods, but Dashtiari county and especially its southeastern regions along the Pakistan border have faced the highest amount of flooding. After Dashtiari city, Chabahar city has faced the highest amount of flooding. The analysis of the effective factors in the floods has shown that the height, slope and type of land cover have the highest influence because in a general trend, with the decrease in height, decrease in slope and also decrease in vegetation density, the extent of flooded areas increased.

The results of the identification of flooded areas using radar images have shown that in March 1402, a large part of the region, especially the south-eastern areas of Dashtiari city, faced the risk of flooding. The results of the analysis of the effective factors in the floods have shown that a large part of the flooded areas were related to low altitude and low slope areas, which indicates the direct role of altitude and slope in the floods of the region. Also, the areas that were in the category of desert and barren lands in terms of land cover also had the highest percentage of flooding, so the type of land cover was also one of the effective factors. But the interesting point is that there was no strong relationship between the parameters of the distance from the river and the ranking of the river with the floods that occurred. That is, some areas that were far from the main rivers also faced floods, the main reason of which was the morphological condition of the rivers in the region. According to the mentioned cases, among the effective factors, the height and slope have the highest influence and the distance from the river has the least influence (among the studied parameters). Also, in this research, based on the condition of flood-affected areas and the influence of parameters, vulnerable areas against flood risk have been identified. Based on the results, the southern regions of the study area, including the middle and southern parts of Dashtiari city, the eastern and southern regions of Chabahar city, as well as the southern regions of Konarak city, have the highest flood potential.

With the spread of the corona virus to the villages, the rural areas of Iran due to demographic characteristics (larger share of the elderly population) and geographical characteristics (longer distance to access to health care centers), along with the lack of health facilities in response to the epidemic ccrona was more involved in this virus and disrupted the life of rural communities. Rural governance involves the implementation of decisions and policies aimed at rural development, ensuring they align with the interests of rural communities while remaining compatible with national, regional, and local priorities. It is widely recognized as a critical factor in the success of rural communities and their ability to manage rural hazards. One of the most significant challenges that rural residents have faced in recent years has been the outbreak of the infectious disease (COVID-19). This study evaluates the impact of good governance on reducing the vulnerability to COVID-19 in Sistan’s border villages_ Iran. The objective of this research is practical, has a descriptive-analytical nature, and employs a quantitative methodology. Data were collected through both library research and questionnaires. The analysis utilized second-order factor analysis and T-tests, with the cochran formula used to determine the sample size, ultimately selecting 363 households. The resylts indicate that the indices of accountability, consensus, and transparency significantly reduce the vulnerability to COVID-19 in Sistan’s border villages. Specifically, accountability had a beta coefficient of 0.39 at a significance level of 0.001, consensus had a beta coefficient of 0.36, and transparency had a beta coefficient of 0.30, with a significance level of less than 0.05. All three factors directly and significantly contributed to reducing COVID-19 vulnerability in these villages.

Climate change may cause severe droughts with heavy economic-social damages; In addition, vulnerability assessment is the first step in the field of risk management and increasing the ability of farmers against drought, so the purpose of this study is to assess the regional vulnerability of Sistan and Baluchistan and provide appropriate strategies to reduce vulnerability to drought. In this article, biophysical and socio-economic indicators were used to measure vulnerability to drought risk and its three components (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity); The results showed that the cities of Chabahar (2) and Khash (1.79) are more vulnerable to drought. In addition, this study showed that vulnerability to drought is related to the social and economic development of the region. In general, places with the highest level of exposure, in the overall index, experienced the most vulnerability, also, places with high adaptive capacity were not necessarily less sensitive to drought.

This article attempts to examine the appropriate time for tourism in the cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province, based on the physiologic equivalent temperature index (PET). The PET index is one of Rayman's software outputs, which is used to explain the tourism climate in Zahedan, Khash, Saravan, Zabol, Iranshahr and Chabahar cities. First, daily data (10957 days), air temperature, cloudiness, water vapor pressure, wind speed and relative humidity of meteorological stations of these cities were collected (1986-2015). The results of RayMan inferred in the form of daily climatic calendars. According to the monthly percentage of non-stress days (thermal comfort), the results showed in Apr (Zabol and Iranshahr, 67%), May, June, Jul and Sept (Zahedan, 28-90%), Oct (Saravan 87%), Nov (Iranshahr 87%), Des, Jan, Feb and Mar (Chabahar, 42-95%) have the best conditions for the presence of tourists. The best conditions for tourism in Zahedan (May and Sept), Khash (May, Sept and Oct), Saravan (Apr and Oct), Zabul (Apr and Sept), Iranshahr (Apr and Nov) and Chabahar (Dec, Jan, Feb, Mar and Apr) are estimated to have the highest percentage of non-stress temperature days.

This research was aimed at evaluating the amount of medical tourism from Sistan and Baluchistan to Pakistan and analyzing and explaining the causes, contexts and spatial distribution of medical tourists' travel.

Design/methodology/approach: 

This applied research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method, and the data was collected with a simple random sampling method and a researcher-made questionnaire from 400 samples (in 14 County) and analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis, Kendall-Tao C, Lambda, and Chi-Two statistical inference models.

half of the households declared; One or more members of their family have made at least one medical tourism trip to Pakistan. The northern cities of the province have not had medical tourists to Pakistan. But about 20 to 80 percent of the families in the middle and southern cities of the province have gone to Pakistan for medical tourism.

The purpose of half of the tourists was only treatment and the other half was treatment, visiting relatives and tourism. Business people have gone to Pakistan for medical tourism more than Government employees. 42% of tourists considered cultural similarity, 44% ease of transportation, and 43% low cost of medical services as influencing their decision to travel.

Originality/value: 

it is focused on three areas: so far, the subject of medical tourism to Pakistan has not been studied, so far medical tourism has not been studied at the origin of the trip, so far the population of a province (as the target community) has not been considered.

In this research, we are looking for the pathology of the development programs of Sistan and Baluchistan province based on the institutional approach. Most of the border areas of the country are less developed, ethnic elites are less present in macro and middle administrations, ethnic diversity is not viewed as a positive thing and is considered as a threat. The main question of the research is, from the perspective of the theoretical indicators of new institutionalism, what are the most important development aspects and development vulnerabilities of Sistan and Baluchistan province? The hypothesis of the research is that it seems that one of the most important areas of vulnerability in the development programs of Sistan and Baluchistan province is the lack of balance in planning, lack of attention to the texture and culture of the region, and lack of foresight and attention to behavioral radicalism among The regional groups pointed out, to prove it, we use the descriptive-analytical method and collect data from documentary and library sources. The findings of the research showed that the security view towards the ideas of radical and extremist groups in the region has caused Sistan and Baluchistan to not have a place in the basket of development goals worthy of the province in the development policies of the country.

In electoral geography, particularly in parliamentary elections, a significant topic is “the proportionality in the allocation of parliamentary seats” and “gerrymandering”, addressing how changed or unchanged boundaries of electoral districts may result in the victory of an individual or group, or unfair in elections, a subject that has been neglected in Iran. Sistan and Baluchestan Province is among the border, peripheral, and deprived provinces in the country (Iran) facing underdevelopment challenges and being of paramount sensitivity given its geopolitical importance. Electoral geography may be a key factor in transforming its development. Hence, research on “proportionality in allocation” and “Gerrymandering” in this province is of great significance. The present paper, as part of a comprehensive research on the two concepts of “Proportionality in Allocation” and “Gerrymandering” in the context of eleven parliamentary election cycles in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, solely focuses on these two subjects in this province. Research data has been extracted by library method and analyzed using SPSS in GIS environment. The examination of “Proportionality in Allocation” revealed a spatial inequity in the electoral districts of this province relative to the population, and two seats should be added to the representatives of this province. In addition, the Gerrymandering investigation in this province indicates that “Gerrymandering” has not been applied.

Villagers and farmers in most Third World countries alone cannot provide sufficient employment opportunities and sources of income to meet all their livelihood needs. The villagers are the low-income and poor people of the society who should be supported. Rural cooperative insurance is a tool to improve the quality of life of rural people, increase work, production and social status, reduce risk and strengthen investment and improve the income level of the head of the household. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the economic requirements affecting the use of rural cooperative insurance in the Sistan region. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was collected by 25 experts and professors who are aware of these issues. Also, using fuzzy decision making method and FUZZYSAW software, we achieved the results that the reduction of crimes with the amount of 1.328 has been achieved as the most important effective requirement in rural cooperative insurance and having a second job with the amount of 0.693 as the least effective requirement on insurance A rural cooperative has been established in the Sistan region. The most important research proposal is to increase awareness and institutionalize insurance culture for these vulnerable segments of society that can create the necessary confidence and security to invest in rural cooperative insurance. we achieved the results that the reduction of crimes with the amount of 1.328 has been achieved as the most important effective requirement in rural cooperative insurance and having a second job with the amount of 0.693 as the least effective requirement on insurance A rural cooperative has been established in the Sistan region. The most important research proposal is to increase awareness and institutionalize insurance culture for these vulnerable segments of society that can create the necessary confidence and security to invest in rural cooperative insurance.

The geographical study of the corona virus shows that this virus is like the global cholera disease, whose first homeland was Wuhan (the vast capital of central China's Hubei province) and then it was transferred to other countries. The spread of this virus in a very short period of time has become one of the biggest international challenges after World War II, and examining the economic consequences of the spread of this disease is also very important and necessary for policy making.The Covid-19 virus has been able to change the lifestyle of people in different societies, and people finally changed their activities accordingly (Werf et al, 2021); (Staton et al, 2021) The visual and to some extent auditory consumption pattern has had a special place in the lifestyle of Iranians during the Covid-19 virus (Trabels, 2020). During the days of quarantine, social networks became very popular. People could not visit their family or friends and many of them kept in touch with each other using virtual networks. In fact, the spread of the corona virus has led to the further development of online social life. . Individual isolation and quarantine and the increase in consumption and tendency towards virtual and video entertainment media have intensified in this era (Staton & et al, 2021).

Leading research is applied in terms of purpose and based on descriptive-analytical nature. The method of collecting data to answer the research questions was library and questionnaire. The tool used in the survey method was a questionnaire. Face validity has been used to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, and the face validity of the research tool was confirmed using the opinions of professors (fifteen people) in the field of rural development and experts in the field of health (ten people)

The statistical description of the characteristics of the sample in terms of gender showed that there were 302 men (83.4%) and 60 (16.6%) of them were women. Also, 56.9% of participants were married. The number of 146 people from the studied sample was between 41 and 50 years old, and the highest frequency was 40.3%.

To evaluate the effects of covid-19 on the lifestyle of the border villagers of Zabol city compared to before and after the disease outbreak, first one-sample T-test was used. The above test was performed at the 95% confidence level. In this regard, according to the 6-spectrum of the items (not at all = 0, very much = 5), the measurement and analysis of the indicators was evaluated at an average level (average 3). The results showed that lifestyles in media-oriented, community-oriented and livelihood indicators were below average before the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, and after the outbreak of the disease, they were above average. In the health-oriented index of style status. Before the outbreak of the disease, life was below average and after that it was in an almost average state. In the leisure-oriented index, the life style before the outbreak of the disease was in an almost average state and after that it was in an above average state, and in the culture index The axis of lifestyle status changed after the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease and was in a higher than average status. To investigate the existence of differences between lifestyle indicators among the border villagers of Zabol city, before and after the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, the paired or dependent t-test was used at the 95% confidence or significance level.

Limiting communication and face-to-face interactions of people with each other, closing down gatherings, improving the level of personal and public hygiene such as frequent hand washing, using masks and sanitary gloves, maintaining distance from others and observing other protocols. health services, reforming the society's consumption pattern, improving social capital and increasing the level of empathy and social harmony and paying more attention to the lower classes of society, changing the type of entertainment, closing religious centers and holy places, modern social life in the context of virtual space and improving the level media literacy, reduction of air and ground travel traffic, internet shopping and sales, more convergence of family members, The growth of the culture of reading books, watching more series and movies, moving sports from group type to individual type, reducing fashion trends, holding distance education courses and many other such things, many changes. has created in the lifestyle of people. Of course, these changes are relative and are not the same in all societies and for all social strata, and not everyone has been equally affected by these changes.

due to the unique situation of Sistan due to the border line and the Milk transportation road, the low number of entrepreneurs in the region, the unfavorable employment situation, the deprivation of suitable facilities and infrastructure and the lack of significant action in the field of starting entrepreneurial activities, awareness of the challenges of rural entrepreneurship in the regions A border village is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the challenges facing entrepreneurship in the border villages of Sistan..

 The current research is a descriptive-analytical survey in terms of its practical purpose and based on the nature and method of data collection. The method of data collection to answer the research questions was library and questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by university professors with a formal and content approach, and the reliability of the research measurement tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient with a value of 0.87. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical tests and structural equations.

 Based on the results of structural equations, it was determined that the greatest role and influence in this field was related to economic indicators, based on the results, the factor loading or standardized regression weight on the economic index was equal to 0.56 at a significance level of 0.000. ..

 The results of the research showed that the high profit of bank facilities for starting a business, the lack of government support, the limitation of the demand market, and such things, are undeniable and have a tremendous impact on the lack of entrepreneurship development in the border villages of Sistan. After the economic dimensions, we can mention the social barriers that have many effects on the lack of entrepreneurship development in the studied sample.

Ensuring justice and equality of educational opportunities is a fundamental issue in promoting social justice and human development in any society. However, in many developing countries, including Iran, deprived areas suffer from a lack of educational opportunities and resources. Sistan and Baluchistan province, located in southeastern Iran, is one such region with a high level of poverty and a lack of adequate educational facilities. Therefore, this study aims to design a model for justice and equality of educational opportunities in deprived areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province using the grounded theory method. The findings of this study suggest that designing a model for justice and equality of educational opportunities in deprived areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the roles of the government, the community, and teachers. The model developed in this study provides a framework for promoting social justice and human development through education in deprived areas. The implementation of this model could lead to significant improvements in the quality of education and the promotion of justice and equality in educational opportunities in Sistan and Baluchistan province.

Therefore, in order to prevent issues such as environmental crisis, erosion, soil degradation, uneven urban growth, etc., it seems necessary to formulate Land use planning in order to achieve the goals of comprehensive national and urban development strategies. Goal of the research: the purpose of this study is how to achieve sustainable urban development with emphasis on Land use planning in the cities of Sistan region.

The research method is descriptive and analytical and based on library, documentary and field studies. The statistical population of the study is 403 experts in the field of land management in Sistan region. Using the Cochran's formula, 200 people were selected as the sample size. Also, SPSS software and Fuzzy Mamdani model were used to analyze the data. Geographical area of research: According to the latest divisions of the country, Sistan region has 5 cities (Zabol, Zahak, Helmand, Nimroz and Hamoon), with the center of cities (Zabol, Zahak, Dost Mohammad, Mohammadabad and Adimi).

The results of Spearman correlation test indicate the fit between the items of sustainable development and the principles of Land use planning. Also, the results of one-sample t-test in order to determine the importance of each of the economic, social, environmental, managerial and executive, institutional dimensions, with the mean value obtained above the average of the number (3) in all items, show the great importance of each It is one of the items of sustainable development with emphasis on Land use planning in the cities of Sistan region. The results of ranking the dimensions of sustainable development with emphasis on Land use planning in the cities of Sistan using the Mamdani fuzzy model showed, In economic, managerial and executive dimensions, for all cities (Zabol, Zahak, Mohammadabad, Adimi, Dost Mohammad), the intermediate to unfavorable, In the social and institutional dimension, all cities of Sistan region except Zabol city with the amount of weights obtained (0.60), (0.61), have an intermediate level of undesirable. In the environmental and ecological dimension, for all cities of Sistan region except Dost Mohammad city with a weight of(0.53),shows an intermediate to favorable level.

The final results showed that the indicators and dimensions of sustainable development of Sistan cities have not been affected by principles of Land use planning. Therefore, it requires the relevant organizations in the field of management and planning to include the principles of Land use planning in regional development plans.